scholarly journals Dysbiosis of Oral Microflora: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 034-039
Author(s):  
Mithra N Hegde ◽  

AbstractMicroorganisms being an integral part of human body colonise various sites, with oral cavity being one of the most densely populated environment. Within the oral cavity there are varying environment, properties of which determines the type of microbes colonising the site, while the metabolic activities of these microorganisms later on modifies the environmental properties. These microorganisms when in equilibrium confer health benefit however any alteration in the flora allows the pathogenic bacteria to outgrow in numbers and cause oral disease. Such alteration could be due to various factors. The present review article focuses on the various aspects of oral microbial flora, their role in the body, dysbiosis and factors influencing along with the reestablishment of normal healthy microbiome. A search was made on pubmed and scopus using keywords and 25 relevant articles published during 2000 to 2018 along with their references were included in the study.With increasing knowledge of human microbiome, attempts are made to limit the alteration in oral ecosystem or re-establish the normal healthy flora as a part of prevention or treatment of diseases. This brings about change in approach which initially focused on elimination of microbes to maintaining their equilibrium.

Author(s):  
Ilham Roni Yansyah ◽  
S Sumijan

Teeth and mouth are parts of the body that cannot be separated, where the teeth are in the oral cavity so that if there is interference with the teeth it will affect the mouth. Knowledge to recognize dental and oral diseases from an early age is very much needed to be able to maintain healthy teeth and mouth. Lack of knowledge about these oral and dental diseases will result in severe damage to teeth and mouth. This study aims to measure the severity of oral disease and provide a diagnosis of oral and dental disease so that later it can be used as a reference for consultation with a doctor. The method used in this research is Forward Chaining to represent the rules of 27 symptom facts and 8 diseases described by experts. The results of testing for this method are as many as 10 patient data were diagnosed to get the same result as the doctor's analysis so that the accuracy rate is 80%. The expert system designed with the Codeigniter Framework can provide insight by being able to identify the disease suffered by patients and measure the severity of the oral and dental disease suffered.


2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 475-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Le Bars ◽  
Sébastien Matamoros ◽  
Emmanuel Montassier ◽  
Françoise Le Vacon ◽  
Gilles Potel ◽  
...  

Many studies show that the human microbiome plays a critical role in the chronic pathologies of obesity, inflammatory bowel diseases, and diabetes. More recently, the interaction between cancer and the microbiome has been highlighted. Most studies have focused on the gut microbiota because it represents the most extensive bacterial community, and the body of evidence correlating it with gut syndromes is increasing. However, in the strict sense, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract begins in the oral cavity, and special attention should be paid to the specific flora of this cavity. This study reviewed the current knowledge about the various microbial ecosystems of the upper part of the GI tract and discussed their potential link to carcinogenesis. The overall composition of the microbial communities, as well as the presence or absence of “key species”, in relation to carcinogenesis is addressed. Alterations in the oral microbiota can potentially be used to predict the risk of cancer. Molecular advances and the further monitoring of the microbiota will increase our understanding of the role of the microbiota in carcinogenesis and open new perspectives for future therapeutic and prophylactic modalities.


Author(s):  
Ilham Roni Yansyah ◽  
S Sumijan

Teeth and mouth are parts of the body that cannot be separated, where the teeth are in the oral cavity so that if there is interference with the teeth it will affect the mouth. Knowledge to recognize dental and oral diseases from an early age is very much needed to be able to maintain healthy teeth and mouth. Lack of knowledge about these oral and dental diseases will result in severe damage to teeth and mouth. This study aims to measure the severity of oral disease and provide a diagnosis of oral and dental disease so that later it can be used as a reference for consultation with a doctor. The method used in this research is Forward Chaining to represent the rules of 27 symptom facts and 8 diseases described by experts. The results of testing for this method are as many as 10 patient data were diagnosed to get the same result as the doctor's analysis so that the accuracy rate is 80%. The expert system designed with the Codeigniter Framework can provide insight by being able to identify the disease suffered by patients and measure the severity of the oral and dental disease suffered.


