State of the Art in Robot-Assisted Eye Surgery

AbstractDespite the advantages that robot-assisted surgery can offer to patient care, its use in ophthalmic surgery has not yet progressed to the extent seen in other fields. As such, its use remains limited to research environments, both basic and clinical. The technical specifications for such ophthalmic surgical robots are highly challenging, but rapid progress has been made in recent years, and recent developments in this field ensure that the use of this technology in operating theatres will soon be a real possibility. Fully automated ocular microsurgery, carried out by a robot under the supervision of a surgeon, is likely to become our new reality. This review discusses the use of robot-assisted ophthalmic surgery, the recent progress in the field, and the necessary future developments which must occur before its use in operating theatres becomes routine.

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System reliability modelling: The current capability and potential future developments

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science ◽

10.1243/09544062jmes1538 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 223 (12) ◽

pp. 2881-2897 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J Andrews

Keyword(s):

System Reliability ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Reliability Assessment ◽

The State ◽

Engineering Systems ◽

Industrial Systems ◽

Future Developments ◽

Reliability Modelling ◽

Assessment Techniques ◽

Made In

This article describes the state-of-the-art methods available for systems reliability assessment. The significant contributions made to those methods in common use for the analysis of industrial systems are identified. The article reviews the developments in engineering systems that are likely to occur over the next decade that will challenge the current capability in this field and the potential advances that may result. A discussion is also provided of novel uses that will become possible due to the advances made in the assessment techniques over this period.

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State-of-the-Art of Artificial Intelligence

Journal of Mobile Multimedia ◽

10.13052/jmm1550-4646.171322 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ramjee Prasad ◽

Purva Choudhary

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Big Data ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Turing Test ◽

Rapid Progress ◽

Current State ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Historical Developments ◽

Insight Into ◽

Made In

Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a technology has existed for less than a century. In spite of this, it has managed to achieve great strides. The rapid progress made in this field has aroused the curiosity of many technologists around the globe and many companies across various domains are curious to explore its potential. For a field that has achieved so much in such a short duration, it is imperative that people who aim to work in Artificial Intelligence, study its origins, recent developments, and future possibilities of expansion to gain a better insight into the field. This paper encapsulates the notable progress made in Artificial Intelligence starting from its conceptualization to its current state and future possibilities, in various fields. It covers concepts like a Turing machine, Turing test, historical developments in Artificial Intelligence, expert systems, big data, robotics, current developments in Artificial Intelligence across various fields, and future possibilities of exploration.

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Recent Developments in the National Library of Ireland

Alexandria The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues ◽

10.1177/095574900501700103 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 13-23

Author(s):

Catherine Fahy

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Reading Room ◽

Cultural Institutions ◽

Art Exhibition ◽

National Library ◽

The Core ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Statutory Body ◽

Adequate Staffing ◽

Made In

The provisions of the National Cultural Institutions Act 1997, which will establish the National Library of Ireland as an independent statutory body under a new Board, are due to be implemented in 2005. The years since the Act was passed have seen substantial increases in funding and staff numbers, albeit from a very low base. A phased building programme has delivered improved visitor and administration facilities, but crucial storage and reading room elements have been delayed. Collection development has benefited from government measures including legislation for tax credit for the donation of important material and for a Heritage Fund. A new Genealogical Service has been an outstanding success, but other substantial improvements in service are contingent on the building programme. Retrospective catalogue conversion projects have been completed for the core Irish printed collections and these catalogues are available online. A substantial amount of retrospective conversion of catalogues of other collections remains to be done. Digital projects are underway which will lead to an increased amount of material from the graphic collections coming online. A major new state of the art exhibition facility opened in 2004 with the inaugural exhibition James Joyce and Ulysses at the National Library of Ireland. Progress has been made in securing conservation resources, and in preservation microfilming and reformatting programmes. The major challenges facing the Board will be to push through the building programme, to carry through digital and retrospective conversion programmes, and to secure adequate staffing and financial resources.

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Biological Production of (S)-acetoin: A State-of-the-Art Review

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026619666191018111424 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (25) ◽

pp. 2348-2356 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Neng-Zhong Xie ◽

Jian-Xiu Li ◽

Ri-Bo Huang

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Chemical Synthesis ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Optically Active ◽

Considerable Progress ◽

Future Prospects ◽

Chiral Compound ◽

Biological Production ◽

Acetoin Production ◽

Made In

Acetoin is an important four-carbon compound that has many applications in foods, chemical synthesis, cosmetics, cigarettes, soaps, and detergents. Its stereoisomer (S)-acetoin, a high-value chiral compound, can also be used to synthesize optically active drugs, which could enhance targeting properties and reduce side effects. Recently, considerable progress has been made in the development of biotechnological routes for (S)-acetoin production. In this review, various strategies for biological (S)- acetoin production are summarized, and their constraints and possible solutions are described. Furthermore, future prospects of biological production of (S)-acetoin are discussed.

