scholarly journals Re-orientation of Russia to the Asian markets as a main direction of its foreign trade policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 09013
Author(s):  
Olga Solodukhina ◽  
Tatyana Bukreeva ◽  
Irina Minakova ◽  
Artyom Golovin
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
General System ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Comparison System ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Global Fluctuations

Research background: The authors on a systematic basis have investigated the features of trade relations between Russia and neighboring Asian states. It was published several articles on this issue in Russia and abroad, including publications in Scopus and Web of Science indexed journals. Purpose of the article: The aim of the research is to analyze the current situation and prospects for the development of mutual trade cooperation between Russia and neighboring Asian states (Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan). Methods: The research is based on the methodology of general system theory. The present research was accomplished using the following methods for studying complex social objects: synthesis, comparison, system analysis, analogy, construction of scientifically based hypotheses, etc. The theoretical basis for the study was the works of M.O. Slobodchikoff, M.E. Aleprete [1], P. Bargues-Pedreny [2], R. Mac Ginty [3], and J. L. Austin [4]. Findings & Value added: The authors have investigated mutual trade cooperation between Russia and neighboring Asian states (Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan). The study has showed that the major problem of Russia’s trade with neighboring Asian states is based on resource-oriented export. Russia’s key task at Central Asian market is to expand the share of non-resource-based sectors. A variety of export categories will make the Russian economy more resilient to global fluctuations and crises. At the same time, it is necessary to develop trade and economic cooperation with India, Indonesia and Brazil, as well as to form a coalition of non-aligned countries and African countries in order to deter China and the USA.

scholarly journals Global Position of the US Economy and Its Impact on the Economy of the Czech Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 09012
Author(s):  
Linda Pudilová ◽  
Kamila Veselá
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

Research background: The economy with the strongest influence on world affairs, international politics and world economy is undoubtedly the economy of the United States of America. In the Czech Republic, after the revolution, the USA quickly came to the forefront of interest and mutual foreign trade grew significantly. However, their global influence was significantly reflected not only in economic aspects, but also in sociological aspects. In recent years, the so-called “Americanization” has been taking place in the Czech Republic. American terms were often adopted in the commonly used Czech language, and the demand for American goods increased significantly. Purpose of the article: The objective of the presented text is to evaluate development of the influence of the USA on the economy of the Czech Republic by analysing the development of key macroeconomic quantities, in particular gross domestic product, gross national product, balance of payments and foreign trade. Based on the results of this analysis, the future development of the Czech economy, more precisely opportunities and impacts arising from mutual trade relations between the American and Czech economies, is predicated. Methods: Descriptive statistic. Findings & Value added: The results of the research showed a gradual expansion of the influence of the American economy in the Czech Republic, which began after 1989 and continues to this day. This influence manifested itself in several aspects. It was reflected in the structure of mutual foreign trade, and also in the Czech culture and the Czech language (adoption of English terms into the Czech language). The further potential of mutual trade is highlighted out by comparing the structure of export and import from the USA in total and export and import from the USA to the Czech Republic.

The AGOA as stepping stone for USA–Africa free trade agreements

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-131
Author(s):  
Regis Simo
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Trade And Investment

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show how the pattern of trade relations between the USA and African countries is gradually shifting toward reciprocity. It therefore demonstrates that the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) was conceived to be a building block toward future bilateral trade agreements. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a historical approach to the USA’s policy toward Africa in general and in trade matters in particular. It critically reviews the chronology of US involvement in the continent. Findings Although it was designed as a preferential trade arrangement, AGOA was intended to evolve into reciprocal trade agreements. This is what the USA started doing even prior to the entry into force of the AGOA, by entering into Trade and Investment Framework Agreements with individual countries or blocs. It also transpires that the deployment comes as a response to the European Union which is already engaged in the redefinition of its own trade relations with Africa since 2004. Originality/value The paper is important in many respects. Not only it is a study of the US practice as preference-granting country, but it is also interested in the typology of trade agreements concluded by the USA in other regions of the world. This is important to indicate and analyze the types of provisions African countries should be expected to face when the time of entering into reciprocal binding trade treaties arrives.

