scholarly journals The oral cavity microbiota: between health, oral disease, and cancers of the aerodigestive tract

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 475-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Le Bars ◽  
Sébastien Matamoros ◽  
Emmanuel Montassier ◽  
Françoise Le Vacon ◽  
Gilles Potel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Many studies show that the human microbiome plays a critical role in the chronic pathologies of obesity, inflammatory bowel diseases, and diabetes. More recently, the interaction between cancer and the microbiome has been highlighted. Most studies have focused on the gut microbiota because it represents the most extensive bacterial community, and the body of evidence correlating it with gut syndromes is increasing. However, in the strict sense, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract begins in the oral cavity, and special attention should be paid to the specific flora of this cavity. This study reviewed the current knowledge about the various microbial ecosystems of the upper part of the GI tract and discussed their potential link to carcinogenesis. The overall composition of the microbial communities, as well as the presence or absence of “key species”, in relation to carcinogenesis is addressed. Alterations in the oral microbiota can potentially be used to predict the risk of cancer. Molecular advances and the further monitoring of the microbiota will increase our understanding of the role of the microbiota in carcinogenesis and open new perspectives for future therapeutic and prophylactic modalities.

scholarly journals Role of PD-L1 in Gut Mucosa Tolerance and Chronic Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9165
Author(s):  
Marina Chulkina ◽  
Ellen J. Beswick ◽  
Irina V. Pinchuk
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Cells ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Gut Mucosa ◽  
Mucosal Homeostasis ◽  
Gi Mucosa

The gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is among the most complex systems in the body. It has a diverse commensal microbiome challenged continuously by food and microbial components while delivering essential nutrients and defending against pathogens. For these reasons, regulatory cells and receptors are likely to play a central role in maintaining the gut mucosal homeostasis. Recent lessons from cancer immunotherapy point out the critical role of the B7 negative co-stimulator PD-L1 in mucosal homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge supporting the critical role of PD-L1 in gastrointestinal mucosal tolerance and how abnormalities in its expression and signaling contribute to gut inflammation and cancers. Abnormal expression of PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathways have been observed in the pathology of the GI tract. We also discuss the current gap in our knowledge with regards to PD-L1 signaling in the GI tract under homeostasis and pathology. Finally, we summarize the current understanding of how this pathway is currently targeted to develop novel therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Applications of the FIV Model to Study HIV Pathogenesis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Miller ◽  
Zaid Abdo ◽  
Aaron Ericsson ◽  
John Elder ◽  
Sue VandeWoude
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Hiv Pathogenesis ◽  
Opportunistic Disease ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Feline Model

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally-occurring retrovirus that infects domestic and non-domestic feline species, producing progressive immune depletion that results in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Much has been learned about FIV since it was first described in 1987, particularly in regard to its application as a model to study the closely related lentivirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular, FIV and HIV share remarkable structure and sequence organization, utilize parallel modes of receptor-mediated entry, and result in a similar spectrum of immunodeficiency-related diseases due to analogous modes of immune dysfunction. This review summarizes current knowledge of FIV infection kinetics and mechanisms of immune dysfunction in relation to opportunistic disease, specifically in regard to studying HIV pathogenesis. Furthermore, we present data which highlight changes in the oral microbiota and oral immune system during FIV infection, and outline the potential for the feline model of oral AIDS manifestations to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-induced oral disease. Finally, we discuss advances in molecular biology, vaccine development, neurologic dysfunction, and the ability to apply pharmacologic interventions and sophisticated imaging technologies to study experimental and naturally occurring FIV, which provide an excellent, but often overlooked resource for advancing therapies and management of HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals Sistem Pakar Metode Forward Chaining untuk Mengukur Keparahan Penyakit Gigi dan Mulut

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Ilham Roni Yansyah ◽  
S Sumijan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Dental Disease ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Accuracy Rate ◽  
Forward Chaining ◽  
Dental Diseases

Teeth and mouth are parts of the body that cannot be separated, where the teeth are in the oral cavity so that if there is interference with the teeth it will affect the mouth. Knowledge to recognize dental and oral diseases from an early age is very much needed to be able to maintain healthy teeth and mouth. Lack of knowledge about these oral and dental diseases will result in severe damage to teeth and mouth. This study aims to measure the severity of oral disease and provide a diagnosis of oral and dental disease so that later it can be used as a reference for consultation with a doctor. The method used in this research is Forward Chaining to represent the rules of 27 symptom facts and 8 diseases described by experts. The results of testing for this method are as many as 10 patient data were diagnosed to get the same result as the doctor's analysis so that the accuracy rate is 80%. The expert system designed with the Codeigniter Framework can provide insight by being able to identify the disease suffered by patients and measure the severity of the oral and dental disease suffered.

