Regional Development: Some Comments on the Discourse in Latin America

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
S B Hecht

A recent issue of Society and Space was concerned with regional planning in Latin America. The papers focused either on sweepingly macrolevel analysis or on local community-based development strategies. This paper is an outline of some of the problems with this discourse as it was presented in the journal, and it is suggested that both groups have neglected the theoretical, empirical, and practical importance of ‘middle level’ analyses. It is at this level where the larger processes and local dynamics unfold, and where the real constraints and contingencies occur. Given the current complexity of Latin American development processes, comforting notions about transnational corporations or romantic views of community development will not advance our analytics or address the practical challenges.

Baltic Region ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-117
Author(s):  
I. A. Maksimtsev ◽  
N. M. Mezhevich ◽  
N. P. Sirota

The relevance of this study of post-Soviet transition lies in the focus on the technically theoretical problems that are nevertheless the key to understanding regional development processes in the East of the Baltic Sea. The research aims to verify the theory of peripheral capitalism as applied to the Baltic States. The first theoretical objective is to draw a distinction between the ideas of modernisation and transformation in a regional context. The second objective is to adjust the theory of peripheral capitalism to smaller states. To study the features of the transformation of economic and political systems in the Baltics, this article conducts comparative analysis. Systemic analysis and the principles of theoretical and empirical analysis are used as well. Building on this work, the study identifies the deficiencies of the theoretical and methodological potential of transition studies. These include claims that the theoretical and methodological potential of transition as applied to post-Socialist and post-Soviet Europe has been completely fulfilled. Geographical differences between Latin America and the Baltic States are so obvious that they eclipse economic similarities between the processes and development models characteristic of the two regions of the world. An analysis of current developments in Latin America makes it possible to forecast the economic and, to a degree, political consequences of the trends that are just emerging in the Baltics. This article seeks to prove the above thesis.


2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Wati Nilamsari

<p>This paper is a research result examining the development model of community-based free health services to the poor (dhuafa) at Pos Sehat Al Ikhwan, Parung-Bogor. The writer used the Rothman and Glen’s theory to analize the case. This study used the local community development model. It is aimed to build the economic autonomy of community, in which they could determine and meet their own needs by using creative and operative processes. Having completed the mentoring process conducted by Da'wah and Communication Faculty, “Pos Sehat Al Ikhwan” attempts to maintain the continuity of health services for the dhu'afa in Bojong Indah, Parung, Bogor by strengthening network of the similar healthcare services being performed by advanced institutions to support the operational of “Pos Sehat”. Some of those are the health service of At Taqwa Mosque, and free health services of Dompet Dhu'afa which is until now still help advocating the “Pos Sehat Al Ikhwan” through connecting the Dompet Dhuafa donors with the “Pos Sehat Al-Ikhwan”.</p><p align="center"><strong>***</strong></p><p>Paper ini merupakan hasil penelitian yang mengkaji tentang Model Pengembangan Masyarakat berbasis layanan kesehatan Cuma-Cuma untuk kaum Dhuafa, dengan mengangkat kasus yang terjadi di Pos Sehat Al Ikhwan, Parung-Bogor. Analisis mengenai model pengembangan masyarakat pada  layanan Kesehatan Pos Sehat Al Ikhwan menggunakan teori dari Rothman dan kawan-kawan maupun Glen. Penelitian ini merupakan model pengembangan masyarakat lokal. Model ini bertujuan untuk membangun kemandirian masyarakat, dimana masyarakat sendiri yang mendefinisikan dan memenuhi kebutuhan mereka sendiri dengan menggunakan proses-proses yang kratif dan operatif. Upaya yang dilakukan oleh Pos Sehat Al Ikhwan untuk menjaga keberlangsungan layanan kesehatan untuk kaum dhu’afa di Desa Bojong Indah, Parung, Bogor setelah selesainya proses pendampingan yang dilakukan oleh Fakultas Dakwah dan Komunikasi yaitu dengan memperkuat jaringan pada layanan kesehatan mandiri yang dilakukan oleh lembaga yang sudah maju untuk mendukung operasional Pos sehat, antara lain dengan Layanan Kesehatan Masjid At Taqwa Bintaro, dan juga Layanan Kesehatan Cuma-Cuma Dompet Dhua’afa yang hingga sekarang melakukan pendampingan pada pos sehat Al Ikhwan melaui mekanisme menghubungkan donatur Dompet Dhuafa dengan pos sehat Al Ikhwan.</p>