India–Iran Trade Relations Under the Shadow of USA Sanctions

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-407
Author(s):  
Suadat Hussain Wani ◽  
Mohd Afzal Mir ◽  
Imtiyaz Ahmad Shah
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
The West ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Working Together ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

India and Iran have a long history of cooperation on various issues ranging from economic to strategic importance. However, the present phase of cooperation is as old as end of the cold war and reached a peak during the period 2001–2003 with the Tehran and Delhi declarations, which established a substantial set of framework for enhanced cooperation. In the present times given the changing regional and global economic and security conditions, many attempts have been made by both countries to increase their cooperation. Since Islamic revolution, Iran faces continuous confrontation and sanctions from the West and the USA. Iran has continuously tried to improve its relations with its neighbours and other friendly countries to minimize the impact of these sanctions which are badly affecting its economy. India, on the other hand, has been growing at a faster pace from last many years which has increased its energy requirements. Given Iran’s nuclear programme and its confrontation with the West and India’s energy requirements, both countries are working together to sustain their economic and energy cooperation from last many years. In 2015, both countries signed a memorandum of understanding worth USD 195 million for the development of Chabahar Port situated in south-eastern Iran and India agreed to make the investment in infrastructural development of Iran. Through this port, India will get easy access to Central Asian and Afghanistan which will increase its trade relations with these countries. The aim of this research article is to examine the impact of sanctions on Iran due to its nuclear programme on trade relations between India and Iran by using threshold autoregressive model and using trade variables including exports and imports. JEL Codes: 00, 05, 05

scholarly journals The Current State of, and Perspectives on, Foreign Trade Between the EU and Central Asia in a Period of Geoeconomic Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Elena Kašťáková ◽  
◽  
Matúš Žatko ◽  
Natália Barinková ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Eu

The article examines the current foreign trade relations between the EU and Central Asia. Based on econometric analysis, it sets out possible perspectives for the further development of mutual trade relations in the time of geoeconomic changes. As one of the most important integration groupings in the world, the EU has a significant influence in promoting its foreign trade interests. Central Asia is a part of Asia consisting of several states that are members of different regional integration groupings with different priorities. The result of the research is an analysis of mutual foreign trade relations. Character and perspective of mutual trade relations is assessed by using of selected one-factor indicators (trade complementarity index and trade intensity index). With the help of time-series forecast model, the article also tries to estimate the future development of EU exports as well as EU imports in relation to Central Asian countries. While the EU imports from Central Asian countries are dominated by minerals and fuels in the long term, EU exports consist of more sophisticated and diversified production. This represents the potential for further development of the business relationships and growth of mutual trade. In the case of favourable circumstances, a continuing growth trend in trade can be expected, especially on the side on EU exports.

Transformation of China's Agricultural Trade in Response to Emerging Tensions on the Global Market

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Vasilii Erokhin
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Nutrient Value ◽  
The Usa

China has worked to ensure future food self-sufficiency, but still depends on the imports of many kinds of agricultural products. Imports grow as domestic demand is restructured in favor of qualitative food products of high nutrient value amid the progressive degradation of agricultural lands, and shrinking possibilities for agricultural production. Currently, the majority of such value-added food products is imported from the USA. By raising import tariffs in response to the recent US protectionist policies, China may face a situation of food insecurity. This chapter reviews the recent tendencies in China's foreign trade in food and agricultural products, analyses food security status of China on major kinds of agricultural commodities, discusses current US-China trade relations and reorientation of China's foreign trade in food and agricultural products, and provides possible solutions to the improvement of food security by means of intensification of domestic agricultural production and diversification of imports.

scholarly journals The Machine Prediction of the Mutual Trade between the PRC and the Czech Republic in the Global Extraordinary Situation

