scholarly journals Favipiravir and COVID-19: A Simplified Summary

Drug Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji ◽  
Sarvin Pashapour
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Effective Agent ◽  
Lethal Mutagenesis ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Nucleotide Analog ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractA recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019 and then spread rapidly all over the world. However, there are no specific antiviral therapies for COVID-19, using the agents which approved or in development for other viral infections is one of the potentially quickest ways to find treatment for this new viral infection. Favipiravir is an effective agent that acts as a nucleotide analog that selectively inhibits the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase or causes lethal mutagenesis upon incorporation into the virus RNA. In view of recent studies and discussion on favipiravir, in this mini review we aimed to summarize the clinical trials studying the efficacy and safety of favipiravir in patients with COVID-19.

scholarly journals Quinoline and Quinazoline Alkaloids against COVID-19: An In Silico Multitarget Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Esraa M. O. A. Ismail ◽  
Shaza W. Shantier ◽  
Mona S. Mohammed ◽  
Hassan H. Musa ◽  
Wadah Osman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Socioeconomic Impacts ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Potential Inhibitors

The recent outbreak of the highly contagious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has created a global health crisis with socioeconomic impacts. Although, recently, vaccines have been approved for the prevention of COVID-19, there is still an urgent need for the discovery of more efficacious and safer drugs especially from natural sources. In this study, a number of quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids with antiviral and/or antimalarial activity were virtually screened against three potential targets for the development of drugs against COVID-19. Among seventy-one tested compounds, twenty-three were selected for molecular docking based on their pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. The results identified a number of potential inhibitors. Three of them, namely, norquinadoline A, deoxytryptoquivaline, and deoxynortryptoquivaline, showed strong binding to the three targets, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, spike glycoprotein, and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. These alkaloids therefore have promise for being further investigated as possible multitarget drugs against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Multiple Sclerosis and SARS-CoV-2: Has the Interplay Started?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianmarco Bellucci ◽  
Virginia Rinaldi ◽  
Maria Chiara Buscarinu ◽  
Roberta Reniè ◽  
Rachele Bigi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Current knowledge on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) etiopathogenesis encompasses complex interactions between the host’s genetic background and several environmental factors that result in dysimmunity against the central nervous system. An old-aged association exists between MS and viral infections, capable of triggering and sustaining neuroinflammation through direct and indirect mechanisms. The novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has a remarkable, and still not fully understood, impact on the immune system: the occurrence and severity of both acute COVID-19 and post-infectious chronic illness (long COVID-19) largely depends on the host’s response to the infection, that echoes several aspects of MS pathobiology. Furthermore, other MS-associated viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs), may enhance a mechanistic interplay with the novel Coronavirus, with the potential to interfere in MS natural history. Studies on COVID-19 in people with MS have helped clinicians in adjusting therapeutic strategies during the pandemic; similar efforts are being made for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns. In this Review, we look over 18 months of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from the perspective of MS: we dissect neuroinflammatory and demyelinating mechanisms associated with COVID-19, summarize pathophysiological crossroads between MS and SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discuss present evidence on COVID-19 and its vaccination in people with MS.

scholarly journals Antiviral potential of phytoligands against chymotrypsin-like protease of COVID‐19 virus using molecular docking studies: An optimistic approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratish Chandra Mishra ◽  
Rosy Kumari ◽  
Shivani Yadav ◽  
Jaya Parkash Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Binding Energy ◽  
Drug Repositioning ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City ◽  
Ucsf Chimera

Abstract A recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus, COVID‐19, in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China and its ensuing worldwide spread have resulted in lakhs of infections and thousands of deaths. As of now, there are no registered therapies for treating the contagious COVID‐19 infections, henceforth drug repositioning may provide a fast way out. In the present study, a total of thirty-five compounds including commonly used anti-viral drugs were screened against chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) using SwissDock. Interaction between amino acid of targeted protein and ligands was visualized by UCSF Chimera. Docking studies revealed that the phytochemicals such as cordifolin, anisofolin A, apigenin 7-glucoside, luteolin, laballenic acid, quercetin, luteolin-4-glucoside exhibited significant binding energy with the enzyme viz. - 8.77, -8.72, -8.36, -8.35, -8.13, -8.04 and -7.87 Kcal/Mol respectively. Therefore, new lead compounds can be used for drug development against SARS‐CoV‐2 infections.

scholarly journals Pharmacotherapy for COVID-19: A Ray of Hope

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayank Kapoor ◽  
Prasan Kumar Panda ◽  
Vivek Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Interferon Alfa ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Most viral infections have limited treatment options available and the same holds for COVID-19, its causative agent being the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Drugs used in the past against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) viruses, which belong to the same family of viruses as the novel Coronavirus included ribavirin, interferon (alfa and beta), lopinavir-ritonavir combination, and corticosteroids. There remains controversy regarding their efficacy to date, except for the last one. Hence, large-scale multicentric trials are being conducted involving multiple drugs. Chloroquine and hydroxy-chloroquine were initially taking the race ahead but have now been rejected. Remdesivir was a promising candidate, for which the FDA had issued an emergency use authorization, but now is not recommended by the WHO. Convalescent plasma therapy had promising results in the early severe viremia phase, but the PLACID trial made an obscure end. Only corticosteroids have shown demonstrable benefits in improving mortality rates among severe COVID-19 cases. Many new modalities like monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are discussed. In this chapter, we review the therapeutic drugs under investigation for the COVID-19 treatment, their mode of action, degree of effectiveness, and recommendations by different centers regarding their use in current settings.

