scholarly journals Record of New Genotypes of Enterocytozoon Bieneusi in Wild Populations of Rhesus Macaque (Macaca Mulatta) in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengshi Yu ◽  
Xue Liu ◽  
Fazal Karim ◽  
Meng Xie ◽  
Jiayun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Macaque ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Its Gene ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background: Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen with a wide range of animal host. In China, there are only a few reports of E. bieneusi infection in wild populations of Rhesus macaque. Here, we determined the prevalence of E. bieneusi in 9 populations of Rhesus macaque and assessed their zoonotic potential.Methods: A total of 324 fecal samples of Rhesus macaque were collected from 9 populations in 5 provinces (Sichuan, Chongqing, Qinghai, Tibet and Hainan) in China, and performed genotype of ITS gene to analyze the zoonotic potential.Results: 38 of the 324 (11.72%) specimens from wild Rhesus macaques were infected with E. bieneusi. 11 genotypes were identified including 3 known genotypes: D (n= 24), EbpC (n= 4) and SCC-2 (n= 1); 8 novel genotypes named Mul6 (n= 1), Mul7 (n= 1), Mul8 (n= 1), Mul9 (n= 1), Mul10 (n= 2), Mul11 (n= 1), Mul12 (n= 1) and Mul13 (n= 1). According to the phylogenetic analysis, Mul6, Mul7, Mul8, Mul9, Mul11 Mul12 and Mul13 were clustered into Group 1, while Mul10 were clustered into Group 5.Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in several wild populations of Rhesus macaque in China. It is concluded that, population of Rhesus Macaques is likely to prone of E. bieneusi transmission in many regions of China, which found the zoonotic genotypes D and EbpC and the novel genotypes with zoonotic potential, it should be paid more attention to prevent.

scholarly journals Genotyping and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cattle farmed in Hainan Province, the southernmost region of China

Parasite ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Xin-Li Zheng ◽  
Huan-Huan Zhou ◽  
Gangxu Ren ◽  
Tian-Ming Ma ◽  
Zong-Xi Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Hainan Province ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genotype Identification ◽  
Intestinal Pathogen ◽  
Important Host ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an intestinal pathogen that infects a wide range of species, including humans. Cattle constitute an important host for E. bieneusi; however, there is a scarcity of information on the prevalence and genotyping of E. bieneusi in cattle in the Hainan Province of China. In this study, PCR analysis of 314 fecal samples from cattle in six cities of Hainan was performed for genotype identification. The average prevalence of E. bieneusi in these animals was 9.9% (31/314), and ranged from 0.0% (0/12) to 20.5% (8/39). Five known genotypes – EbpC (n = 14), BEB4 (n = 12), J (n = 2), I (n = 1), and CHG5 (n = 1) – and a novel genotype: HNC-I (n = 1) – were identified. Genotypes EbpC and HNC-I were placed in zoonotic Group 1, and the remaining four genotypes (BEB4, J, I, and CHG5) were placed in Group 2. Since 93.5% of the genotypes found in the cattle (29/31) (EbpC, BEB4, J, and I) have previously been found in humans, these genotypes are probably involved in the transmission of microsporidiosis to humans.

scholarly journals First detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuexin Wang ◽  
Kaihui Zhang ◽  
Yifan Zhang ◽  
Ke Wang ◽  
Azhar Gazizova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Whooper Swan

Abstract Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a parasite that infects humans and a wide range of other animals. The large migratory waterfowl, the whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), travels through many cities during its migration and can spread parasites. Despite receiving increasing attention worldwide, there have been no reports of E. bieneusi infection occurring in C. cygnus. Therefore, this study aims to assess the prevalence and genetic characteristics of E. bieneusi in C. cygnus in Sanmenxia, China. Methods Altogether, 467 fresh fecal samples were collected in the Swan Wetland Park in Sanmenxia, China. Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh fecal samples (n = 467) and E. bieneusi was identified by nested PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. ITS-positive sequences were aligned and phylogenetically analyzed to determine the genotypes of E. bieneusi. Results The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in C. cygnus was 7.49% (35/467). Sequencing of the 35 positive samples revealed eight known genotypes (EbpA, EbpC, Henan-III, Henan-IV, BEB6, CD9, Peru6 and PtEb IX) and three novel genotypes (CSW1, CSW2 and CSW3). The phylogenetic tree constructed from the ITS sequences showed that seven genotypes (Peru6, EbpA, EbpC, Henan-III, CSW3, Henan-IV and CSW1) clustered within the zoonotic Group 1 while the remaining novel genotype CSW2 clustered within Group 5. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi in C. cygnus. Of public health significance, our results suggest that migratory C. cygnus might play an important role in the water-borne transmission of E. bieneusi. Effective strategies will be necessary to control E. bieneusi infection in C. cygnus, other animals and humans.

