Inhibition Of Cholesterol Atherosclerosis In Rabbits By Amino Imino Propene Diacetate

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
B I Weigensberg ◽  
S Katz ◽  
J Lough ◽  
R H More
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Amino Group ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Ldl Uptake ◽  
Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Preliminary Study

Previous studies have shown that in vitro blockage of the ε amino group of lysine in LDL by acetoacetylation enhances LDL uptake by macrophages and liver cells and inhibits uptake of LDL by fibroblasts in tissue culture. Amino imino propene diacetate (AIPD) is a compound which is absorbed into the blood after feeding and which blocks the ε amino group of lysine in LDL for short periods of time after which the AIPD dissociates from LDL and is excreted in the urine. AIPD does not inhibit absorption of either 14C labelled or unlabelled cholesterol from the gastrointestinal tract. In a preliminary study it was found that 19 rabbits fed 300 mg crude AIPD along with 500 mg cholesterol per day in their food for 14 weeks showed 13.0 ± 3.3 (mean ± S.E.) % of their total aortic intimal surface area covered with grossly visible atherosclerotic plaques. In comparison 13 control rabbits fed 500 mg cholesterol per day in their food for 14 weeks showed 33.9 ± 6.0% of their total aortic intimal surface area covered with atherosclerotic plaques. (P< 0.01) These in vivo observations suggest that the inhibition of atherosclerosis by AIPD might be related to a reduction in the number of free lysine amino groups in LDL. In previous studies, we reported that dietary induced lysine deficiency could inhibit atherosclerosis. These and other studies suggest that blocking or reducing the number of free lysine ε, amino groups in LDL appears to enhance LDL uptake and clearance by liver and macrophage type cells and reduces LDL uptake by arterial smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in vivo. The combination of these effects appears to offer some protection against the development of cholesterol atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Simple Equations Pertaining to the Particle Number and Surface Area of Metallic, Polymeric, Lipidic and Vesicular Nanocarriers

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
M. R. Mozafari ◽  
E. Mazaheri ◽  
K. Dormiani
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Nutraceutical Compounds ◽  
Mathematical Formulas ◽  
Simple Equations

Introduction: Bioactive encapsulation and drug delivery systems have already found their way to the market as efficient therapeutics to combat infections, viral diseases and different types of cancer. The fields of food fortification, nutraceutical supplementation and cosmeceuticals have also been getting the benefit of encapsulation technologies. Aim: Successful formulation of such therapeutic and nutraceutical compounds requires thorough analysis and assessment of certain characteristics including particle number and surface area without the need to employ sophisticated analytical techniques. Solution: Here we present simple mathematical formulas and equations used in the research and development of drug delivery and controlled release systems employed for bioactive encapsulation and targeting the sites of infection and cancer in vitro and in vivo. Systems covered in this entry include lipidic vesicles, polymeric capsules, metallic particles as well as surfactant- and tocopherol-based micro- and nanocarriers.

scholarly journals Newly Emerging Airborne Pollutants: Current Knowledge of Health Impact of Micro and Nanoplastics

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2997
Author(s):  
Alessio Facciolà ◽  
Giuseppa Visalli ◽  
Marianna Pruiti Ciarello ◽  
Angela Di Pietro
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Bodily Fluids

Plastics are ubiquitous persistent pollutants, forming the most representative material of the Anthropocene. In the environment, they undergo wear and tear (i.e., mechanical fragmentation, and slow photo and thermo-oxidative degradation) forming secondary microplastics (MPs). Further fragmentation of primary and secondary MPs results in nanoplastics (NPs). To assess potential health damage due to human exposure to airborne MPs and NPs, we summarize the evidence collected to date that, however, has almost completely focused on monitoring and the effects of airborne MPs. Only in vivo and in vitro studies have assessed the toxicity of NPs, and a standardized method for their analysis in environmental matrices is still missing. The main sources of indoor and outdoor exposure to these pollutants include synthetic textile fibers, rubber tires, upholstery and household furniture, and landfills. Although both MPs and NPs can reach the alveolar surface, the latter can pass into the bloodstream, overcoming the pulmonary epithelial barrier. Despite the low reactivity, the number of surface area atoms per unit mass is high in MPs and NPs, greatly enhancing the surface area for chemical reactions with bodily fluids and tissue in direct contact. This is proven in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and flock workers, who are prone to persistent inflammatory stimulation, leading to pulmonary fibrosis or even carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Necrostatin-1 Supplementation to Islet Tissue Culture Enhances the In-Vitro Development and Graft Function of Young Porcine Islets

