Dissociating negative energy balance and body composition during and after weight loss

2014 ◽  
Vol 122 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Jumpertz-von Schwartzenberg ◽  
U Zeitz ◽  
D Hampel ◽  
M Boschmann ◽  
J Spranger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance

Energy expenditure climbing Mt. Everest

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1815-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Westerterp ◽  
B. Kayser ◽  
F. Brouns ◽  
J. P. Herry ◽  
W. H. Saris
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
The Alps

Weight loss is a well-known phenomenon at high altitude. It is not clear whether the negative energy balance is due to anorexia only or an increased energy expenditure as well. The objective of this study was to gain insight into this matter by measuring simultaneously energy intake, energy expenditure, and body composition during an expedition to Mt. Everest. Subjects were two women and three men between 31 and 42 yr of age. Two subjects were observed during preparation at high altitude, including a 4-day stay in the Alps (4,260 m), and subsequently during four daytime stays in a hypobaric chamber (5,600–7,000 m). Observations at high altitude on Mt. Everest covered a 7- to 10-day interval just before the summit was reached in three subjects and included the summit (8,872 m) in a fourth. Energy intake (EI) was measured with a dietary record, average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) with doubly labeled water, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) with respiratory gas analysis. Body composition was measured before and after the interval from body mass, skinfold thickness, and total body water. Subjects were in negative energy balance (-5.7 +/- 1.9 MJ/day) in both situations, during the preparation in the Alps and on Mt. Everest. The loss of fat mass over the observation intervals was 1.4 +/- 0.7 kg, on average two-thirds of the weight loss (2.2 +/- 1.5 kg), and was significantly correlated with the energy deficit (r = 0.84, P < 0.05). EI on Mt. Everest was 9–13% lower than during the preparation in the Alps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Metabolic adaptations during negative energy balance and their potential impact on appetite and food intake

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Casanova ◽  
Kristine Beaulieu ◽  
Graham Finlayson ◽  
Mark Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Compensatory Responses ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations

This review examines the metabolic adaptations that occur in response to negative energy balance and their potential putative or functional impact on appetite and food intake. Sustained negative energy balance will result in weight loss, with body composition changes similar for different dietary interventions if total energy and protein intake are equated. During periods of underfeeding, compensatory metabolic and behavioural responses occur that attenuate the prescribed energy deficit. While losses of metabolically active tissue during energy deficit result in reduced energy expenditure, an additional down-regulation in expenditure has been noted that cannot be explained by changes in body tissue (e.g. adaptive thermogenesis). Sustained negative energy balance is also associated with an increase in orexigenic drive and changes in appetite-related peptides during weight loss that may act as cues for increased hunger and food intake. It has also been suggested that losses of fat-free mass (FFM) could also act as an orexigenic signal during weight loss, but more data are needed to support these findings and the signalling pathways linking FFM and energy intake remain unclear. Taken together, these metabolic and behavioural responses to weight loss point to a highly complex and dynamic energy balance system in which perturbations to individual components can cause co-ordinated and inter-related compensatory responses elsewhere. The strength of these compensatory responses is individually subtle, and early identification of this variability may help identify individuals that respond well or poorly to an intervention.

scholarly journals Transient postprandial increase in intact circulating fibroblast growth factor-21 levels after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a randomized controlled clinical trial

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11174
Author(s):  
Mette S. Nielsen ◽  
Susanna Søberg ◽  
Julie B. Schmidt ◽  
Anne Chenchar ◽  
Anders Sjödin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fibroblast Growth

Background Despite a consistent link between obesity and increased circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21), the effect of weight-loss interventions on FGF21 is not clear. We aimed to determine the short- and long-term effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on intact plasma FGF21 levels and to test the hypothesis that RYGB, but not diet-induced weight loss, increases fasting and postprandial responses of FGF21. Method Twenty-eight participants with obesity followed a low-calorie diet for 11 weeks. The 28 participants were randomized to undergo RYGB surgery at week 8 (RYGB group, n = 14), or to a control group scheduled for surgery at week 12 (n = 14). Fasting levels of intact, biologically active FGF21 (amino acids 1-181) and its postprandial responses to a mixed meal were assessed at week 7 and 11, and 78 weeks (18 months) after RYGB. Results At week 11 (3 weeks after RYGB), postprandial responses of intact FGF21 were enhanced in participants undergoing surgery at week 8 (change from week 7 to 11: P = 0.02), whereas no change was found in non-operated control participants in similar negative energy balance (change from week 7 to 11: P = 0.81). However, no between-group difference was found (P = 0.27 for the group-week-time interaction). Fasting, as well as postprandial responses in intact FGF21, were unchanged 18 months after RYGB when both the RYGB and control group were collapsed together (change from week 7 to 78 weeks after RYGB: P = 0.17). Conclusion Postprandial intact FGF21 levels were enhanced acutely after RYGB whereas no signs of sustained changes were found 18 months after surgery. When comparing the acute effect of RYGB with controls in similar negative energy balance, we failed to detect any significant differences between groups, probably due to the small sample size and large inter-individual variations, especially in response to surgery.

scholarly journals Design of a randomised controlled trial: does indirect calorimetry energy information influence weight loss in obesity?