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Gannenko ◽  
Viktoriya Miroshnichenko ◽  
Amin Masimov

Subject. The prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases among elderly people, regardless of their gender, ranges from 69 to 98 % worldwide. Periodontitis is a chronic bacterial disease that proceeds with intoxication of the body, thereby causing serious health problems. It has been proven that periodontitis can cause myocardial infarction and habitual miscarriage. Local and systemic treatment of diseases of this pathology is primarily aimed at suppressing pathogenic bacteria. It is obvious that, in the conditions of total antibiotic resistance of microorganisms and a considerable list of contraindications and complications of the antibiotic therapy, the search for new ways to combat them becomes vital. The main thing is that antibiotics disrupt the biological balance of the biopsy of the body which the patient has to restore from several months to several years. Under these conditions, the use of bacteriophages is an extremely promising solution. Bacteriophages are natural antimicrobial highly sensitive medications. They consist of viruses that target a bacterial cell. In these circumstances, bacteriophages do not harm the microbiota of the oral cavity. A literature review on the use of bacteriophages in dentistry for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues has been conducted by us. The mechanism of action of bacteriophages, the strengths and weaknesses of the use of phage therapy have also been considered. Goal ― to study the use of bacteriophages for the treatment of patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases. Methodology. The literature review of more than 40 scientific sources has been conducted. Conclusion. The use of bacteriophages is a promising issue. Their effectiveness has been confirmed in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory periodontal diseases and diseases of the oral mucosa. They demonstrate high efficiency to improve the hygiene of the oral cavity and reduce inflammation. Being highly targeted viral medications, they act upon a specific bacterium without affecting the natural microbiota of a person.


Author(s):  
Жанна Владимировна Вечеркина ◽  
Наталья Александровна Шалимова ◽  
Алина Александровна Смолина ◽  
Татьяна Павловна Калиниченко ◽  
Николай Валерьевич Морозов

В статье представлен анализ состояния и микробиоциноза слизистой протезного ложа под базисом съемной конструкции зубного протеза. Полость рта человека является индивидуальной экологической системой для разных микроорганизмов, которые формируют постоянную микрофлору. Нормальная микрофлора представляет собой главный критерий здорового состояния ротовой полости и указывает на патологические изменения, определяющие развитие стоматологических заболеваний твердых тканей зубов, тканей пародонта, слизистой оболочки и т.д. и влияния их на развитие патологических процессов. Видовое постоянство оральной микрофлоры включает представителей разных микроорганизмов. Превалируют бактерии анаэробного типа дыхания - стрептококк, лактобациллы, бактероиды, фузобактерии, вейллонеллы и актиномицеты. Кроме перечисленных представителей, встречаются определенного рода спирохеты, микоплазмы и разнообразные простейшие. Бактерии непостоянной микрофлоры полости рта выявляются, в большинстве случаев, в малых количествах и в небольшой промежуток времени. Долгому нахождению и деятельности их в полости рта мешают местные неспецифические факторы защиты - лизоцим слюны, фагоциты, постоянно находящиеся в полости рта лактобациллы и стрептококки, служащие антагонистами некоторых непостоянных обитателей микрофлоры полости рта. К непостоянным микроорганизмам ротовой полости относятся эшерихии, имеющая высокую ферментативную активность, аэробактерии, выступающие сильнейшим антагонистом молочнокислой флоры полости рта; протей, быстро колонизирующие при гнойных и некротических процессах в полости рта устойчивые ко многим антибиотикам и вызывающие гнойные процессы во рту клебсиеллы. При изменении обычного состояния полости рта бактерии непостоянной флоры могут задерживаться в ней и увеличиваться в численности и привести к дисбиозу полости рта, возникновение которого зависит от особенностей слюноотделения, консистенции и характера пищи, характера жевания и глотания, а также от гигиенического состояния твердых и мягких тканей, стоматологической культуры, наличия соматических заболеваний и ортопедических зубных протезов. Последний фактор стал предметом настоящего исследования. Микроорганизмы поступают в полость рта с водой, продуктами питания, с потоком воздуха, при наложении съемных зубных протезов. Рельеф в полости рта, инородная поверхность базиса зубных протезов, в которых остаются слущенный эпителий, остатки пищи, слюна, только благоприятствуют агрессивному размножению микроорганизмов патогенной и условно патогенной флоры. Сильные трансформации состава и функций микрофлоры, вызванные понижением реактивности организма, СОПР и многими лечебными мероприятиями, в том числе протезирование приводят к дисбиотическим сдвигам, ставящих под угрозу качество стоматологического здоровья и эффективность проводимого лечения The article presents the analysis of the status and microbiocenosis of the mucous prosthetic bed under the design basis removable dental prosthesis. The human oral cavity is an individual ecological system for different microorganisms that form a permanent microflora. Normal microflora is the main criterion for the healthy state of the oral cavity and indicates pathological changes that determine the development of dental diseases of the hard tissues of the teeth, periodontal tissues, mucous membrane, etc.and their influence on the development of pathological processes. The species constancy of the oral microflora is very stable and includes representatives of various microorganisms. Anaerobic respiration bacteria - Streptococcus, lactobacilli, Bacteroides, fusobacteria, veillonella and actinomycetes-predominate. In addition to these representatives, there are a certain kind of spirochetes, mycoplasmas and a variety of protozoa. Bacteria of the unstable microflora of the oral cavity are detected, in most cases, in small quantities and in a short period of time. Their long presence and activity in the oral cavity are hindered by local non-specific protection factors - saliva lysozyme, phagocytes, lactobacilli and streptococci that are constantly present in the oral cavity, which serve as antagonists of some non-permanent inhabitants of the oral microflora. Non-permanent microorganisms of the oral cavity include Escherichia, which has a high enzymatic activity, and aerobacteria, which act as the strongest antagonist of the lactic acid flora of the oral cavity; Proteus, rapidly colonizing with purulent and necrotic processes in the oral cavity resistant to many antibiotics and causing purulent processes in the mouth Klebsiella. When the normal state of the oral cavity changes, bacteria of unstable flora can linger in it and increase in number and lead to dysbiosis of the oral cavity. The occurrence of which depends on the characteristics of salivation, the consistency and nature of food, the nature of chewing and swallowing, as well as on the hygienic state of hard and soft tissues, dental culture, the presence of somatic diseases and orthopedic dentures. The latter factor was the subject of this study. Microorganisms enter the oral cavity with water, food, with the flow of air, when applying removable dentures. The relief in the oral cavity, the foreign surface of the basis of dentures, in which there are sloughed epithelium, food residues, saliva, only favor the aggressive reproduction of microorganisms of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic flora. Strong transformations of the composition and functions of the microflora caused by a decrease in the reactivity of the body, SOPR and many therapeutic measures, including prosthetics, lead to dysbiotic shifts that threaten the quality of dental health and the effectiveness of the treatment