Author(s):  
Michela Giovannini ◽  
Marcelo Vieta

This chapter focuses on co-operatives in four representative Latin American countries—Argentina, Chile, Cuba, and Mexico—in order to highlight their historical trajectories, evolutionary trends, and potential for further development. These representative countries reflect the range of co-operative development in Latin America, both historically and contemporaneously. Each country, for instance, shows different paths of co-operative development related to, among other factors, different levels of support by their governments, community-based responses to neoliberal policies, and varying connections to broader social movements and other forms of grass-roots organizations. This chapter will also present a number of experiences that are of particular interest today in the region, such as worker-recuperated enterprises and other forms of workers’nself-management, indigenous co-operatives, community-owned agricultural co-operatives, co-operatives managing general-interest social services, and, most controversially, public-services and work-for-welfare co-operatives created by the state.


1973 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Avery ◽  
James D. Cochrane

The Andean Common Market, the most recent attempt at regional integration in Latin America, differs from the other Latin American efforts both in the factors that prompted its formation and in the support it had when it was established. More importantly, it differs in its terms and provisions, providing for a higher level of integration than any other Latin American effort. Several of its features—a common policy on foreign investment, regional planning and coordination in such fields as industry and agriculture, a quasi–supranational secretariat — make it an innovative approach to integration in Latin America. Numerous factors enhance the integrative potential of Andean integration. Among these are relatively favorable ratings on several of the neo–functional variables of regional integration. These indicators suggest that the effort may attain its objectives and perhaps even set an example to be followed by other economic groupings among Latin American countries. Still, projections about the future of the Andean Common Market must remain mixed. Some negative factors exist within the movement that could, if they triumph over the positive factors, lead to the same stagnation that now characterizes LAFTA and the CACM.


2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Ami Dasig Salazar ◽  
Pauline Werner ◽  
Elene Cloete

Abstract This article explores the intangible benefits of backyard gardening for community development. Research confirms backyard gardening as a productive approach of communities toward greater food security and biodiversity. Those are, however, not these gardens' only benefits. Using the case of a backyard gardening project implemented by a community-based organization in rural Philippines, we argue that the benefits of backyard gardens stretch beyond health and finance. These gardens also increase local community-based organizations' institutional capacity while fostering community-wide cohesion, rekindling knowledge sources, and bolstering community members' sense of pride and personal freedom.


Author(s):  
Alireza Naficy ◽  
Sylvia I. Bergh ◽  
Seyyed Hossain Akhavan Alavi ◽  
Ali Maleki ◽  
Mohammad Mirehei

AbstractThis article analyzes various roles of development practitioners (called outsiders) in five different cases of community-based development (CBD) in rural Iran. It provides a review of the literature on CBD and identifies three main types of roles fulfilled by outsiders to support indigenous development processes. These include preparing the ground, activating community-based organizations as participatory institutions, and taking on the role of brokers who bridge the gap between the local community and outside institutions—especially the state and market. From the analysis of empirical qualitative data collected during fieldwork in Iran, the article concludes that while the roles played by the outsiders in CBD interventions there correspond mostly to those identified in the literature, there are differences in their strategies of intervention and activities under each role which correspond with their contextual contingencies. Recognizing this variation is needed to deepen the understanding of CBD practices and help practitioners think about alternative perspectives and approaches.


Author(s):  
Vidya Nandagopal

Traditionally studies on Happiness have been using income as a proxy for wellbeing and quality of life using GDP to measure progress of nations. We need to understand here that while income is an objective measure, Happiness is a subjective measure. One of the key criticisms leveled against GDP is that it does not take into account sustainability. Sometimes growth may be there but not achieved through sustainable thereby risking the future. On the flip side economic growth itself may not be sustainable in some cases. So can we depend on economic factors alone to be happy? In the past decade or so more and more countries are looking at the “Beyond GDP “agenda. in 2011 the OECD developed a framework for measuring wellbeing that can reflect and support development of measurement frameworks on a national level. there are a sizeable number of Latin American countries scoring consistently high on the Happiness index despite a number of socio economic issues. The recently published World Happiness report (2018) suggests that this is not a mere coincidence. It is based on the fact that Happiness in Latin America has social foundations. UAE lists in the top 20 countries with a happiness index of 6.774. (Source: World Happiness ranking 2015-17).This is the first ever attempt to superimpose the Latin American happiness model on the UAE local community to arrive at a sustainable happiness model for them.  