scholarly journals Dysbiosis of Oral Microflora: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 034-039
Author(s):  
Mithra N Hegde ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Oral Microflora ◽  
Environmental Properties ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Varying Environment

AbstractMicroorganisms being an integral part of human body colonise various sites, with oral cavity being one of the most densely populated environment. Within the oral cavity there are varying environment, properties of which determines the type of microbes colonising the site, while the metabolic activities of these microorganisms later on modifies the environmental properties. These microorganisms when in equilibrium confer health benefit however any alteration in the flora allows the pathogenic bacteria to outgrow in numbers and cause oral disease. Such alteration could be due to various factors. The present review article focuses on the various aspects of oral microbial flora, their role in the body, dysbiosis and factors influencing along with the reestablishment of normal healthy microbiome. A search was made on pubmed and scopus using keywords and 25 relevant articles published during 2000 to 2018 along with their references were included in the study.With increasing knowledge of human microbiome, attempts are made to limit the alteration in oral ecosystem or re-establish the normal healthy flora as a part of prevention or treatment of diseases. This brings about change in approach which initially focused on elimination of microbes to maintaining their equilibrium.

scholarly journals Disorders of the Oral Cavity in Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonian Syndromes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yair Zlotnik ◽  
Yacov Balash ◽  
Amos D. Korczyn ◽  
Nir Giladi ◽  
Tanya Gurevich
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Orofacial Pain ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Nonmotor Symptoms ◽  
Parkinsonian Syndromes

Awareness of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease is growing during the last decade. Among these, oral cavity disorders are, although prevalent, often neglected by the patients, their caregivers, and physicians. Some of these disorders include increased prevalence of caries and periodontal disease, sialorrhea and drooling, xerostomia, orofacial pain, bruxism, and taste impairment. Though many of these disorders are not fully understood yet and relatively few controlled trials have been published regarding their treatment, physicians should be aware of the body of evidence that does exist on these topics. This paper reviews current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment options of disorders of the oral cavity in Parkinson’s disease patients.

scholarly journals The Interrelationships between Intestinal Permeability and Phlegm Syndrome and Therapeutic Potential of Some Medicinal Herbs

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Junghyun Park ◽  
Tae Joon Choi ◽  
Ki Sung Kang ◽  
Seo-Hyung Choi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Leaky Gut ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Phlegm Syndrome

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has an intriguing and critical role beyond digestion in both modern and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), as demonstrated by its link with the immune system. In this review, we attempted to explore the interrelationships between increased GI permeability and phlegm, an important pathological factor in CAM, syndrome, and therapeutic herbs for two disorders. The leaky gut and phlegm syndromes look considerably similar with respect to related symptoms, diseases, and suitable herbal treatment agents, including phytochemicals even though limitations to compare exist. Phlegm may be spread throughout the body along with other pathogens via the disruption of the GI barrier to cause several diseases sharing some parts of symptoms, diseases, and mechanisms with leaky gut syndrome. Both syndromes are related to inflammation and gut microbiota compositions. Well-designed future research should be conducted to verify the interrelationships for evidence based integrative medicine to contribute to the promotion of public health. In addition, systems biology approaches should be adopted to explore the complex synergistic effects of herbal medicine and phytochemicals on conditions associated with phlegm and leaky gut syndromes.

scholarly journals Microbiota populations in supragingival plaque, subgingival plaque, and saliva habitats of adult dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia M. Oba ◽  
Meredith Q. Carroll ◽  
Celeste Alexander ◽  
Helen Valentine ◽  
Amy J. Somrak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Subgingival Plaque ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Supragingival Plaque

Abstract Background Oral diseases are common in dogs, with microbiota playing a prominent role in the disease process. Oral cavity habitats harbor unique microbiota populations that have relevance to health and disease. Despite their importance, the canine oral cavity microbial habitats have been poorly studied. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the oral microbiota of different habitats of dogs and (2) correlate oral health scores with bacterial taxa and identify what sites may be good options for understanding the role of microbiota in oral diseases. We used next-generation sequencing to characterize the salivary (SAL), subgingival (SUB), and supragingival (SUP) microbial habitats of 26 healthy adult female Beagle dogs (4.0 ± 1.2 year old) and identify taxa associated with periodontal disease indices. Results Bacterial species richness was highest for SAL, moderate for SUB, and lowest for SUP samples (p < 0.001). Unweighted and weighted principal coordinates plots showed clustering by habitat, with SAL and SUP samples being the most different from one another. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Spirochaetes were the predominant phyla in all habitats. Paludibacter, Filifactor, Peptostreptococcus, Fusibacter, Anaerovorax, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Desulfomicrobium, and TG5 were enriched in SUB samples, while Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Leucobacter, Euzebya, Capnocytophaga, Bergeyella, Lautropia, Lampropedia, Desulfobulbus, Enhydrobacter, and Moraxella were enriched in SUP samples. Prevotella, SHD-231, Helcococcus, Treponema, and Acholeplasma were enriched in SAL samples. p-75-a5, Arcobacter, and Pasteurella were diminished in SUB samples. Porphyromonas, Peptococcus, Parvimonas, and Campylobacter were diminished in SUP samples, while Tannerella, Proteocalla, Schwartzia, and Neisseria were diminished in SAL samples. Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, and Neisseria were associated with higher oral health scores (worsened health) in plaque samples. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the differences that exist among canine salivary, subgingival plaque and supragingival plaque habitats. Salivary samples do not require sedation and are easy to collect, but do not accurately represent the plaque populations that are most important to oral disease. Plaque Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, and Neisseria were associated with higher (worse) oral health scores. Future studies analyzing samples from progressive disease stages are needed to validate these results and understand the role of bacteria in periodontal disease development.

