scholarly journals IMMUNOCOMPROMISED STATUS A CAUSE OF OPPORTUNISTIC INTESTINAL INFECTION LEADING TO GRAM NEGATIVE SEPSIS

2011 ◽  
Vol 01 (01/03) ◽  
pp. 57-59
Author(s):  
Rekha Rai ◽  
Vimal Kumar Karnaker ◽  
Krishnaprasad M. S. ◽  
Ganesh H. R.
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Antibodies ◽  
Lethal Complications ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
Immunocompromised Status ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

AbstractGram negative sepsis and intestinal opportunistic infections including Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Cyclospora, Microsporidia, S.stercoralis and Candida albicans are increasingly becoming prevalent in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. These infections are clinically important primarily because many of these have the potential for serious and even lethal complications in immunosuppressed patients. Here, we are reporting a patient with Gram-negative sepsis, who was found to be co-infected with three of these opportunistic pathogens. She was also found to be positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies. To our knowledge, this has been reported once previously, and serves as a reminder to actively exclude S.stercoralis infection in immunocompromised individuals presenting with bacteraemia.

scholarly journals Chronic Cystoisospora belli infection in a Colombian patient living with HIV and poor adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy

Biomédica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supl. 1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Ana Luz Galván-Díaz ◽  
Juan Carlos Alzate ◽  
Esteban Villegas ◽  
Sofía Giraldo ◽  
Jorge Botero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Poor Adherence ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Living With Hiv

Cystoisospora belli is an intestinal Apicomplexan parasite associated with diarrheal illness and disseminated infections in humans, mainly immunocompromised individuals such as those living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An irregular administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV patients may increase the risk of opportunistic infections like cystoisosporiasis.We describe here a case of C. belli infection in a Colombian HIV patient with chronic gastrointestinal syndrome and poor adherence to HAART. His clinical and parasitological cure was achieved with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment. Although a reduction in the number of C. belli cases has been observed since the use of HAART, this parasite still has to be considered as a differential diagnosis of diarrheal disease in HIV/AIDS patients.Effective interventions enhancing adherence to HAART should be included in HIV patient care programs.

4. HIV

2015 ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Marta L. Wayne ◽  
Benjamin M. Bolker
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Its transmission is by exchange of bodily fluids. HIV can only enter immune cells with the surface protein gp120. The virus can hide in these cells for many years before it is activated, although it can be transmitted throughout this period. Once activated, the virus begins to replicate, ultimately causing the immune system of the infected person to collapse making them vulnerable to opportunistic infections. ‘HIV’ describes how evolutionary biology has been used to clarify the origins of the epidemic. The rapid mutation rates and recombination that make HIV very hard to treat are also explained. Despite these challenges, a regimen of highly active anti-retroviral therapies (HAART), developed in the mid 1990s, is extraordinarily effective against HIV.

scholarly journals Immunological memory and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pathogenesis

2000 ◽  
Vol 355 (1395) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitinder Kaur ◽  
Michael Rosenzweig ◽  
R. Paul Johnson
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Immunological Memory ◽  
Cell Turnover ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus results in profound perturbations in immunological memory, ultimately resulting in increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). W e have used rhesus macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) as a model to understand better the effects of AIDS virus infection on immunological memory. Acute infection with SIV resulted in significant deficits in CD4 + helper responses to cytomegalovirus (CMV) as well as CMV–specific cytotoxic T–lymphocyte and neutralizing antibody responses. Reactivation of CMV was associated with high levels of SIV replication and suppression of both T–helper and cytotoxic responses to CMV . We have also studied the effects of SIV infection on T–cell turnover in non–human primates. T–cell turnover was evaluated using the nucleoside analogue bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in combination with five–colour flow cytometric analysis. T cells in normal animals turned over at relatively rapid rates, with memory cells turning over more quickly than naive cells. In SIV–infected animals, the labelling and elimination rates of both CD4 + and CD8 + BrdU–labelled cells were increased by two– to threefold compared with normal controls. Further analysis of immunological memory in nonhuman primates should offer the opportunity to extend immunological insights from murine models to the pathogenesis and prevention of AIDS.

Mechanisms of immune aging in HIV

2022 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Manon Chauvin ◽  
Delphine Sauce
Keyword(s):  
Immune Activation ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Hiv Progression ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Massive CD4+ T-cell depletion as well as sustained immune activation and inflammation are hallmarks of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 infection. In recent years, an emerging concept draws an intriguing parallel between HIV-1 infection and aging. Indeed, many of the alterations that affect innate and adaptive immune subsets in HIV-infected individuals are reminiscent of the process of immune aging, characteristic of old age. These changes, of which the presumed cause is the systemic immune activation established in patients, likely participate in the immuno-incompetence described with HIV progression. With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-seropositive patients can now live for many years despite chronic viral infection. However, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related opportunistic infections have given way to chronic diseases as the leading cause of death since HIV infection. Therefore, the comparison between HIV-1 infected patients and uninfected elderly individuals goes beyond the sole onset of immunosenescence and extends to the deterioration of several physiological functions related to inflammation and systemic aging. In light of this observation, it is interesting to understand the precise link between immune activation and aging in HIV-1 infection to figure out how to best care for people living with HIV (PLWH).

scholarly journals Reduction of CD4 count induces opportunistic infections in people living with HIV (PLHIV)