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e044519
Author(s):  
Jonathan Lim ◽  
Uazman Alam ◽  
Daniel Cuthbertson ◽  
John Wilding
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Randomised Controlled

IntroductionRespiratory quotient (RQ) provides an indication of the relative balance of carbohydrate and fat oxidation. RQ could serve as an early biomarker of negative energy balance during weight loss. Restriction of energy intake relative to total daily energy requirements produces a negative energy balance which can lead to a fall in RQ, accompanied by a decrease in resting energy expenditure (REE). However, the net change in body weight does not usually match predicted weight change due to intraindividual metabolic adaptations. Our aim is to determine the effectiveness of utilising EE information from indirect calorimetry during weight loss intervention.Methods and analysisWe will undertake an assessor-blinded, parallel-group randomised controlled trial of 105 adults with obesity randomised in 1:1 ratio to receive either standard weight management care (SC) or EE information plus SC (INT) during a 24-week multicomponent weight management programme. The primary outcome is difference in weight loss between INT and SC group at 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes include: change in RQ, REE, glycaemic variability, and appetite-relating gut hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, peptide YY). Generalised linear mixed models (intention to treat) will assess outcomes for treatment (INT vs SC), time (baseline, 24 weeks) and the treatment-by-time interaction. This will be the first study to evaluate impact of utilising measured REE and RQ on the lifestyle-based intensive intervention programme.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the Health Research Authority and the North West Research Ethics Committee (18/NW/0645). Results from this trial will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals, national and international presentations.Trial registration numbersNCT03638895; UoL001379.

scholarly journals Dietary protein – its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (S2) ◽  
pp. S105-S112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga ◽  
Sofie G. Lemmens ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Basal Energy Expenditure

Obesity is a serious health problem because of its co-morbidities. The solution, implying weight loss and long-term weight maintenance, is conditional on: (i) sustained satiety despite negative energy balance, (ii) sustained basal energy expenditure despite BW loss due to (iii) a sparing of fat-free mass (FFM), being the main determinant of basal energy expenditure. Dietary protein has been shown to assist with meeting these conditions, since amino acids act on the relevant metabolic targets. This review deals with the effects of different protein diets during BW loss and BW maintenance thereafter. Potential risks of a high protein diet are dealt with. The required daily intake is 0·8–1·2 g/kg BW, implying sustaining the original absolute protein intake and carbohydrate and fat restriction during an energy-restricted diet. The intake of 1·2 g/kg BW is beneficial to body composition and improves blood pressure. A too low absolute protein content of the diet contributes to the risk of BW regain. The success of the so-called ‘low carb’ diet that is usually high in protein can be attributed to the relatively high-protein content per se and not to the relatively lower carbohydrate content. Metabolic syndrome parameters restore, mainly due to BW loss. With the indicated dosage, no kidney problems have been shown in healthy individuals. In conclusion, dietary protein contributes to the treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome, by acting on the relevant metabolic targets of satiety and energy expenditure in negative energy balance, thereby preventing a weight cycling effect.

Total body lipid and triglyceride response to energy deficit: relevance to body composition models

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (5) ◽  
pp. E860-E866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee Comizio ◽  
Angelo Pietrobelli ◽  
Yan Xiu Tan ◽  
Zimian Wang ◽  
Robert T. Withers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Body Lipid ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Total Body

Although the study of human body composition is advancing rapidly, confusion still prevails regarding the molecular-level lipid component. Most molecular-level body composition models are presently based on the overall hypothesis that nontriglyceride lipids constitute an insignificant proportion of total body lipid. A single lipid or “fat” component consisting of triglycerides is thus assumed in most molecular-level body composition models. To test this hypothesis, the present study, carried out in adult rats, was designed to examine two questions: 1) What is the proportion of total lipids as triglycerides? and 2) Is this proportion constant or does it change with negative energy balance and weight loss produced by calorie restriction and increased exercise? Results indicated that with negative energy balance and weight loss there were progressive losses of total body triglyceride and lipid. The proportion of total lipids as triglyceride was 0.83 ± 0.08 (SD) in control animals, with reductions at 2 and 9 wk of energy restriction [0.82 ± 0.04 ( P = NS vs. control) and 0.70 ± 0.15 ( P = 0.05)] and at 9 wk for energy restriction plus exercise [0.67 ± 0.09 ( P = 0.003)]. Nontriglyceride lipids comprised 2.8% of carcass weight at baseline and decreased to 2.2% by 9 wk of energy restriction and exercise ( P = NS). Substantial differences were observed between body composition ratios expressed as percentages of the lipid-free body mass (LFM) and triglyceride-free body mass (TGFM); (e.g., total body water/LFM and TGFM in controls = 72.7 ± 0.7 and 70.4 ± 2.2, respectively; P = 0.02). These observations strongly support the existence and importance of nontriglyceride lipids as a body composition component that responds independently from storage triglycerides, with negative energy balance produced by food restriction and exercise.