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 09006
Author(s):  
Jakub Horak ◽  
Jiri Kucera
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flow ◽  
The Usa

Research background: International trade is a substantial constituent of the global and regional economic development. The analysis of mutual trade serves as a tool for a monetary expression of economic transactions between a particular country and its foreign partners for a specific period. For the Czech Republic (CR), the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is the biggest exporter and the second biggest importer. The USA, however, imposes a number of economic sanctions against the PRC that do not have any significant impact on the trade between both countries and the overall growth of the Chinese economy, yet they affect the behavior of consumers and producers both in the USA and in the PRC. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to use machine learning for predicting the future values of the mutual trade between the CR and the PRC for one calendar year (i.e. 12 months). Methods: Monthly data of these two states´ import and export are used to predict bilateral trade flow. The time series begins in January 2005 and ends in April 2020. Thus, the time series contains 184 data lines. Artificial intelligence - artificial neural networks - is used to predict bilateral trade flow between the PRC and the CR. The development of trade is then compared with the mutual sanctions of the PRC and the USA. Findings & Value added: This is expected that the mutual trade balance to be negative from the perspective of the CR. COVID-19 or the sanctions imposed in the international trade will not significantly affect the development of the mutual trade between the CR and the PRC.

ВНЕШНЕПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ: В КОНТЕКСТЕ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ И НОВЫХ ТЕНДЕНЦИЙ В МИРОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Токтобек Рыскулов
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Transnational Corporation ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Near Future

Аннотация. В статье очерчено геополитическое и геостратегическое положение ЦА. Охарактеризована внешнеполитическая ситуация в ЦА в контексте новых тенденций в мировой политике. Показаны основные интересы и политические тренды РФ, США, КНР по отношения к государствам ЦА. Отмечено, что современная Центральная Азия, притягивает к себе все большее внимание внешних игроков. Объяснение кроется в том, что Центральная Азия обладает не только удобным геополитическим и выгодным геостратегическим положением, но и большим количеством природных ресурсов. Анализируя современные российско-китайские отношения приходим к мысли, что не все так безоблачно во взаимоотношениях двух государств, ведь еще никто не опроверг постулат о постоянных интересах государств и о непостоянстве друзей. В недалеком будущем конкуренция за энергоресурсы (газ, нефть) ЦА приведет к обострению отношений, к конфликту интересов России и Китая, практически это политическая аксиома. Готовы ли государства ЦА и России к такому сценарию политических событий? Ключевые слова: Центральна Азия, геополитика и геостратегия. Большая Игра, РФ, США, КНР. ЕАЭС, Большая Центральная Азия, ТНК, терроризм, экстремизм. Аннотация. Макалада геосаясий жана геостратегиялык абалдары чийилген. Борбордук Азиядагы тышкы саясий кырдаал дүйнөлүк саясаттагы жаңы тенденциялардын контекстинде мүнөздөлдү. БА мамлекеттеринин мамилелери боюнча РФ, АКШ, КЭР негизги кызыкчылыктары жана саясий тренддери көрсөтүлдү. Учурдагы Борбордук Азия тышкы оюнчулардын көбүрөөк көңүлүн өзүнө тартып жаткандыгы байкалган. Түшүндүрмө берүү, Борбордук Азия ыңгайлуу геосаясий жана пайдалуу геостратегиялык абалга гана ээ болбостон, көптөгөн жаратылыш ресурстарына ээ. Анализируя заманбап российско-кытай мамилелери приходим карата ойлорун, бул эмес баары эле безоблачно өз ара мамилелеринде эки мамлекеттин, анткени дагы эч ким опроверг постулат жөнүндө туруктуу кызыкчылыгында мамлекеттердин жөнүндө жана непостоянстве досторунун. Жакынкы келечекте ба энергия ресурстары үчүн атаандаштык (газ, мунай) Россия жана Кытайдын таламдарынын кагылышына, мамилелердин күчөшүнө алып келет, бул иш жүзүндө саясий аксиома. Борбордук Азия жана Орусия мамлекеттери мындай жагдайды саясий окуяларга даярбы? Түйүндүү сөздөр: Борбор Азия, геополитика жана геостратегия. Чоң оюн, РФ, АКШ, КЭР. ЕАЭС, Чоң Борбордук Азия, ТНК, терроризм, экстремизм. Annotation. The article outlines the geopolitical and geostrategic position of Central Asia. The article describes the foreign policy situation in Central Asia in the context of new trends in world politics. The main interests and political trends of the Russian Federation, the USA, China in relation to the Central Asian States are shown. It is noted that modern Central Asia attracts more and more attention of external players. The explanation lies in the fact that Central Asia has not only a convenient geopolitical and advantageous geostrategic position, but also a large number of natural resources. Analyzing the current Russian-Chinese relations, we come to the conclusion that not everything is so cloudless in the relations between the two States, because no one has yet refuted the postulate about the permanent interests of States and the impermanence of friends. In the near future, competition for energy resources (gas, oil) in Central Asia will lead to an aggravation of relations, to a conflict of interests between Russia and China, this is practically a political axiom. Are the Central Asian and Russian States ready for such a scenario of political events? Key words: Central Asia, geopolitics & geostrategy. Big Game, the RF, the USA, the CPR. EAEC, Big Central Asia, Transnational Corporation, terrorism, extremism