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashed Noor ◽  
Md. Morsalin ◽  
Bidhan Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Living With Hiv

Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a lentivirus (member of the retrovirus family) causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), weakens the immune system of the body and hence associates different opportunistic infections. Present study undertook a survey on opportunistic infections. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from both HIV carriers (CD4 count more than 250/mL of blood) and AIDS patients (CD4 count less than 250/mL of blood). Results: Analyses of the data revealed that diarrhoea, pulmonary tuberculosis, gland tuberculosis, skin lesions and fever were the common opportunistic infections. Conclusion: It can be summarized that HIV infected patients having a reduced CD4 count (<250/mL) encounter different opportunistic infections and some of these infections could be continual for long as well. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i3.19151 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(3) 2014 p.285-291

scholarly journals Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1408) ◽  
pp. 517-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Boshoff ◽  
Robin A. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽  
Primary Effusion Lymphoma ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Different Parts

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) occurs in Europe and the Mediterranean countries (classic KS) and Africa (endemic KS), immunosuppressed patients (iatrogenic or post–transplant KS) and those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), especially among those who acquired human immunodeficiency virus sexually (AIDS–KS). KS–associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV–8) is unusual among herpesviruses in having a restricted geographical distribution. Like KS, which it induces in immunosuppressed or elderly people, the virus is prevalent in Africa, in Mediterranean countries, among Jews and Arabs and certain Amerindians. Distinct KSHV genotypes occur in different parts of the world, but have not been identified as having a differential pathogenesis. KSHV is aetiologically linked to three distinct neoplasms: (i) KS, (ii) primary effusion lymphoma, and (iii) plasmablastic multicentric Castleman's disease. The histogenesis, clonality and pathology of the tumours are described, together with the epidemiology and possible modes of transmission of the virus.

scholarly journals Lymph node co-infection of Mycobacterium avium complex and cytomegalovirus in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arya Hedjazi ◽  
Marzieh Hosseini ◽  
Amin Hoseinzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Complex ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Lymph Node Involvement ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients are known to have an increased tendency for developing opportunistic infections. However, there are no reports of simultaneous lymph node involvement of <em>cytomegalovirus</em> and <em>Mycobacterium avium complex</em> in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. We report a 31-year-old man who presented with acute abdominal pain and tenderness and weight loss. He died a few hours after admission. Autopsy studies showed coinfection of <em>cytomegalovirus</em>, <em>Mycobacterium avium complex</em> and <em>human immunodeficiency virus</em>. Our case emphasizes the need to be careful in evaluating opportunistic infections in severely immunodepressed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. This case report is the first manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in this patient.

Infectious pseudomonas subglottic stenosis occurring in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

1997 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ghufoor ◽  
J. Almeyda ◽  
G. Mochloulis ◽  
P. Q. Montgomery ◽  
N. S. Tolley
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Infective Agent

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa is emerging as an increasingly common opportunistic infective agent in the immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patient (Kielhofner et al., 1992). Improvements in the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has led to longer life expectancy (Graham et al., 1992), and this has changed the incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in this population (Baron and Hollander, 1993). We present a case of a patient with AIDS who developed a fulminant Pseudomonas aeruginosa stenosing subglottic infection. We are unaware of any previous reports of this particular manifestation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Opportunistic Infections of AIDS Patients in East Java Province in 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Gracia Satyawestri Pribadi ◽  
A.B. Firman Cahyono
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a health problem in East Java. Opportunistic infections are one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS in Indonesia. Purpose: This study aimed to describe the characteristics and opportunistic infections of AIDS patients in East Java Province, 2018. Methods: This study was conducted as observational descriptive research, and a survey was used as the research design. The research location was in East Java Provincial Health Office, and the study was carried out in August 2019. We used secondary data taken from the results of surveillance of AIDS patients in 2018. The sampling method of the study was total sampling, with 1,138 AIDS patients. The variables studied included the patients’ characteristics (sex, age, type of work, and risk factors) as well as the number and types of opportunistic infections. Results: The majority of the AIDS patients in East Java in this sample were male (70.74%), belonged to the adults (26–45 years old) group (62.65%), and worked as employees/laborers (46.08%). In terms of sexual orientation, the majority were heterosexuals (81.81%) or homosexuals (10.63%). The majority of patients experienced one type of opportunistic infection (46.08%), with histoplasmosis (48.77%) and tuberculosis (TB) (42.62%) as the most frequently experienced opportunistic infections. Conclusion: Characteristics that are risk factors for contracting AIDS in East Java include being male, being of adult age, working as an employee/laborer, and being heterosexual. There are also risks of opportunistic infections, particularly histoplasmosis and TB.

scholarly journals PrEP: AIDS-Free Hope in Namibia?

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Eben-Eser Ndaamenwa Namhindo ◽  
Fanghua Mei ◽  
Rui Cao ◽  
Shenghai Lai ◽  
Yufan Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Hiv Aids

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes infections and over time leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV causes a loss of immune function in human and subsequent development of opportunistic infections. Namibia, one important country in West Africa, has been suffering HIV/AIDS incidence over years. Among people between 15 to 49 years old, the national HIV prevalence rate is more than 10%, which causes huge health and economic loss. Recently, Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been approved in Namibia for better prevention of HIV/AIDS. In this paper, we will review the current epidemic condition of HIV and the role played by PrEP in Namibia.

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