scholarly journals First report and multilocus genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from Tibetan pigs in southwestern China

Parasite ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Run Luo ◽  
Leiqiong Xiang ◽  
Haifeng Liu ◽  
Zhijun Zhong ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Tibetan Pig ◽  
Tibetan Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Pathogen ◽  
Group 1

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common intestinal pathogen in a variety of animals. While E. bieneusi genotypes have become better-known, there are few reports on its prevalence in the Tibetan pig. This study investigated the prevalence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in the Tibetan pig in southwestern China. Tibetan pig feces (266 samples) were collected from three sites in the southwest of China. Feces were subjected to PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in 83 (31.2%) of Tibetan pigs from the three different sites, with 25.4% in Kangding, 56% in Yaan, and 26.7% in Qionglai. Prevalence varies according to age group, from 24.4% (age 0–1 years) to 44.4% (age 1–2 years). Four genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified: two known genotypes EbpC (n = 58), Henan-IV (n = 24) and two novel genotypes, SCT01 and SCT02 (one of each). We compare our results with a compilation of published results on the host range and geographical distribution of E. bieneusi genotypes in China. Phylogenetic analysis showed these four genotypes clustered to group 1 with zoonotic potential. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of three microsatellites (MS1, MS3, MS7) and one minisatellite (MS4) was successful in 47, 48, 23 and 47 positive specimens and identified 10, 10, 5 and 5 genotypes at four loci, respectively. This study indicates the potential danger of E. bieneusi to Tibetan pigs in southwestern China, and offers basic advice for preventing and controlling infections.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Potentially Zoonotic Genotypes of Enterocytozoon Bieneusi in Wild Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta) Living in Nanwan Monkey Island, Hainan, China: A Public Health Concern

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Huan-Huan Zhou ◽  
Guang-Xu Ren ◽  
Yu Qiang ◽  
Hui-Cong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Novel Genotype ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a microsporidian species, is a zoonotic pathogen found in both humans and animals. Here, we determined the prevalence, explored the different genotypes of E. bieneusi in wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) (Hainan Island of China), and assessed their zoonotic potential. Methods We collected 173 fecal specimens from wild M. mulatta living in Nanwan Monkey Island, Hainan, China. Subsequently, we identified and genotyped E. bieneusi using nested PCR analysis amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the rRNA gene. Lastly, a neighbor-joining tree was built based on gene sequences from the ITS region of E. bieneusi. Results Of the 173 specimens from wild M. mulatta, 26 (15%) were infected with E. bieneusi. We identified six genotypes of E. bieneusi, of which five were known: PigEBITS7 (n = 20), D (n = 2), Type IV (n = 1), Peru6 (n = 1), Henan-III (n = 1), and a novel genotype: HNM-IX (n = 1). From the phylogenetic analysis, the six genotypes identified here were all categorized into zoonotic group 1. Conclusion Based on the results taht the novel genotype falling under zoonotic group 1 and all the known genotypes found in humans, we conclude that the wild M. mulatta infected with E. bieneusi have a public health significance.

scholarly journals Molecular-Based Detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Farmed Masked Palm Civets (Paguma larvata) in Hainan, China: A High-Prevalence, Specificity, and Zoonotic Potential of ITS Genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Guang-Xu Ren ◽  
Yu Qiang ◽  
Jiaqi Li ◽  
Jinkang Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Group 12 ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Group 1

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian and zoonotic species. This study investigated the prevalence and distribution of E. bieneusi genotypes in farmed masked palm civets using nested PCR, as well as assessed their zoonotic potential by phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region of the rRNA region. Here, we collected 251 fecal specimens from farmed masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) from the Hainan Island, China. In total, 128 of 251 samples were positive for E. bieneusi, with an average infection rate of 51.0%. Seventeen genotypes were identified including 12 known genotypes—HNR-VI (n = 56), SHR1 (n = 45), SHW7 (n = 6), KIN-1 (n = 3), D (n = 3), New1 (n = 3), EbpC (n = 2), CHC5 (n = 1), CHG19 (n = 1), CHN4 (n = 1), EbpA (n = 1), and Henan-III (n = 1)—and five novel genotypes (HNPL-I to HNPL-II; one each). Phylogenetic analysis categorized these genotypes into two groups. Thirteen of them were members of the zoonotic group 1, and the remaining four genotypes were in group 12. This study has shown that the infection rates of E. bieneusi in masked palm civets from Hainan were relatively high and provide baseline data to control and prevent microsporidiosis in farm-related communities. Therefore, infections in masked palm civets with zoonotic genotypes D, EbpC, CHN4, EbpA, KIN-1, and Henan-III should be considered potential threats to public health.

