scholarly journals Issues and Strategies for the Conservation of the Artificial Water System in Hongcun, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
Tingshen Li
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Water System ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Local Conservation ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Historic Centre ◽  
The Village ◽  
Artificial Water

Since 2012, the Chinese Government has proposed the preservation concept of the “Traditional Village” in order to conserve the heritage of historic centres at the village-scale throughout China, which are being profoundly influenced by modernization. However, subject to the limitations of awareness levels, the conservation of the “Traditional Village” only focuses on the historic buildings within the Historic Centre and, there is a lack of focus on equally valuable cultural landscapes, open spaces and environments. Hongcun Traditional Village has been chosen as the case study of this paper and focuses on the conservation of its remarkable artificial water systems. The paper discusses the impacts and issues caused by the local conservation policies and practical interventions on Hongcun’s artificial water system over the last 20 years. The paper concludes by proposing a provisional methodological approach and treatment solutions for the conservation of Hongcun’s artificial water system, which is largely based on learning from European experiences.

scholarly journals Visual Capacity Assessment of the Open Landscape in Terms of Protection and Shaping: Case Study of a Village in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6319
Author(s):  
Anna Górka
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Residential Development ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Character Assessment ◽  
Landscape Character ◽  
The Village

This article describes the methodology and results of research on landscape visual capacity. The aim of the project was to develop a tool that would support planning and design decisions at the level of communal management in rural areas in Poland through systematic application of visual criteria. Their importance in the protection, management and shaping of space is underlined by the document produced at the European Landscape Convention of 2000 (ELC). To date, ELC recommendations have not been fully implemented in Poland. The author of the study used the methods of the Krakow School of Landscape Architecture in assessing cultural landscapes and referred to the assumptions of the British Landscape Character Assessment (LCA). The analysis was based on the results of a landscape identification conducted in a part of the Cekcyn commune. The assessment of visual capacity was conducted for the village of Nowy Sumin, located in that commune. The effect of the study is the classification of open landscapes with respect to the assessment of visual changes resulting from potential residential development. The results obtained prompt the conclusion that the applied method can effectively support local spatial planning as it takes national conditions into account.

scholarly journals Assessment of the photovoltaic potential at urban level based on 3D city models: A case study and new methodological approach

Solar Energy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 264-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Romero Rodríguez ◽  
Eric Duminil ◽  
José Sánchez Ramos ◽  
Ursula Eicker
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Urban Level ◽  
City Models

COMBINING ORAL TRADITIONS AND BAYESIAN CHRONOLOGICAL MODELING TO UNDERSTAND VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN THE GULF OF PAPUA (PAPUA NEW GUINEA)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Chris Urwin ◽  
Quan Hua ◽  
Henry Arifeae
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Spatial History ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gulf Of Papua ◽  
The Village

ABSTRACT When European colonists arrived in the late 19th century, large villages dotted the coastline of the Gulf of Papua (southern Papua New Guinea). These central places sustained long-distance exchange and decade-spanning ceremonial cycles. Besides ethnohistoric records, little is known of the villages’ antiquity, spatiality, or development. Here we combine oral traditional and 14C chronological evidence to investigate the spatial history of two ancestral village sites in Orokolo Bay: Popo and Mirimua Mapoe. A Bayesian model composed of 35 14C assays from seven excavations, alongside the oral traditional accounts, demonstrates that people lived at Popo from 765–575 cal BP until 220–40 cal BP, at which time they moved southwards to Mirimua Mapoe. The village of Popo spanned ca. 34 ha and was composed of various estates, each occupied by a different tribe. Through time, the inhabitants of Popo transformed (e.g., expanded, contracted, and shifted) the village to manage social and ceremonial priorities, long-distance exchange opportunities and changing marine environments. Ours is a crucial case study of how oral traditional ways of understanding the past interrelate with the information generated by Bayesian 14C analyses. We conclude by reflecting on the limitations, strengths, and uncertainties inherent to these forms of chronological knowledge.

scholarly journals Investigations on historical monuments’ deterioration through chemical and isotopic analyses: an Italian case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ricciardi ◽  
Concetta Pironti ◽  
Oriana Motta ◽  
Rosa Fiorillo ◽  
Federica Camin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
Historic Centre ◽  
The Church

AbstractIn this paper, we analysed the efflorescences present in the frescos of a monumental complex named S. Pietro a Corte situated in the historic centre of Salerno (Campania, Italy). The groundwater of the historic centre is fed by two important streams (the Rafastia and the Fusandola) that can be the sources of water penetration. The aims of this work are to (i) identify the stream that reaches the ancient frigidarium of S. Pietro a Corte and (ii) characterize the efflorescences on damaged frescos in terms of chemical nature and sources. In order to accomplish the first aim, the water of the Rafastia river (7 samples) and the water of the Fusandola river (7 samples) were analysed and compared with the water of a well of the Church (7 samples). The ionic chromatography measurements on the water samples allowed us to identify the Rafastia as the river that feeds the ancient frigidarium of S. Pietro a Corte. To investigate the nature and the origin of the efflorescences (our second aim), anionic chromatography analyses, X-ray diffraction measurements, and the isotopic determination of nitrogen were performed on the efflorescences (9 samples) and the salts recovered from the well (6 samples). Results of these analyses show that efflorescences are mainly made of potassium nitrate with a δ15N value of + 9.3 ± 0.2‰. Consequently, a plausible explanation for their formation could be the permeation of sewage water on the walls of the monumental complex.

