Qualitative Assessment of Four Types of Three-Dimensional Printed Anatomical Tibial Bone Models Compared to Commercially Available Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (04) ◽  
pp. 267-273
Author(s):  
Sarah Malek ◽  
Cassandra D. Foster ◽  
Davin H. Huston
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Tibial Bone ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Polylactide Acid ◽  
Physical Features

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to compare technical and physical features of four three-dimensional printed bone models used for teaching purposes to commercial models. Study Design A canine tibia was imaged using computed tomography and used for model development. Tibial models were printed using Resin, polylactide acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS). They were compared with two commercial models (SAWBONES 2117 and 2108). Models were drilled in three locations and then cut transversely. Subjective quality of models, time and cost of production were compared. Results Print time was approximately 3 hours for Resin and 4 hours for each of the PLA, ABS and HIPS models. Unlike the Resin and SAWBONES, the PLA, HIPS and ABS had higher heat generation during both drilling and cutting with mild construct deformation at cut surfaces in ABS and PLA models. Characteristics of real bone during drilling and cutting were best simulated in decreasing order by Resin, PLA, ABS and HIPS followed by SAWBONES 2117 and 2108 models. Material costs were $14.6 (Resin), $0.48 (PLA/ABS), $1.52 (HIPS), $23.50 and $17.50 for SAWBONES 2117 and 2108 per model, respectively. Resin performed best and had the closest subjective tactile properties to real bone. Conclusion The three-dimensional printed tibial bone models provide a cost-effective alternative to commercially available bone models in veterinary medicine as teaching models.

scholarly journals The Examination of Restrained Joints Created in the Process of Multi-Material FFF Additive Manufacturing Technology

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Kluczyński ◽  
Lucjan Śnieżek ◽  
Alexander Kravcov ◽  
Krzysztof Grzelak ◽  
Pavel Svoboda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Non Destructive

The paper is focused on the examination of the internal quality of joints created in a multi-material additive manufacturing process. The main part of the work focuses on experimental production and non-destructive testing of restrained joints of modified PLA (polylactic acid) and ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) three-dimensional (3D)-printed on RepRap 3D device that works on the “open source” principle. The article presents the outcomes of a non-destructive materials test in the form of the data from the Laser Amplified Ultrasonography, microscopic observations of the joints area and tensile tests of the specially designed samples. The samples with designed joints were additively manufactured of two materials: Specially blended PLA (Market name—PLA Tough) and conventionally made ABS. The tests are mainly focused on the determination of the quality of material connection in the joints area. Based on the results obtained, the samples made of two materials were compared in the end to establish which produced material joint is stronger and have a lower amount of defects.

Development of Calibration Equipment for Geodetic Angle Measurement Instruments

2015 ◽  
Vol 220-221 ◽  
pp. 396-400
Author(s):  
Lauryna Šiaudinytė ◽  
Deividas Sabaitis ◽  
Domantas Bručas ◽  
Gintaras Dmitrijev
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost

Production of high precision circular scales is a complicated process requiring expensive equipment and complex processes to achieve. Precision angle measurement equipment tends to be very expensive and therefore not accessible to all in need. Simplification of production of such devices can lead to reducing costs of angle measurement systems ensuring easier accessibility. A new method of producing precision circular scales using low cost mass production can reduce the costs of these devices drastically. Therefore, utilising a common CD technology as the basis for such scales is analysed. This paper deals with the analysis of the newest laser cutting method for plastic circular scales. Preliminary results of manufacturing such scales are presented in the paper as well as measurements of the grating of the scale were performed. The quality of different scales manufactured using different laser types is analysed in the study. The cost – effective alternative of manufacturing circular scales is discussed in the paper.

scholarly journals A structural quality evaluation model for three-dimensional simulations

Open Physics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 329-333
Author(s):  
Michał Kowalczyk ◽  
Piotr Napieralski
Keyword(s):  
Feature Detection ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Image Feature ◽  
Structural Quality ◽  
Versatile Tool ◽  
Three Dimensional Simulations

Abstract Purpose In recent years, computer simulations have become an innovative approach which enables research in the field of highly complicated physical phenomena and the study of the laws which govern the universe. The proper interpretation of the results of a visual simulation requires the highest quality of the generated image, as every distortion or mistake may have a significant influence on the readability, accuracy and even credibility of the presentation of the results. The aim of this presentation is to determine a model that enables precise quality evaluation of the three-dimensional visual simulations in the field of structural correctness. Design/methodology/approach The developed model is a solution that makes it possible to estimate the quality of stereoscopic image in the context of major three-dimensional structural dysfunctions, namely, vertical parallax, rotation mismatch and scale mismatch. Implementing the wrought theoretical model with the use of cost-effective mechanisms of image feature detection creates a robust method which enables the scalar grade of structural correctness of the studied three-dimensional simulation to be computed. Findings On the basis of the conducted research, in particular, taking into account three-dimensional simulations, it was stated that the formulated model with the developed method provides an efficient, structural quality estimation tool applicable for a wide variety of three-dimensional images. The obtained results indicate that the wrought method has huge potential in the application of high-resolution simulations by enabling a screening test of the structural quality of the stereoscopic view in quasi-real time. Practical implications The developed method may be used both in order to verify the quality of ready-to-use three-dimensional image and also at the stage of the calibration of input parameters of the simulation. Originality/value The paper takes into account the selection of the most significant distortions which occur in visual, three-dimensional simulations providing a cost-effective and versatile tool which allows for the detection and elimination of serious mistakes and dysfunctions as early as at the calibration stage.