scholarly journals Sistem Pakar Metode Forward Chaining untuk Mengukur Keparahan Penyakit Gigi dan Mulut

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilham Roni Yansyah ◽  
S Sumijan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Dental Disease ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Accuracy Rate ◽  
Forward Chaining ◽  
Dental Diseases

Teeth and mouth are parts of the body that cannot be separated, where the teeth are in the oral cavity so that if there is interference with the teeth it will affect the mouth. Knowledge to recognize dental and oral diseases from an early age is very much needed to be able to maintain healthy teeth and mouth. Lack of knowledge about these oral and dental diseases will result in severe damage to teeth and mouth. This study aims to measure the severity of oral disease and provide a diagnosis of oral and dental disease so that later it can be used as a reference for consultation with a doctor. The method used in this research is Forward Chaining to represent the rules of 27 symptom facts and 8 diseases described by experts. The results of testing for this method are as many as 10 patient data were diagnosed to get the same result as the doctor's analysis so that the accuracy rate is 80%. The expert system designed with the Codeigniter Framework can provide insight by being able to identify the disease suffered by patients and measure the severity of the oral and dental disease suffered.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Pasteurella spp. isolated from the oral cavity of domestic cats

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valéria Maria Lara Carregaro ◽  
Natália Bertini Contieri ◽  
Camila Aparecida Cruz dos Reis ◽  
Mariel Dalmédico Policano ◽  
Silvana Marina Piccoli Pugine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Tea Tree ◽  
Antimicrobial Effectiveness

ABSTRACT: Pasteurella spp. have been identified predominantly in the oral microbiota of domestic cats. However, Pasteurella spp. was significantly more prevalent in cats with inflammatory oral disease; and consequently, it was considered as part of the etiology in this disease. In addition, in animals, Pasteurella spp. have become increasingly resistant to a large number of antimicrobials. Natural products, especially essential oils, could contribute to minimizing this issue. This study determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of six essential oils against Pasteurella spp. isolates from the oral cavity of domestic cats. Our results showed that essential oils with better antimicrobial effectiveness against most of the Pasteurella isolates were lemongrass, tea tree and clove, with inhibition values between 50 to 800 µg mL-1. All essential oils showed bacteriostatic activity against the species of Pasteurella isolated from the domestic cats. These results suggested that lemongrass, tea tree and clove oils have potential to be used in products for oral hygiene and treatment of oral infections in domestic cats.

Immunological abnormalities in patients with primary biliary cholangitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Tao Ma ◽  
De-Kun Chen
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Intrahepatic Cholestasis ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Portal Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Biliary Cholangitis ◽  
Immunological Abnormalities

Abstract Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), an autoimmune liver disease occurring predominantly in women, is characterized by high titers of serum anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) and progressive intrahepatic cholestasis. The immune system plays a critical role in PBC pathogenesis and a variety of immune cell subsets have been shown to infiltrate the portal tract areas of patients with PBC. Amongst the participating immune cells, CD4 T cells are important cytokine-producing cells that foster an inflammatory microenvironment. Specifically, these cells orchestrate activation of other immune cells, including autoreactive effector CD8 T cells that cause biliary epithelial cell (BEC) injury and B cells that produce large quantities of AMAs. Meanwhile, other immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, monocytes, and macrophages are also important in PBC pathogenesis. Activation of these cells initiates and perpetuates bile duct damage in PBC patients, leading to intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatic damage, liver fibrosis, and eventually cirrhosis or even liver failure. Taken together, the body of accumulated clinical and experimental evidence has enhanced our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of PBC and suggests that immunotherapy may be a promising treatment option. Herein, we summarize current knowledge regarding immunological abnormalities of PBC patients, with emphasis on underlying pathogenic mechanisms. The differential immune response which occurs over decades of disease activity suggests that different therapies may be needed at different stages of disease.

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