scholarly journals Construction of Landscape Fire Security Patterns for Minority Settlements: a case study of reconstruction plan of Xiaozhai village in Guangxi

2020 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 05035
Author(s):  
Manni Wu ◽  
Wenjun Zheng ◽  
Zonglin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Water System ◽  
Forest Belt ◽  
Natural Fire ◽  
Pattern Theory ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Security Pattern ◽  
Resource Characteristics ◽  
Landscape Ecological ◽  
The Village

Minority settlements have good local landscape features and rich cultural heritage. However, due to complex geographical conditions and lagging economic development, there are many potential security threats in their human settlements. Based on the landscape ecological security pattern theory, aiming at eliminating the practical dilemma of frequent fires and difficult rescue in mountainous settlements in southwestern China, this paper proposes a planning idea to improve the settlement environment’s own disaster resilience and ecological endurance ability through the adjustment of landscape pattern. Taking the reconstruction planning and design of Xiaozhai Village in Longji of Guangxi province as an example, based on the geographical structure and resource characteristics of the village, a four-in-one landscape fire security pattern for mountain settlement is constructed, including building group, road evacuation system, natural fire protection network of water system and biological fire protection forest belt. The study provides a reference for the protection, renewal and re-planning of minority settlement.

scholarly journals Methods for conducting international Delphi surveys to optimise global participation in core outcome set development: a case study in gastric cancer informed by a comprehensive literature review

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Alkhaffaf ◽  
Jane M. Blazeby ◽  
Aleksandra Metryka ◽  
Anne-Marie Glenny ◽  
Ademola Adeyeye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Vascular Malformations ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Core Outcome Set ◽  
Core Outcome ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
International Participation

Abstract Background Core outcome sets (COS) should be relevant to key stakeholders and widely applicable and usable. Ideally, they are developed for international use to allow optimal data synthesis from trials. Electronic Delphi surveys are commonly used to facilitate global participation; however, this has limitations. It is common for these surveys to be conducted in a single language potentially excluding those not fluent in that tongue. The aim of this study is to summarise current approaches for optimising international participation in Delphi studies and make recommendations for future practice. Methods A comprehensive literature review of current approaches to translating Delphi surveys for COS development was undertaken. A standardised methodology adapted from international guidance derived from 12 major sets of translation guidelines in the field of outcome reporting was developed. As a case study, this was applied to a COS project for surgical trials in gastric cancer to translate a Delphi survey into 7 target languages from regions active in gastric cancer research. Results Three hundred thirty-two abstracts were screened and four studies addressing COS development in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, vascular malformations and polypharmacy were eligible for inclusion. There was wide variation in methodological approaches to translation, including the number of forward translations, the inclusion of back translation, the employment of cognitive debriefing and how discrepancies and disagreements were handled. Important considerations were identified during the development of the gastric cancer survey including establishing translation groups, timelines, understanding financial implications, strategies to maximise recruitment and regulatory approvals. The methodological approach to translating the Delphi surveys was easily reproducible by local collaborators and resulted in an additional 637 participants to the 315 recruited to complete the source language survey. Ninety-nine per cent of patients and 97% of healthcare professionals from non-English-speaking regions used translated surveys. Conclusion Consideration of the issues described will improve planning by other COS developers and can be used to widen international participation from both patients and healthcare professionals.

HOUSEHOLD FORMATION IN 19TH-CENTURY CENTRAL ANATOLIA: THE CASE STUDY OF A TURKISH-SPEAKING ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-517
Author(s):  
Irini Renieri
Keyword(s):  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Household Formation ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
The Right ◽  
Extended Households ◽  
The Village

This article explores household formation among the Greek Orthodox population of a mixed village of Cappadocia inhabited by Muslims, as well. The village, Çukur, was located on the right bank of the river Kızılırmak, 49 kilometers north–northwest of Kayseri.1 I aim to show that complex forms of household formation were the main type of social organization and were especially durable over time, with a high average household membership. I attempt to clarify whether the predominance of extended households—which, as other studies have shown, is not that common in the Asian portion of the Ottoman Empire—was related to the Christian character of this section of the Çukur population, or whether the agricultural basis of the village economy played a more important role.

The Plan Guidelines for Villages under the Background of Nomadic Settlement — A Case Study of Luqu County in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 5886-5893
Author(s):  
Lu Cang Wang ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Jing Gao
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Functional Area ◽  
Spatial Displacement ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Construction Tasks ◽  
The Village ◽  
Pastoral Farming ◽  
Better Than

“The Project of Nomadic Settlement” is one of the major construction tasks for “Gannan Important Water Supply Ecological Functional Area of Yellow River”. Because of the distribution of population and settlements have obvious discreteness and wavering in alpine pasture, it is necessary to plan and guide agricultural and grazing villages during the process of the construction of nomadic settlements, spatial displacement and integration of population and settlement. The nomadic habitation mode in Luqu county undergoes four stages. At present, it adopts four settlement modes, that is, centralized settlement mode in the county town, settlement mode in the village, settlement along the highway mode and dispersed settlement mode, involving a total of 2,645households,13,783people and be arranged in 21 settlements. The paper adopts 14 indicators related conditions of economic development, social development conditions, geographic conditions, measures the overall strength of 24 administrative villages in Luqu, the whole villages are divided into four grade. The results show that the suburban villages are better than the surrounding villages and towns, pure pastoral farming are better than farming-pastoral villages. Accordingly, 24 villages are divided into four types—community-based villages, developing villages, controlling villages, and revoking-merging villages. Finally, it also proposes the path on village plan guidelines.

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