Adding Realism to Tabletop Exercises

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 555-560
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Leonard ◽  
Melissia G. Roberson
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
World Energy ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Type Of Exercise ◽  
Actual Response ◽  
Computer Imagery

ABSTRACT Tabletop exercises are among the most widely conducted exercises. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to introduce realism into these kinds of exercises. Some attempts have been made to enhance these exercises with overhead displays or computer imagery. Overhead displays still document the incident in only two dimensions, while computer imagery can be quite costly. A cost-effective alternative may be the three-dimensional tabletop exercise. With a 3-D tabletop exercise, many of the benefits of a full-scale deployment exercise are gained, while minimizing costs to almost the same level as the old-fashioned tabletop exercise. Response managers can still test their plans or refine their operations, while at the same time deploying resources and personnel during a simulated incident. Even cost accounting and maintenance problems can be easily inserted into the exercise, enabling personnel from the Logistics and Finance/Administration Sections to be active participants. The scale that is chosen is entirely up to the organization wishing to be exercised, but HO scale (approximately 1/72 scale) seems to work the best because of the availability of response resources that can be found in most toy or hobby stores. Resources, such as skimmers, vacuum trucks, boats, and personnel can be easily modeled with minimal cost, enabling exercise personnel to direct and employ the very same resources they would use in an actual response operation. In addition, this type of exercise can prove very valuable prior to executing a full-scale drill, as many of the drill problems—especially logistical issues—can be resolved before resources are actually deployed to a field environment. Response managers will become more familiar with their resources, thus making them more effective in an actual response operation and lowering overall costs for the responsible party. This type of drill prepared response managers and supervisors of the M/V Stolt Spirit fire, the M/V Katania fire and hazardous materials response, and the 1998 World Energy Conference to better plan and employ resources during these lengthy operations.

scholarly journals Methodology for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Soils Using Non-isotopic Techniques

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-108
Author(s):  
M. Zaman ◽  
K. Kleineidam ◽  
L. Bakken ◽  
J. Berendt ◽  
C. Bracken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Closed Chambers

AbstractSeveral approaches exist for measuring greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly CO2, N2O, and CH4, from soil surfaces. The principle methods that are used to measure GHG from agricultural sites are chamber-based techniques. Both open and closed chamber techniques are in use; however, the majority of field applications use closed chambers. The advantages and disadvantages of different chamber techniques and the principal steps of operation are described. An important part of determining the quality of the flux measurements is the storage and the transportation of the gas samples from the field to the laboratory where the analyses are carried out. Traditionally, analyses of GHGs are carried out via gas chromatographs (GCs). In recent years, optical analysers are becoming increasingly available; these are user-friendly machines and they provide a cost-effective alternative to GCs. Another technique which is still under development, but provides a potentially superior method, is Raman spectroscopy. Not only the GHGs, but also N2, can potentially be analysed if the precision of these techniques is increased in future development. An important part of this chapter deals with the analyses of the gas concentrations, the calculation of fluxes, and the required safety measures. Since non-upland agricultural lands (i.e. flooded paddy soils) are steadily increasing, a section is devoted to the specificities of GHG measurements in these ecosystems. Specialised techniques are also required for GHG measurements in aquatic systems (i.e. rivers), which are often affected by the transfer of nutrients from agricultural fields and therefore are an important indirect source of emission of GHGs. A simple, robust, and more precise methodof ammonia (NH3) emission measurement is also described.

CC-RTSV: Cross-Cellular Based Redundant TSV Design for 3D ICs

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 2050144
Author(s):  
Tianming Ni ◽  
Yue Shu ◽  
Hao Chang ◽  
Lin Lu ◽  
Guangzhen Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Bonding Process ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Repair Rate ◽  
3D Ics ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Silicon Vias

Due to the winding level of the thinned wafers and the surface roughness of silicon dies, the quality of through-silicon vias (TSVs) varies during the fabrication and bonding process. If one TSV exhibits a defect during its manufacturing process, the probability of multiple defects occurring in the TSVs neighboring increases the faulty TSVs (FTSV), i.e., the TSV defects tend to be clustered which significantly reduces the yield of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs). To resolve the clustered TSV faults, router-based and ring-based redundant TSV (RTSV) architecture were proposed. However, the repair rate is low and the hardware overhead is high. In this paper, we propose a novel cross-cellular based RTSV architecture to utilize the area more efficiently as well as to maintain high yield. The simulation results show that the proposed architecture has higher repair rate as well as more cost-effective overhead, compared with router-based and ring-based methods.