Author(s):  
Edilaine Albertino Moraes ◽  
Marta de Azevedo Irving ◽  
Joana da Silva Castro Santos ◽  
Hugo Quintanilha Silva Santos ◽  
Maycon Correia Pinto

O desenvolvimento de iniciativas designadas como turismo de base comunitária (TBC) vem ocorrendo, de maneira progressiva, na América Latina. Essa proposta tem como premissa fundamental a base endógena em planejamento e desenvolvimento do turismo que tem sido interpretada como uma oportunidade para a melhoria de qualidade de vida por inúmeros grupos sociais, como pescadores artesanais, etnias indígenas, agricultores familiares, populações extrativistas, camponeses, entre outros, que vivem em situação de vulnerabilidade social e ambiental e à margem de processos dominantes de projetos turísticos. Outro aspecto importante associado às iniciativas de TBC são as estratégias políticas de grupos organizados e de movimentos sociais para a garantia e a preservação de territórios por eles ocupados tradicionalmente, como acontece com os movimentos indígenas e do campo em diversos países da América Latina. Esses processos coletivos têm contribuído para que o TBC venha sendo organizado por meio de coletivos, redes e alianças locais, nacionais e latino-americanas. Um exemplo emblemático desse tipo de organização do TBC nessa região tem se configurado por meio da Rede de Turismo Comunitário da América Latina (REDTURS), que foi criada em 2001, com o objetivo de articular redes que vêm sendo construídas em diferentes escalas local e nacional, com a finalidade de diversificar as possibilidades de emprego e renda, de valorizar a cultura local e de fomentar o associativismo. Essa iniciativa vem influenciando outras práticas na região. Com base nesses antecedentes, o presente artigo tem o objetivo de refletir sobre como se configura o movimento de TBC em rede na América Latina, com ênfase no caso da REDTURS. Para tal, a metodologia adotada se baseou em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental para orientar a fundamentação conceitual sobre o tema. Para a interpretação do caso da REDTURS, buscou-se também a análise de documentação técnica vinculada a essa experiência no período de 2001 a 2008. Os dados obtidos na pesquisa indicam inúmeras fragilidades e potencialidades no estabelecimento de relações e alianças formais e informais, baseadas em princípios de solidariedade, para a promoção de intercâmbio e compartilhamento de informação, conhecimento e recursos no processo de construção coletiva de redes no campo do turismo de base comunitária. Community-based tourism networks: reflections in the Latin American context The development of initiatives known as community-based tourism (CBT) has been taking place gradually, in Latin America. This proposal has as its fundamental premise, the endogenous basis on planning and development of tourism which has been interpreted as an opportunity to improve quality of life for countless social groups such as artisanal fishermen, indigenous groups, family farmers, extractive population, peasants, among others living in situations of social and environmental vulnerability and in the margins of the dominant processes of tourism projects. Another important aspect associated with CBT initiatives are political strategies of organized groups and social movements to guarantee the preservation of the territories traditionally occupied by them, as it happens with indigenous and rural movements in several Latin American countries. These collective processes have been contributing to the CBT organization through local, national and Latin American collective, local networks and alliances. An emblematic example of this type of CBT organization in this region has been set up through the Community Tourism Network of Latin America (REDTURS), which was established in 2001 with the objective of coordinating networks that have been built in different local and national levels, with the purpose of diversifying sources of employment and income, valuing local culture and promoting partnerships. This initiative has been influencing other practices in the region. Based on this background, this article aims to reflect on how to configure the movement of the CBT network in Latin America, with emphasis in the case of REDTURS. For this, the methodology adopted was based on bibliographical and documentary research to guide the conceptual foundation on the subject. For the interpretation of the case of REDTURS, it was also sought the analysis of technical documentation linked to this experience in the period from 2001 to 2008. The data obtained in the survey indicate numerous weaknesses and capabilities of the relations and formal and informal alliances, based on principles of solidarity to promote exchange and sharing of information, knowledge and resources in the process of collective construction of networks in the community-based tourism field. KEYWORDS: Networks, Community Based Tourism; Alliances; Exchange; Latin America.


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