Reviews: The Economic Consequences of Air Pollution, Poverty and Progress in Britain 1953–73, Urban Transport Economics, Environmental Policy and Welfare Economics, Man, Land and the Forest Environment, the Social Burdens of Environmental Pollution, the Energy Crisis and the Environment: An International Perspective, Energy Use and Conservation Incentives: A Study of the Southwestern United States, Public Transportation and Land Use Policy

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1333-1342
Author(s):  
P D Blair ◽  
J Pahl ◽  
F Southworth ◽  
T D Tregarthen ◽  
T O'Riordan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Land Use Policy ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Conservation Incentives ◽  
Transport Economics ◽  
The Social

Inclusive Growth with Zakat

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (4I-II) ◽  
pp. 997-1010
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Marginal Productivity ◽  
The Social

Zakat is an annual religious levy that is collected from rich Muslims and its proceeds are disbursed among poor people of the society. It has many spiritual and social merits. For example, it purifies the hearts of zakat-givers as they give away a part of their wealth, one of the most precious things in their lives, seeking the pleasure of God without requiring any worldly gains whatsoever. It bridges the social gap between „haves‟ and „have-nots.‟ This study analyses, however, only economic consequences of Zakat for economic growth. They cannot be appreciated duly unless one understands the following concepts of modern economics; various theories of consumption, aggregate demand, stagnation thesis, consumption puzzle, marginal productivity of capital and Kuznets curve.

scholarly journals The Annihilation of Space: A Bad (Historical) Concept

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Alexis D. Litvine
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Social History ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Cultural Mediation ◽  
Counter Example ◽  
Dead End ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Representations Of Space

Abstract This article is a reminder that the concept of ‘annihilation of space’ or ‘spatial compression’, often used as a shorthand for referring to the cultural or economic consequences of industrial mobility, has a long intellectual history. The concept thus comes loaded with a specific outlook on the experience of modernity, which is – I argue – unsuitable for any cultural or social history of space. This article outlines the etymology of the concept and shows: first, that the historical phenomena it pretends to describe are too complex for such a simplistic signpost; and, second, that the term is never a neutral descriptor but always an engagement with a form of historical and cultural mediation on the nature of modernity in relation to space. In both cases this term obfuscates more than it reveals. As a counter-example, I look at the effect of the railways on popular representations of space and conclude that postmodern geography is a relative dead end for historians interested in the social and cultural history of space.

scholarly journals The Value of “Social” Reputation: The Protection of MNE Workers from the Consumer’s Perspective

Global Jurist ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Giaconi ◽  
Lorenzo Giasanti ◽  
Simone Varva
Keyword(s):  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Social Ranking ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Social Reputation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
Additional Support

Abstract The virtually immediate information propagation has reduced the gap of knowledge once existing between MNEs and customers (i.e. Rana Plaza collapse, 2013). Consumers begin playing an important role in supporting workers. Their growing social awareness has clear economic consequences. MNEs have tried to react to the loss of social reputation, mainly adopting (and imposing to their suppliers) codes of conduct and ethics providing a minimum standard for decent work standards. This article aims to analyze the social reputation and social sustainability that have recently attracted stakeholders’ interest, from different points of view (MNEs, consumers, government and non-government organizations, unions). Those “new” forms of social initiatives (code of conduct, social ranking, consumers campaign, boycotting) are informative and could help to spread ILO labour standards. Clearly, they can represent only an additional support for workers who are struggling in the typical conflict between Work and Capital. The tendency to use a single parameter for assessing the social sensitivity of the MNEs, valid both for the countries “in development” and for those “already developed” risks to lead to a “race to the bottom” trend.

scholarly journals Environmental Citizenship and Energy Efficiency in Four European Countries (Italy, The Netherlands, Switzerland and Hungary)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1154
Author(s):  
Ibolya Czibere ◽  
Imre Kovách ◽  
Gergely Boldizsár Megyesi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Social

In our paper we aim at analysing the social factors influencing energy use and energy efficiency in four different European countries, using the data from the PENNY research (Psychological social and financial barriers to energy efficiency—Horizon 2020). As a part of the project, a survey was conducted in four European countries (Italy, The Netherlands, Switzerland and Hungary) to compare environmental self-identity, values and attitudes toward the energy use of European citizens. Previous research has examined the effect of a number of factors that influence individuals’ energy efficiency, and attitudes to energy use. The novelty of our paper that presents four attitudes regarding energy use and environmental consciousness and compares them across four different regions of Europe. It analyses the differences between the four attitudes among the examined countries and tries to understand the factors explaining the differences using linear regression models of the most important socio-demographic variables. Finally, we present a typology of energy use attitudes: four groups, the members of which are basically characterised by essentially different attitudes regarding energy use. A better understanding of the diversity of energy use may assist in making more accurate policy decisions.

scholarly journals Behavior of Traffic Congestion and Public Transport in Eight Large Cities in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4703
Author(s):  
Renato Andara ◽  
Jesús Ortego-Osa ◽  
Melva Inés Gómez-Caicedo ◽  
Rodrigo Ramírez-Pisco ◽  
Luis Manuel Navas-Gracia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Johns Hopkins Hospital ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Public Data ◽  
The Impact