scholarly journals 3D modelling of coal seams for optimization of extraction

2021 ◽  
Vol 342 ◽  
pp. 02008
Author(s):  
Ábel Dániel Antonovits ◽  
József Molnár
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Underground Coal Mining ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
The North ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
North Eastern

Underground coal mining was finished in the north-eastern region of Hungary after its operation of more than two centuries, as a result of economic, technical, environmental and political reasons. A fairly significant part of the reserve is still available to extract. With a different perspective of coal mining, considering different ways of utilization (such as coal chemistry, etc.) the extraction of the material can still be cost effective. In the past few years, several studies were conducted regarding the possible utilization of the available reserve. The properties of the coal are highly mutable, therefore, comprehensive knowledge about the geology is indispensable. Two and three-dimensional modelling of the coal seam is discussed in this paper, with the optimal coal face height, and the expected quality of mining products taken into consideration. Applying the method presented, the production can fulfil the desired properties, regarding to the utilization of the coal.

Effects of Fertilization on Production and Quality of Japanese Honeysuckle

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Dyess ◽  
M. Keith Causey ◽  
H. Lee Stribling ◽  
B. Graeme Lockaby
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lonicera Japonica ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Japanese Honeysuckle ◽  
Protein Fiber ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Food Plots

Abstract Effects of fertilization on Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) for improving browse production and quality were studied using paired-comparisons T-tests. Treatment consisted of liming and fertilizing according to soil analysis recommendations. Samples were collected and analyzed in spring (June), autumn (September), and winter (December) for protein, fiber, digestible nutrients and selected minerals. Fertilization increased (P < 0.05) browse production in honeysuckle by an average of 2083 lb/ac in 1989 and 2064 lb/ac in 1990. Fertilization also increased (P < 0.05) crude protein content. Fertilization of selected patches of honeysuckle is a cost-effective alternative to cultivated food plots and would provide year-round, rather than only seasonal, browse for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). South. J. Appl. For. 18(2):68-71.

Cost–utility analysis comparing radioactive iodine, anti-thyroid drugs and total thyroidectomy for primary treatment of Graves’ disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 175 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J Donovan ◽  
Donald S A McLeod ◽  
Richard Little ◽  
Louisa Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Iodine ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Utility Analysis ◽  
First Line ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative

Objective Little data is in existence about the most cost-effective primary treatment for Graves’ disease. We performed a cost–utility analysis comparing radioactive iodine (RAI), anti-thyroid drugs (ATD) and total thyroidectomy (TT) as first-line therapy for Graves’ disease in England and Australia. Methods We used a Markov model to compare lifetime costs and benefits (quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs)). The model included efficacy, rates of relapse and major complications associated with each treatment, and alternative second-line therapies. Model parameters were obtained from published literature. One-way sensitivity analyses were conducted. Costs were presented in 2015£ or Australian Dollars (AUD). Results RAI was the least expensive therapy in both England (£5425; QALYs 34.73) and Australia (AUD5601; 30.97 QALYs). In base case results, in both countries, ATD was a cost-effective alternative to RAI (£16 866; 35.17 QALYs; incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) £26 279 per QALY gained England; AUD8924; 31.37 QALYs; ICER AUD9687 per QALY gained Australia), while RAI dominated TT (£7115; QALYs 33.93 England; AUD15 668; 30.25 QALYs Australia). In sensitivity analysis, base case results were stable to changes in most cost, transition probabilities and health-relative quality-of-life (HRQoL) weights; however, in England, the results were sensitive to changes in the HRQoL weights of hypothyroidism and euthyroidism on ATD. Conclusions In this analysis, RAI is the least expensive choice for first-line treatment strategy for Graves’ disease. In England and Australia, ATD is likely to be a cost-effective alternative, while TT is unlikely to be cost-effective. Further research into HRQoL in Graves’ disease could improve the quality of future studies.

scholarly journals Influence of the Precoat Layer on the Filtration Properties and Regeneration Quality of Backwashing Filters

Eng ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-196
Author(s):  
Volker Bächle ◽  
Patrick Morsch ◽  
Marco Gleiß ◽  
Hermann Nirschl
Keyword(s):  
Filter Cake ◽  
Particle Interaction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Filter Aids ◽  
Filtration Properties ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Solid Liquid Separation

For solid–liquid separation, filter meshes are still used across large areas today, as they offer a cost-effective alternative, for example, compared to membranes. However, particle interaction leads to a continuous blocking of the pores, which lowers the flow rate of the mesh and reduces its lifetime. This can be remedied by filter aids. In precoat filtration, these provide an already fully formed filter cake on the fabric, which acts as a surface and depth filter. This prevents interaction of the particles to be separated with the mesh and thus increases the service life of the mesh. In this work, the influence of a precoat layer with different fibre lengths of cellulose on the filtration behavior is investigated. A satin with a pore size of 11 µm is used as the filter medium. The effects of the precoat layer on the filter media resistance, the filter cake resistance, the turbidity impact, and the regenerability of the fabrics are investigated. This study shows an overview of the suitability of various cellulose fibres based on different aspects as filter aids for particles in ultrafine filtration.

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