2017 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Ákos Balázs ◽  
Beáta Winkler ◽  
Katalin Kristóf ◽  
László Harsányi ◽  
Lívia Bokor

Abstract: Introduction: In the course of anastomotic insufficiency following resection of esophageal cancers the bacterial compound of the esophageal substance has a remarkable, presumable role in the outcome of complications. Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the consequences of the anastomotic leak with the bacterial flora of patients’ oral cavity. Method: In this prospective study a total of 131 patients were investigated directly before the surgical intervention taking a bacterial sample. Bacterial flora of patients’ oral cavity was analysed; and the correlation between the consequences of the anastomotic leak and the content of the bacterial flora was examined. Results: Pathogenic bacteria in the oral microflora in 50 cases (38.2%) was found. Statistically significant, moderate correlation was found between the severity of the complication and the incidence of pathogenic bacteria (rs = 0.553; p≤0.05). Conclusions: Pathogenic agent in the microbial flora might induce higher risk and more severe outcome in case of anastomotic leakage and it might be evaluated as a determinative factor. Consideration of the bacterial flora of the oral cavity requires more attention in the preoperative preparation than before and it demands the change of the current practice. Orv. Hetil., 2017, 158(1), 25–30.


Author(s):  
Oksana Rybachok

«Man is what he eats,» these words belong to the great Pythagoras. He meant by these words the connection of the origin of consumed food with the spiritual development of man. In fact, a lot depends on the nature of nutrition, the quality of food and, of course, on the degree of its perception by the body. Digestion process begins not in the stomach, but directly in the oral cavity as a result of mechanical processing of products with teeth and under the influence of the secretion of the salivary glands. That is why healthy teeth are the key to the normal functioning of the whole organism — people should start taking care of their teeth from the early childhood and dentists, who are far from being beloved by everybody and are often carelessly evaded, are called upon to help keep the teeth healthy.