scholarly journals Multi-criteria decision-making model for supporting manufacturing settlements location in Africa after COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 184797902110233
Author(s):  
Stefania Bait ◽  
Serena Marino Lauria ◽  
Massimiliano M. Schiraldi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Location Selection ◽  
Decision Making Model

The COVID-19 emergency is affecting manufacturing industries all over the world. Notably, it has generated several issues in the products’ supply and the global value chain in African countries. Besides this, Africa’s manufacturing value-added rate grew only 1.5 since 2018, and the foreign direct investment (FDI) from multinational enterprises (MNEs) remains very low due to high-risk factors. Most of these factors are linked to a non-optimized location selection that can adversely affect plant performance. For these reasons, supporting decision-makers in selecting the suitable country location in Africa is crucial, both for contributing to countries’ growth and companies’ performance. This research aims at presenting a comprehensive multi-criteria decision-making model (MCDM) to be used by MNEs to evaluate the best countries to develop new manufacturing settlements, highlighting the criteria that COVID-19 has impacted. Thus, it has affected countries’ performance, impacting the plant location selection choices. A combination of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods have also been used for comparative analysis. The criteria used in the proposed approach have been validated with a panel of MNEs experts.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in West Africa: regional resource mobilisation and allocation in the first year of the pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. e004762
Author(s):  
Césaire Ahanhanzo ◽  
Ermel Ameswue Kpogbe Johnson ◽  
Ejemai Amaize Eboreime ◽  
Sombié Issiaka ◽  
Ben Idrissa Traoré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
First Year ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
African Health ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Resource Mobilisation

The world continues to battle the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Whereas many countries are currently experiencing the second wave of the outbreak; Africa, despite being the last continent to be affected by the virus, has not experienced as much devastation as other continents. For example, West Africa, with a population of 367 million people, had confirmed 412 178 cases of COVID-19 with 5363 deaths as of 14 March 2021; compared with the USA which had recorded almost 30 million cases and 530 000 deaths, despite having a slightly smaller population (328 million). Several postulations have been made in an attempt to explain this phenomenon. One hypothesis is that African countries have leveraged on experiences from past epidemics to build resilience and response strategies which may be contributing to protecting the continent’s health systems from being overwhelmed. This practice paper from the West African Health Organization presents experience and data from the field on how countries in the region mobilised support to address the pandemic in the first year, leveraging on systems, infrastructure, capacities developed and experiences from the 2014 Ebola virus disease outbreak.

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