scholarly journals Wildlife Is a Potential Source of Human Infections of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Southeastern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Rongsheng Mi ◽  
Lijuan Yang ◽  
Haiyan Gong ◽  
Chunzhong Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Genomic Dnas ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Group 1

Wildlife is known to be a source of high-impact pathogens affecting people. However, the distribution, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis in wildlife are poorly understood. Here, we conducted the first molecular epidemiological investigation of these three pathogens in wildlife in Zhejiang and Shanghai, China. Genomic DNAs were derived from 182 individual fecal samples from wildlife and then subjected to a nested polymerase chain reaction–based sequencing approach for detection and characterization. Altogether, 3 (1.6%), 21 (11.5%), and 48 (26.4%) specimens tested positive for Cryptosporidium species, E. bieneusi, and G. duodenalis, respectively. Sequence analyses revealed five known (BEB6, D, MJ13, SC02, and type IV) and two novel (designated SH_ch1 and SH_deer1) genotypes of E. bieneusi. Phylogenetically, novel E. bieneusi genotype SH_deer1 fell into group 6, and the other genotypes were assigned to group 1 with zoonotic potential. Three novel Cryptosporidium genotypes (Cryptosporidium avian genotype V-like and C. galli-like 1 and 2) were identified, C. galli-like 1 and 2 formed a clade that was distinct from Cryptosporidium species. The genetic distinctiveness of these two novel genotypes suggests that they represent a new species of Cryptosporidium. Zoonotic assemblage A (n = 36) and host-adapted assemblages C (n = 1) and E (n = 7) of G. duodenalis were characterized. The overall results suggest that wildlife act as host reservoirs carrying zoonotic E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis, potentially enabling transmission from wildlife to humans and other animals.

scholarly journals First report and multilocus genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from Tibetan pigs in southwestern China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Run Luo ◽  
Leiqiong Xiang ◽  
Haifeng Liu ◽  
Zhijun Zhong ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Tibetan Pig ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Tibetan Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Pathogen ◽  
Group 1

AbstractEnterocytozoon bieneusi is a common intestinal pathogen and a major cause of diarrhea and enteric diseases in a variety of animals. While the E. bieneusi genotype has become better-known, there are few reports on its prevalence in the Tibetan pig. This study investigated the prevalence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in the Tibetan pig in southwestern China. Tibetan pig feces (266 samples) were collected from three sites in the southwest of China. Feces were subjected to PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. E. bieneusi was detected in 83 (31.2%) of Tibetan pigs from the three different sites, with 25.4% in Kangding, 56% in Yaan and 26.7% in Qionglai. Age group demonstrated the prevalence of E. bieneusi range from 24.4%(aged 0 to 1 years) to 44.4%(aged 1 to 2 years). Four genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified: two known genotypes EbpC (n=58), Henan-IV (n=24) and two novel genotypes, SCT01 and SCT02 (one of each). Phylogenetic analysis showed these four genotypes clustered to group 1 with zoonotic potential. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis three microsatellites (MS1, MS3, MS7) and one minisatellite (MS4) revealed 47, 48, 23 and 47 positive specimens were successfully sequenced, and identified ten, ten, five and five genotypes at four loci, respectively. This study indicates the potential danger of E. bieneusi to Tibetan pigs in southwestern China, and offers basic data for preventing and controlling infections.

Does Perioperative Hemoglobin A1c Level Affect the Incidence, Pattern and Mortality of Lower Extremity Amputation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-364
Author(s):  
Hassan Al-Thani ◽  
Moamena El-Matbouly ◽  
Maryam Al-Sulaiti ◽  
Noora Al-Thani ◽  
Mohammad Asim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Lower Extremity Amputation ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Extremity Amputation ◽  
Group 1