2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-158
Author(s):  
Aditi Priyamvara ◽  
Amit K. Dey ◽  
Antara Bagchi ◽  
Raveena Kelkar ◽  
Rajaram Sharma

Background: It is known that hormonal imbalances during pregnancy make women more susceptible to dental problems. High levels of progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy, lead to an increased inflammatory response to dental plaque thus causing predisposing to gum diseases such as gingivitis. If untreated, gingivitis leads to chronic periodontitis which may manifest systemically in form of cardiovascular, endocrine or even respiratory disorders. Also, hyperacidity in the oral cavity due to gastric reflux and vomiting leads to decreased pH thus damaging the tooth enamel making the oral cavity more prone to tooth decay and tooth loss. Studies also show that periodontal disease can also lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-term and low birth weight babies. Objectives: We sought to understand the role of oral health in pregnancy. Methods: We identified major articles of interest in the field of oral health in pregnancy and drafted a mini-symposium based on relevant information. Conclusion: Regular dental visits and cognizant efforts to sustain a healthy oral environment can help women in the prevention and treatment of dental issues during pregnancy. The paper highlights the common oral manifestations during pregnancy and their local and systemic impact on the body during pregnancy. Furthermore, it also emphasizes the importance of good oral health practices to counteract the oral complications and the significance of oral health awareness in pregnant women.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Han ◽  
Peter S. Thuy-Boun ◽  
Wayne Pfeiffer ◽  
Vincent F. Vartabedian ◽  
Ali Torkamani ◽  
...  

AbstractN-Acetylneuraminic acid is the most abundant sialic acid (SA) in humans and is expressed as the terminal sugar on intestinal mucus glycans. Several pathogenic bacteria harvest and display host SA on their own surfaces to evade Siglec-mediated host immunity. While previous studies have identified bacterial enzymes associated with SA catabolism, no reported methods permit the selective labeling, tracking, and quantitation of SA-presenting microbes within complex multi-microbial systems. We combined metabolic labeling, click chemistry, 16S rRNA gene, and whole-genome sequencing to track and identify SA-presenting microbes from a cultured human fecal microbiome. We isolated a new strain of Escherichia coli that incorporates SA onto its own surface and encodes for the nanT, neuA, and neuS genes necessary for harvesting and presenting SA. Our method is applicable to the identification of SA-presenting bacteria from human, animal, and environmental microbiomes, as well as providing an entry point for the investigation of surface-expressed SA-associated structures.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine V Hayes ◽  
Charlotte V Eley ◽  
Fiona Wood ◽  
Alicia Demirjian ◽  
Cliodna A M McNulty

Abstract Background Antibiotic and dietary behaviour affect the human microbiome and influence antibiotic resistance development. Adolescents are a key demographic for influencing knowledge and behaviour change. Objectives To explore adolescents’ knowledge and attitudes towards the microbiome and antibiotic resistance, and the capability, motivation and opportunity for educators to integrate microbiome teaching in schools. Methods Qualitative study informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and COM-B model. Six educational establishments were purposively selected by rural/city and socioeconomic status, within Gloucestershire, South West England in 2019. Forty 14–18-year olds participated in focus groups, and eight science or health educators participated in interviews. Data were analysed thematically, double-coded and mapped to the TDF/COM-B. Results Adolescents were aware of ‘good microbes’ in the body but lacked deeper knowledge. Adolescents’ knowledge of, and intentions to use, antibiotics appropriately differed by their levels of scientific study. Adolescents lacked knowledge on the consequences of diet on the microbiome, and therefore lacked capability and motivation to change behaviour. Educators felt capable and motivated to teach microbiome topics but lacked opportunity though absence of topics in the national curriculum and lack of time to teach additional topics. Conclusions A disparity in knowledge of adolescents needs to be addressed through increasing antibiotic and microbiome topics in the national curriculum. Public antibiotic campaigns could include communication about the microbiome to increase awareness. Educational resources could motivate adolescents and improve their knowledge, skills and opportunity to improve diet and antibiotic use; so, supporting the UK antimicrobial resistance (AMR) national action plan.


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