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8367
Author(s):  
Hien Lau ◽  
Shiri Li ◽  
Nicole Corrales ◽  
Samuel Rodriguez ◽  
Mohammadreza Mohammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
In Vitro Development ◽  
Porcine Islets ◽  
Vitro Development

Pre-weaned porcine islets (PPIs) represent an unlimited source for islet transplantation but are functionally immature. We previously showed that necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) immediately after islet isolation enhanced the in vitro development of PPIs. Here, we examined the impact of Nec-1 on the in vivo function of PPIs after transplantation in diabetic mice. PPIs were isolated from pancreata of 8–15-day-old, pre-weaned pigs and cultured in media alone, or supplemented with Nec-1 (100 µM) on day 0 or on day 3 of culture (n = 5 for each group). On day 7, islet recovery, viability, oxygen consumption rate, insulin content, cellular composition, insulin secretion capacity, and transplant outcomes were evaluated. While islet viability and oxygen consumption rate remained high throughout 7-day tissue culture, Nec-1 supplementation on day 3 significantly improved islet recovery, insulin content, endocrine composition, GLUT2 expression, differentiation potential, proliferation capacity of endocrine cells, and insulin secretion. Adding Nec-1 on day 3 of tissue culture enhanced the islet recovery, proportion of delta cells, beta-cell differentiation and proliferation, and stimulation index. In vivo, this leads to shorter times to normoglycemia, better glycemic control, and higher circulating insulin. Our findings identify the novel time-dependent effects of Nec-1 supplementation on porcine islet quantity and quality prior to transplantation.

scholarly journals Lysyl oxidase activity and elastin/glycosaminoglycan interactions in growing chick and rat aortas.

1987 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 1463-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Fornieri ◽  
M Baccarani-Contri ◽  
D Quaglino ◽  
I Pasquali-Ronchetti
Keyword(s):  
Hydrophobic Interactions ◽  
Isonicotinic Acid ◽  
Lysyl Oxidase ◽  
Acid Hydrazide ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Oxidase Inhibition

Hydrophobic tropoelastin molecules aggregate in vitro in physiological conditions and form fibers very similar to natural ones (Bressan, G. M., I. Pasquali Ronchetti, C. Fornieri, F. Mattioli, I. Castellani, and D. Volpin, 1986, J. Ultrastruct. Molec. Struct. Res., 94:209-216). Similar hydrophobic interactions might be operative in in vivo fibrogenesis. Data are presented suggesting that matrix glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) prevent spontaneous tropoelastin aggregation in vivo, at least up to the deamination of lysine residues on tropoelastin by matrix lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase inhibitors beta-aminopropionitrile, aminoacetonitrile, semicarbazide, and isonicotinic acid hydrazide were given to newborn chicks, to chick embryos, and to newborn rats, and the ultrastructural alterations of the aortic elastic fibers were analyzed and compared with the extent of the enzyme inhibition. When inhibition was greater than 65% all chemicals induced alterations of elastic fibers in the form of lateral aggregates of elastin, which were always permeated by cytochemically and immunologically recognizable GAGs. The number and size of the abnormal elastin/GAGs aggregates were proportional to the extent of lysyl oxidase inhibition. The phenomenon was independent of the animal species. All data suggest that, upon inhibition of lysyl oxidase, matrix GAGs remain among elastin molecules during fibrogenesis by binding to positively charged amino groups on elastin. Newly synthesized and secreted tropoelastin has the highest number of free epsilon amino groups, and, therefore, the highest capability of binding to GAGs. These polyanions, by virtue of their great hydration and dispersing power, could prevent random spontaneous aggregation of hydrophobic tropoelastin in the extracellular space.