This comparative study analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorized mobility in eight large cities of five Latin American countries. Public institutions and private organizations have made public data available for a better understanding of the contagion process of the pandemic, its impact, and the effectiveness of the implemented health control measures. In this research, data from the IDB Invest Dashboard were used for traffic congestion as well as data from the Moovit© public transport platform. For the daily cases of COVID-19 contagion, those published by Johns Hopkins Hospital University were used. The analysis period corresponds from 9 March to 30 September 2020, approximately seven months. For each city, a descriptive statistical analysis of the loss and subsequent recovery of motorized mobility was carried out, evaluated in terms of traffic congestion and urban transport through the corresponding regression models. The recovery of traffic congestion occurs earlier and faster than that of urban transport since the latter depends on the control measures imposed in each city. Public transportation does not appear to have been a determining factor in the spread of the pandemic in Latin American cities.

A TWO-PHASED FUZZY MULTICRITERIA SELECTION AMONG PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION INVESTMENTS FOR POLICY-MAKING AND RISK GOVERNANCE

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
İHSAN KAYA ◽  
BAŞAR ÖZTAYŞI ◽  
CENGIZ KAHRAMAN
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Transportation Policy ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Risk Governance ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Transportation Type

Public transportation can be viewed as a key determinant and consequence of the social and spatial formation and development of contemporary cities and regions. Transportation policy generally combines four categories of instruments, i.e., investment, pricing, regulation and subsidy, to generate viable alternatives. Capital investment in public transportation supports the purchase of equipment and facilities including rolling stock, tracks, control equipment, and the construction of terminals, stations, parking lots, maintenance facilities and power generating facilities. Risk governance for public transportation investments looks at how risk-related decision-making unfolds when a range of actors is involved, requiring co-ordination and possibly reconciliation between a profusion of roles, perspectives, goals and activities. In this paper, a two-phased multicriteria methodology is proposed to select the best investment alternative for public transportation with respect to the predetermined criteria. In the first phase, a selection among transportation types is made, and in the second phase, a selection among transportation modes of the selected transportation type is made. A case study for Istanbul is given in the application section.

Popular Belief in State Intervention for Social Protection in China

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHACK KIE WONG ◽  
NAN SHONG PETER LEE
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reform ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Attitude Survey ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments

The paper starts with a brief discussion of recent developments of economic restructuring of the State Owned Enterprises in China and their related reforms in social insurance and social assistance. It then reports the findings of an attitude survey of residents in Shanghai in 1996 towards the social and economic consequences of economic reform. It reveals that, despite the fact that most people feel better off with the reforms, there is still a need for the state to play a role in social protection.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PERFORMANCE MODEL BASED ON SAFETY TRANSPORTATION, PERIODIC TRANSPORTATION TEST, BEHAVIOR, AND SATISFACTION IN CIREBON CITY.

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herry Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
National Police

The development of cities in Indonesia is marked by the high number of commuters (commuters) who travel between the main city and the surrounding city or district (hinterland) or between regions within a city due to an increase in population, population activities, types of services, and the relative functioning of the economy national and regional level of a country..       Transportation problems and challenges are multi-dimensional between transportation systems and urban systems, both operational, management and policy aspects. Urban transport policies that care about sustainable development in developing countries are very complex, but can be studied especially in the public transportation system because it is more possible when compared to private transport at this time.       In Indonesia, the number of motorized vehicles is increasing every year. The addition of that number in 2012 reached 10,036 million units, resulting in the population recorded in the Indonesian National Police increased 12% to 94.292 million units compared to only 84.19 million in 2011 (Kurniawan, 2013). Based on data from the National Police also stated that in 2012 there were 109,038 accident cases with 27,441 people died. Different data from the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs and People's Welfare of the Republic of Indonesia states that motorcycle rider accidents have reached 120,226 times or 72% of all traffic accidents in a year. Most accident cases occur in people with lower middle economic level as motorcycle and public transportation users (State Intelligence Agency, 2013).       As released by WHO (World Health Organization), of all accidents that occur on the highway, the human error factor (human error) has the highest contribution, reaching between 80-90 percent compared to the factor of vehicle vehicle improperities ranging from 5-10 percent, as well as due to damage to road infrastructure by 10-20 percent (DG Hubdat, 2010). Vehicle facilities that often occur are less than 1 millimeter of tire grooves resulting in vehicle skid or tire breaks, brakes failing, metal fatigue resulting in broken vehicle parts, worn equipment not replaced, and various other causes. This is very much related to the technology used and the care done to the vehicle. One of the government's efforts to improve road safety is through safety vehicle action programs such as compliance with vehicle operations, organizing periodic and type test repair procedures, handling overloading, vehicle scrapping, and developing motor vehicle design that aims to improve vehicle safety technology (DG Hubdat, 2013).Keywords:Transportation Performance, User Satisfaction.

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