scholarly journals Is long-term weight loss possible?

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (S1) ◽  
pp. S103-S111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. J. Lean
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Variable Weight

Any intervention which causes negative energy balance is guaranteed to be efficacious in producing weight loss, which will continue while there is negative energy balance or be maintained as long as the new energy balance is maintained. In clinical practice compliance is rarely 100 % so the efficiency of even the most efficacious treatment is usually low. However, recent evidence-based guidelines have recognized the clinical benefits of moderate (5–10 %) weight loss, which is achievable using a variety of interventions. Long-term studies of ‘weight loss’ are, in reality, combinations of weight loss (usually completed in 1–6 months) followed by variable weight maintenance, set in the context of progressive adult weight gain in an obesogenic environment. Few studies have adopted specific and separate strategies for weight loss and weight maintenance. Meta-analyses conducted by non-expert methodologists have failed to recognize these distinctions, and have criticized the available research without understanding the different needs of studies with weight change as the outcome variable, which require randomized controlled trials (RCT), and those with weight loss as the treatment, intended to improve metabolic or biomedical outcome measures. An RCT design is inapplicable to studies of biomedical end points (e.g. cardiac risk factors) when weight loss is the treatment. Because fixed weight loss cannot be prescribed there is always a range of weight changes in any study, and single-sample studies with regression analysis provide the best design. An RCT study design does not give useful information about clinical value as the control group is always ‘treated’ to some extent. Placebo- (or control)-subtracted differences are misleading because in an RCT all subjects recruited to active treatment, including non-responders, are continued on treatment for the full duration of the study. In routine clinical practice, treatments are changed in the light of early experience as a therapeutic trial to optimize the results for each individual, and audit is required to evaluate ‘long term weight loss’.

scholarly journals Thrifty energy phenotype predicts weight regain - results of a randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Spranger ◽  
Josephine Bredow ◽  
Ulrike Zeitz ◽  
Ulrike Grittner ◽  
Michael Boschmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Control Group

AbstractBackground & AimsWeight loss is associated with an improvement of insulin sensitivity. Both, a negative energy balance and changes of body composition are integrative components of weight loss interventions. However, the individual impact of these two components on insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism is unclear.MethodsWe performed a randomized controlled trial including 80 overweight or obese post-menopausal women. Participants randomly assigned to the intervention group underwent an 800 kcal/d liquid diet for 2 months followed by four weeks in which the formula diet was substituted by a calorie reduced healthy diet to facilitate further weight loss. This weight loss phase was followed by a 4-week weight maintenance phase, where weight stability was achieved by individualized daily caloric intake without negative energy balance. Volunteers of the control group were instructed to keep their weight stable during the entire period of 4 months. Metabolic phenotyping was performed in both groups at baseline (M0), after weight loss (M3) and after the maintenance period (M4). Additional phenotyping was performed during follow-up at 12 (M12) and 24 months (M24). Primary outcomes were changes of lean body mass (LBM) and changes of insulin sensitivity (ISIClamp) between baseline and M3 and M4. Estimates of energy metabolism were secondary endpoints.ResultsNo significant changes of body weight or LBM were found in the control group between any time points. A significant reduction of body weight, fat mass (FM) and LBM was found in the intervention group between M0 and M3, while no further change was seen between M3 and M4. Only subjects of the intervention group were characterized by an improvement of the second primary outcome ISIClamp at M3, which was preserved until M4. Notably, a lower resting energy expenditure per LBM (REELBM) at M3 as well as the individual difference of REELBM between M3 and M4 significantly predicted a stronger regain of fat mass during follow-up.ConclusionsIn summary, our data demonstrate that modulation of LBM and insulin sensitivity during weight loss is predominantly driven by changes in body weight and body composition, rather than an individual effect of negative energy balance. However, the variance in energy expenditure during negative and steady energy balance indicates a thrifty phenotype, which is highly susceptible to future regain of fat mass.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document