scholarly journals ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF PLASMA-CELL TUMORS OF THE MOUSE

1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Parsons ◽  
M. A. Bender ◽  
E. B. Darden ◽  
Guthrie T. Pratt ◽  
D. L. Lindsley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Granular Body ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Culture Cells ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Tumor Agent

The X5563 tumor has been grown in tissue culture. Cells similar to those of the original tumor migrated from the explant and attached to the glass walls of the culture vessels. Electron microscopy showed that large numbers of particles, similar in morphology to virus particles, were associated with these cells after 7 days of culture. The two principal types of particles found in the tumor in vivo appear to be present in vitro. Many more of these particles, however, were larger and showed a more complex structure. Whereas the particles were mainly localized inside endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi zone in the tumors in vivo, in the tissue culture the majority of the particles were associated with the plasma membrane and were found outside of the cells. The relation of the particles to the granular body is discussed as well as a possible relation to the mammary tumor agent.

In Vivo Interactions with (Tissue Culture Pretreated) Dermal Sheep Collagen

1991 ◽  
Vol 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. van Wachem ◽  
P. B. van Wachem ◽  
L. H. H. Olde Damink ◽  
P. J. Dijkstra ◽  
J. Feijen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Lipid Formation

ABSTRACTPretreatment in tissue culture (TC) was previously found to markedly reduce the in vitro cytotoxicity of two types of crosslinked dermal sheep collagens (DSC's). This in vivo study confirms our in vitro results, in that TC-pretreatment of crosslinked DSC's resulted in the marked reduction or elimination of cytotoxic effects, such as increased cell infiltration, a deviant neutrophil-morphology, lipid formation and cell death. TC-pretreatment affected the crosslinked state of both DSC's in a different way, which could be deduced from the differences in gelatin-formation and presence of giant cells from macrophage- or fibroblast-origin. The results are explained in view of the differences in crosslinking.

Silencing of junctional adhesion molecule-like protein attenuates atherogenesis and enhances plaque stability in ApoE−/− mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (11) ◽  
pp. 1215-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Sun ◽  
Juan Guan ◽  
Yunfeng Hou ◽  
Fei Xue ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesion ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Plaque Stability ◽  
Fibrous Cap ◽  
Enhanced Expression

Abstract Background: Although junctional adhesion molecule-like protein (JAML) has recently been implicated in leukocyte recruitment during inflammation and wound repair, its role in atherosclerosis remains to be elucidated. Methods and results: First, we showed that JAML was strongly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques of cardiovascular patients. Similar results were obtained with atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE−/− mice. Co-immunofluorescence staining showed that JAML was mainly expressed in macrophages. Enhanced expression of JAML in cultured macrophages was observed following exposure of the cells to oxLDL. The functional role of JAML in atherosclerosis and macrophages function was assessed by interference of JAML with shRNA in vivo and siRNA in vitro. Silencing of JAML in mice significantly attenuated atherosclerotic lesion formation, reduced necrotic core area, increased plaque fibrous cap thickness, decreased macrophages content and inflammation. In addition, histological staining showed that JAML deficiency promoted plaques to stable phenotype. In vitro, JAML siRNA treatment lowered the expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages treated with oxLDL. The mechanism by which JAML mediated the inflammatory responses may be related to the ERK/NF-κB activation. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that therapeutic drugs which antagonize the function of JAML may be a potentially effective approach to attenuate atherogenesis and enhance plaque stability.

scholarly journals In vivo reconstitution finds multivalent RNA-RNA interactions as drivers of mesh-like condensates