Background: We hypothesized that perioperative HbA1c influenced the pattern and outcomes of Lower Extremity Amputation (LEA). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted for all patients who underwent LEA between 2000 and 2013. Patients were categorized into 5 groups according to their perioperative HbA1c values [Group 1 (<6.5%), Group 2 (6.5-7.4%), Group 3 (7.5-8.4%), Group 4 (8.5-9.4%) and Group 5 (≥9.5%)]. We identified 848 patients with LEA; perioperative HbA1c levels were available in 547 cases (Group 1: 18.8%, Group 2: 17.7%, Group 3: 15.0%, Group 4: 13.5% and Group 5: 34.9%). Major amputation was performed in 35%, 32%, 22%, 10.8% and 13.6%, respectively. Results: The overall mortality was 36.5%; of that one quarter occurred during the index hospitalization. Mortality was higher in Group 1 (57.4%) compared with Groups 2-5 (46.9%, 38.3%, 36.1% and 31.2%, respectively, p=0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that poor glycemic control (Group 4 and 5) had lower risk of mortality post-LEA [hazard ratio 0.57 (95% CI 0.35-0.93) and hazard ratio 0.46 (95% CI 0.31-0.69)]; this mortality risk persisted even after adjustment for age and sex but was statistically insignificant. The rate of LEA was greater among poor glycemic control patients; however, the mortality was higher among patients with tight control. Conclusion: The effects of HbA1c on the immediate and long-term LEA outcomes and its therapeutic implications need further investigation.

Reading Beyond the Code

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Communicative Acts ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Code Model ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Central Claim

This book explores the value for literary studies of relevance theory, an inferential approach to communication in which the expression and recognition of intentions plays a major role. Drawing on a wide range of examples from lyric poetry and the novel, nine of the ten chapters are written by literary specialists and use relevance theory both as an overall framework and as a resource for detailed analysis. The final chapter, written by the co-founder of relevance theory, reviews the issues addressed by the volume and explores their implications for cognitive theories of how communicative acts are interpreted in context. Originally designed to explain how people understand each other in everyday face-to-face exchanges, relevance theory—described in an early review by a literary scholar as ‘the makings of a radically new theory of communication, the first since Aristotle’s’—sheds light on the whole spectrum of human modes of communication, including literature in the broadest sense. Reading Beyond the Code is unique in using relevance theory as a prime resource for literary study, and is also the first to apply the model to a range of phenomena widely seen as supporting an ‘embodied’ conception of cognition and language where sensorimotor processes play a key role. This broadened perspective serves to enhance the value for literary studies of the central claim of relevance theory: that the ‘code model’ is fundamentally inadequate to account for human communication, and in particular for the modes of communication that are proper to literature.

scholarly journals Association between serum oestradiol level on the hCG administration day and neonatal birthweight after IVF-ET among 3659 singleton live births

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Liu ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Wanyu Zhang ◽  
Yihong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Ovarian Stimulation ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 6 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ivf Et ◽  
Group 1

AbstractOestradiol, an important hormone in follicular development and endometrial receptivity, is closely related to clinical outcomes of fresh in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles. A supraphysiologic E2 level is inevitable during controlled ovarian hyper-stimulation (COH), and its effect on the outcome of IVF-ET is controversial. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the association between elevated serum oestradiol (E2) levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) administration and neonatal birthweight after IVF-ET cycles. The data of 3659 infertile patients with fresh IVF-ET cycles were analysed retrospectively between August 2009 and February 2017 in First Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Patients were categorized by serum E2 levels on the day of hCG administration into six groups: group 1 (serum E2 levels ≤ 1000 pg/mL, n = 230), group 2 (serum E2 levels between 1001 and 2000 pg/mL, n = 524), group 3 (serum E2 levels between 2001 and 3000 pg/mL, n = 783), group 4 (serum E2 levels between 3001 and 4000 pg/mL, n = 721), group 5 (serum E2 levels between 4001 and 5000 pg/mL, n = 548 ), and group 6 (serum E2 levels > 5000 pg/mL, n = 852). Univariate linear regression was used to evaluate the independent correlation between each factor and outcome index. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding factors. The LBW rates were as follows: 3.0% (group 1), 2.9% (group 2), 1.9% (group 3), 2.9% (group 4), 2.9% (group 5), and 2.0% (group 6) (P = 0.629), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidences of neonatal LBW among the six groups. We did not detect an association between peak serum E2 level during ovarian stimulation and neonatal birthweight after IVF-ET. The results of this retrospective cohort study showed that serum E2 peak levels during ovarian stimulation were not associated with birth weight during IVF cycles. In addition, no association was found between higher E2 levels and increased LBW risk. Our observations suggest that the hyper-oestrogenic milieu during COS does not seem to have adverse effects on the birthweight of offspring after IVF. Although this study provides some reference, the obstetric-related factors were not included due to historical reasons. The impact of the high estrogen environment during COS on the birth weight of IVF offspring still needs future research.

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