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Catalogue of hazards: a fundamental part for the safe design of surgical robots

Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.1515/cdbme-2020-0009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lukas Theisgen ◽

Florian Strauch ◽

Matías de la Fuente ◽

Klaus Radermacher

Keyword(s):

Development Process ◽

New Technologies ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Hazard Identification ◽

Surgical Robots ◽

Safety Measures ◽

Fundamental Part ◽

Phases Of Development ◽

Early Phases ◽

Intended Use

AbstractRisk classes defined by MDR and FDA for state-of-the-art surgical robots based on their intended use are not suitable as indicators for their hazard potential. While there is a lack of safety regulation for an increasing degree of automation as well as the degree of invasiveness into the patient’s body, adverse events have increased in the last decade. Thus, an outright identification of hazards as part of the risk analysis over the complete development process and life cycle of a surgical robot is crucial, especially when introducing new technologies. For this reason, we present a comprehensive approach for hazard identification in early phases of development. With this multi-perspective approach, the number of hazards identified can be increased. Furthermore, a generic catalogue of hazards for surgical robots has been established by categorising the results. The catalogue serves as a data pool for risk analyses and holds the potential to reduce hazards through safety measures already in the design process before becoming risks for the patient.

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Ontologies for information entities: State of the art and open challenges

Applied Ontology ◽

10.3233/ao-210246 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 111-135

Author(s):

Emilio M. Sanfilippo

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Literary Studies ◽

Health Records ◽

Research Challenges ◽

Open Research ◽

Applied Ontology ◽

Nature Of Information ◽

Technical Specifications

Information entities are used in ontologies to represent engineering technical specifications, health records, pictures or librarian data about, e.g., narrative fictions, among others. The literature in applied ontology lacks a comparison of the state of the art, and foundational questions on the nature of information entities remain open for research. The purpose of the paper is twofold. First, to compare existing ontologies with both each other and theories proposed in philosophy, semiotics, librarianship, and literary studies in order to understand how the ontologies conceive and model information entities. Second, to discuss some open research challenges that can lead to principled approaches for the treatment of information entities, possibly by getting into account the variety of information entity types found in the literature.

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Recent Developments in Coatings, Gratings, and Reflective Components

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100108711 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 79 ◽

pp. 607-616

Author(s):

R. R. Shannon

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

New Technology ◽

The State ◽

Current Technology ◽

Large Size ◽

Incoming Radiation ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Electronic Sensors ◽

Large Primary ◽

Telescope System

The requirements on gratings and coatings for astronomical use differ from the general industrial requirements primarily in the scale of the components to be fabricated. Telescopes have large primary mirrors which require large coating plants to handle the components. Dispersive elements are driven by the requirement to be efficient in the presence of large working apertures, and usually optimize to large size in order to efficiently use the incoming radiation. Beyond this, there is a “new” technology of direct electronic sensors that places specific limits upon the image scale that can be used at the output of a telescope system, whether direct imagery or spectrally divided imagery is to be examined. This paper will examine the state of the art in these areas and suggest some actions and decisions that will be required in order to apply current technology to the predicted range of large new telescopes.

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Developments in Rechargeable Mno2Electrodes for Lithium Batteries

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-135-585 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 135 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Michael M Thackeray

Keyword(s):

Lithium Batteries ◽

Lithium Battery ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Structural Features ◽

Rechargeable Batteries ◽

Current State ◽

Alternative Systems ◽

Battery Technology ◽

Made In

AbstractConsiderable efforts are in progress to develop rechargeable batteries as alternative systems to the nickel-cadmium battery. In this regard, several advances have been made in ambient-temperature lithium battery technology, and specifically in the engineering of rechargeable lithium/manganese dioxide cells. This paper reviews the current state of the art in rechargeable Li/MnO2battery technology; particular attention is paid to the structural features of various MnO2electrode materials which influence their electrochemical and cycling behaviour in lithium cells.

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Rewiew of Fracture and Fatigue in Ceramic Matrix Composites

Applied Mechanics Reviews ◽

10.1115/1.3097345 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 147-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Victor Birman ◽

Larry W. Byrd

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Ceramic Matrix Composites ◽

Ceramic Matrix ◽

Review Article ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Matrix Composites ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Hostile Environments

A review of recent developments and state-of-the-art in research and understanding of damage and fatigue of ceramic matrix composites is presented. Both laminated as well as woven configurations are considered. The work on the effects of high temperature on fracture and fatigue of ceramic matrix composites is emphasized, because these materials are usually designed to operate in hostile environments. Based on a detailed discussion of the mechanisms of failure, the problems that have to be addressed for a successful implementation of ceramic matrix composites in design and practical operational structures are outlined. This review article includes 317 references.

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