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weirui Ma ◽  
Gang Zheng ◽  
Wei Xie ◽  
Christine Mayr
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
High Propensity ◽  
Membrane Protein Trafficking ◽  
Protein Components

Liquid-like condensates have been thought to be sphere-like. Recently, various condensates with filamentous morphology have been observed in cells. One such condensate is the TIS granule network that shares a large surface area with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is important for membrane protein trafficking. It has been unclear how condensates with mesh-like shapes, but dynamic protein components are formed. In vitro and in vivo reconstitution experiments revealed that the minimal components are a multivalent RNA-binding protein that concentrates RNAs that are able to form extensive intermolecular mRNA-mRNA interactions. mRNAs with large unstructured regions have a high propensity to form a pervasive intermolecular interaction network that acts as condensate skeleton. The underlying RNA matrix prevents full fusion of spherical liquid-like condensates, thus driving the formation of irregularly shaped membraneless organelles. The resulting large surface area may promote interactions at the condensate surface and at the interface with other organelles.

scholarly journals MiR-26a-5p inhibits GSK3β expression and promotes cardiac hypertrophy in vitro

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10371
Author(s):  
Liqun Tang ◽  
Jianhong Xie ◽  
Xiaoqin Yu ◽  
Yangyang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Myocardial Cell ◽  
Immunofluorescence Staining ◽  
Cell Surface Area ◽  
Direct Target

Background The role of miR-26a-5p expression in cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. Herein, the effect of miR-26a-5p on cardiac hypertrophy was investigated using phenylephrine (PE)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in a rat model of hypertension-induced hypertrophy in vivo. Methods The PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy models in vitro and vivo were established. To investigate the effect of miR-26a-5p activation on autophagy, the protein expression of autophagosome marker (LC3) and p62 was detected by western blot analysis. To explore the effect of miR-26a-5p activation on cardiac hypertrophy, the relative mRNA expression of cardiac hypertrophy related mark GSK3β was detected by qRT-PCR in vitro and vivo. In addition, immunofluorescence staining was used to detect cardiac hypertrophy related mark α-actinin. The cell surface area was measured by immunofluorescence staining. The direct target relationship between miR-26a-5p and GSK3β was confirmed by dual luciferase report. Results MiR-26a-5p was highly expressed in PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy. MiR-26a-5p promoted LC3II and decreased p62 expression in PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy in the presence or absence of lysosomal inhibitor. Furthermore, miR-26a-5p significantly inhibited GSK3β expression in vitro and in vivo. Dual luciferase report results confirmed that miR-26a-5p could directly target GSK3β. GSK3β overexpression significantly reversed the expression of cardiac hypertrophy-related markers including ANP, ACTA1 and MYH7. Immunofluorescence staining results demonstrated that miR-26a-5p promoted cardiac hypertrophy related protein α-actinin expression, and increased cell surface area in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Our study revealed that miR-26a-5p promotes myocardial cell autophagy activation and cardiac hypertrophy by regulating GSK3β, which needs further research.

scholarly journals Effect of China berry crude extracts on broad mites in vivo and in vitro

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Assma Gatta ◽  
Luaay K. Al – ani ◽  
Nabeel Al - ani
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Concentration Increase ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Number Increase ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Tissue culture were established from leaf and stem of china berry (Melia azedarach ) tree . Using MS media the best regulator to form callus were 6mg/l BAP, all other concentrations did not give callus . The crude extracts from leaves and callus established from leaves were extracted with water and ethanol with different concentrations. In ethanol extracts the least concentration 0.0001 half of the treated parasites were killed in 24 hours while the number increase as the concentration increase . However in callus the ethanol extracts were much higher about 8.5 were killed in the above concentration . In water extracts the least concentration 0.0001 killed half of the treated parasites in 24 hours .This number was increased 8 or 9 in 48 and 72 hours respectively . These results give us preliminary idea about the biological control of this dangerous parasite.

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