scholarly journals Acute respiratory infections in outpatient care in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: the role and position of antibacterial therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 214-218
Author(s):  
R.F. Khamitov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Outpatient Care ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Care Costs

Acute respiratory infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract are currently the leading cause of human morbidity, mainly due to the seasonal rise of the incidence rates of viral infections. This results in the heavy burden of annual health care costs. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the problem. The associations between respiratory viruses and bacteria are not always clear thus accounting for the diversity of the risks of the complicated course and fatal outcomes of various bacterial viral coinfections. Influenza virus is associated with the high rate of bacterial complications (in particular, during seasonal peaks). Meanwhile, this is less typical of the novel coronavirus infection. In addition, several studies demonstrate the competitive edge of SARS-CoV-2 when interacting with other respiratory viruses. The specificities of viral bacterial associations greatly affect the treatment whose inadequacy (in particular, the prescription of antibiotics) is the leading cause of the increasing antimicrobial resistance of contemporary germs. The novel coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 is no exception in terms of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing as occurred often in the seasonal rise of acute respiratory viral infections. The understanding of this issue, the optimization of treatment strategies, and a reduction in health care costs will allow for preserving antibiotics as a class of highly effective medications. KEYWORDS: acute respiratory infections, COVID-19, bacterial coinfection, outpatient care, lung damage, antimicrobial therapy. FOR CITATION: Khamitov R.F. Acute respiratory infections in outpatient care in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: the role and position of antibacterial therapy. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2020;4(4):214–218. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-4-214-218.

Reasons for discontinuing the use of Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of the Novel Coronavirus

2021 ◽  
pp. 179-180
Author(s):  
Ali Adel Dawood
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In March 2020 the world officially released its first approach to the coronaviral pandemic to explain the rationale for using hydroxychloroquine. It was also believed to calm down the immune system during viral infections. The FDA warned using hydroxychloroquien for SARS-CoV-2. In this short letter we address why the FDA discontinued the treatment of the novel coronavirus with hydroxychloroquine.

Methods of Synthesis of Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Hydroxychloroquine, and Chloroquine: Four Small Molecules Repurposed for Clinical Trials during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Synthesis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (24) ◽  
pp. 3735-3750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Al Bujuq
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Reference Source ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Agency Support ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractThe novel coronavirus (COVID-19) disease has rapidly evolved into a sweeping pandemic despite public health measures. Screening and development of new vaccines and antivirals are expensive and time consuming. However, the repositioning of available drugs is an essential and universal strategy in the development of new drugs and therefore should receive priority attention as well as international government and agency support. Significant drugs such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir and remdesivir, are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety. Some promising results have been achieved thus far in the treatment of COVID-19. In this article we summarize and discuss the most common synthetic strategies to apply in the preparation of these drug molecules. It is hoped that this compendium will provide an accessible useful guide and reference source for scientists, researchers and academia in their battle against COVD-19.1 Introduction2 Synthesis of Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)2.1 Synthesis of 4,7-Dichloroquinoline 1 2.2 Synthesis of 2-Amino-5-(diethylamino)pentane (Novoldiamine) 2 2.3 Synthesis of 5-(N-Ethyl-N-2-hydroxyethylamino)-2-pentylamine 4 2.4 Developed Methods for Synthesis of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine2.5 Synthesis of (R)-Chloroquine, (S)-Chloroquine, (R)-Hydroxychloroquine and (S)-Hydroxychloroquine3 Synthesis of Favipiravir (Avigan)4 Synthesis of Remdesivir5 Conclusion

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Extracellular Vesicles: An Intriguing Interplay

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-670
Author(s):  
Gabriella Pocsfalvi ◽  
Ramila Mammadova ◽  
Ana Paulina Ramos Juarez ◽  
Ramesh Bokka ◽  
Francesco Trepiccione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Cargo Delivery ◽  
The Many ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome β-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to become a long-lasting global health crisis. The number of people infected with the novel coronavirus has surpassed 22 million globally, resulting in over 700,000 deaths with more than 15 million people having recovered (https://covid19.who.int). Enormous efforts are underway for rapid vaccine and treatment developments. Amongst the many ways of tackling the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging. Summary: EVs are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures secreted from all types of cells, including those lining the respiratory tract. They have established roles in lung immunity and are involved in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases, including viral infection. In this review, we point out the roles and possible contribution of EVs in viral infections, as well as ongoing EV-based approaches for the treatment of COVID-19, including clinical trials. Key Messages: EVs share structural similarities to viruses and recent findings demonstrate that viruses exploit EVs for cellular exit and EVs exploit viral entry mechanisms for cargo delivery. Moreover, EV-virus interplay could be exploited for future antiviral drug and vaccine development. EV-based therapies, especially the mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs, are being intensively studied for the treatment of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Vaccines and Therapies in Development for SARS-CoV-2 Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wu ◽  
Raghuram Koganti ◽  
Upendra P. Lambe ◽  
Tejabhiram Yadavalli ◽  
Shyam S. Nandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Emerging Therapies ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The virus causes severe respiratory symptoms which manifest disproportionately in the elderly. Currently, there are over 6.5 million cases and 380,000 deaths reported. Given the current severity of the outbreak, there is a great need for antiviral therapies and vaccines to treat and prevent COVID-19. In this review, we provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the emerging therapies and vaccines that show promise in combating COVID-19. We also highlight potential viral targets that could be exploited by researchers and drug manufacturers.

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