A Nonspecific Learning Effect in the Perception of Random-Dot Stereograms?

Perception ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Weinman ◽  
Vicky Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Learning Effect ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Naive Group ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Perception Time ◽  
The Mean

An experiment is reported the object of which was to check whether a small amount of nonspecific experience in perceiving random-dot stereograms could facilitate the perception of a previously unseen stereogram. The mean stereopsis perception time of a group of totally naive subjects was found to be significantly slower than that of a group who had previously been shown two different stereograms. Closer inspection of the data showed that this difference was primarily due to approximately one third of the naive group who were much slower than the ‘experienced’ group. It is therefore suggested that nonspecific experience provides most initial help for relatively slow perceivers, since many naive subjects can perform as well as those with prior experience of other stereograms.

scholarly journals The reproducibility of subjective appetite scores

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Raben ◽  
ANNA TAGLIABUE ◽  
Arne Astrup
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Vas Scores ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Differences

Although subjective appetite scores are widely used, studies on the reproducibility of this method are scarce. In the present study nine healthy, normal weight, young men recorded their subjective appetite sensations before and during 5 h after two different test meals A and B. The subjects tested each meal twice and in randomized order. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, 10 cm in length, were used to assess hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption and palatability of the meals. Plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were determined concomitantly. The repeatability was investigated for fasting values, Δ-mean 5 h and mean 5 h values, Δ-peak/nadir and peak/nadir values. Although the profiles of the postprandial responses were similar, the coefficients of repeatability (CR = 2SD) on the mean differences were large, ranging from 2·86 to 5.24 cm for fasting scores, 1·36 to 1·88 cm for mean scores, 2·98 to 5·42 cm for Δ-mean scores, and 3·16 to 6·44 cm for peak and Δ-peak scores. For palatability ratings the CK values varied more, ranging from 2·38 (taste) to 8·70 cm (aftertaste). Part of the difference in satiety ratings could be explained by the differences in palatability ratings. However, the low reproducibility may also be caused by a conditioned satiation or hunger due to the subjects' prior experience of the meals and therefore not just be a reflection of random noise. It is likely, however, that the variation in appetite ratings is due both to methodological day-to-day variation and to biological day-to-day variation in subjective appetite sensations.

scholarly journals Transpalpebral Electrical Stimulation as a Novel Therapeutic Approach to Decrease Intraocular Pressure for Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Pilot Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Gil-Carrasco ◽  
Daniel Ochoa-Contreras ◽  
Marco A. Torres ◽  
Jorge Santiago-Amaya ◽  
Fidel W. Pérez-Tovar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
Naive Group ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
The Mean

Purpose. To determine the effect on intraocular pressure of transpalpebral specific exogenous voltages in a cohort of open-angle glaucoma patients. Methods. This is a prospective, comparative, and experimental pilot study. The electrical stimuli applied consisted of 10 Hz, biphasic, nonrectangular current pulses (100 μA) delivered from an isolated constant current stimulator. At intake, baseline IOP measurements were obtained from each eye. The measurement was repeated before and after microstimulation until the end of the treatment. Results. Seventy-eight eyes of 46 patients diagnosed with POAG were studied: 58 eyes with maximum tolerated medical treatment and 20 eyes without treatment (naïve). The mean baseline IOP on the treated POAG group was 19.25 mmHg ± 4.71. Baseline IOP on the naïve group was 20.38 mmHg ± 3.28. At the four-month follow-up visit, the mean IOP value on the treatment group was 14.41 mmHg ± 2.06 (P<0.0001). The obtained mean IOP measurement on the treatment-naïve group was 15.29 mmHg ± 2.28 (P<0.0001). Conclusions. The hypotensive response obtained using transpalpebral electrical stimulation on POAG patients, both on treatment-naïve patients and on patients receiving maximum tolerable treatment, was statistically significant when comparing basal IOP measurements to those obtained at the four-month follow-up visit.

scholarly journals Evaluation of serum iron overload, AST:ALT ratio and log10ferritin:AST ratio among schizophrenia patients in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana: a case–control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. B. A. Owiredu ◽  
Peter Kojo Brenya ◽  
Yaw Osei ◽  
Edwin Ferguson Laing ◽  
Clement Opoku Okrah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Iron ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Naive Group ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Psychiatric Department ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Objective The association between unbalanced iron indices and the conditions of schizophrenia are not well understood. Liver dysfunction which has been linked to iron metabolism might be a contributing factor. This case–control study evaluated serum iron indices and liver function in treatment-naïve schizophrenia patients and those already on treatment at the Psychiatric Department of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), Kumasi-Ghana. Results The mean age of the respondents was 39.6 ± 0.8 years. Increased levels of serum iron, TS, AST, ALT and AST:ALT ratio and lower levels of UIBC, TIBC, Transferrin, and log Ferritin:AST ratio levels were observed among the treatment-naïve group compared to the control. The treatment-naïve and treatment groups showed significantly higher serum AST:ALT ratio, and lower log10ferrtin:AST ratio than the healthy controls. There was a significant correlation between log10ferritin and AST, and log10ferritin and GGT in both treatments (r = 0.343; p = 0.003, and r = 0.502; p = 0.001 respectively) and treatment-naïve groups (r = 0.348; p = 0.002, and r = 0.614; p < 0.001 respectively). Percentage transferrin saturation correlated significantly with GGT only, in the treatment-naïve group (r = 0.667; p < 0.001), and ALT and GGT in the treatment group (r = 0.252; p = 0.030 and r = 0.646; p = 0.014 respectively).

FACTORS AFFECTING THE PETT VISUAL TEST FOR VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY

1941 ◽  
Vol 19b (4) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
L. B. Pett ◽  
Marian K. Lipkind
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Diurnal Rhythm ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Visual Test ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Test Room ◽  
The Mean

Under the conditions prescribed for the Pett test, which is described, it has been found that: (i) antecedent light does not affect the median of the three tests usually performed; (ii) no error results from the wearing or not wearing of glasses; (ii) the use of pilocarpine to contract the pupils is not advisable; (iv) some light may be admitted into the test room; (v) the time of exposure to the bright light (30 sec.) is suitable; (vi) repeated tests cause a 'learning' effect so rarely as to be of little concern; (vii) the standard error of the mean is ±1.4 and of the median is ±2.4 sec. Some results are presented suggesting that a diurnal rhythm in the vitamin A content of the blood exists.

Reliability of Time Estimation: Effect of a Preceding Reproduction Series on the Reliability of Subsequent Verbal Estimates of the Same Standard Stimuli

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Duane McConchie ◽  
Jacques Rutschmann
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Reliability Coefficients

32 Ss, 16 in an experimental group and 16 in a control group, gave two verbal estimates of each of 8 standard intervals ranging from 300 to 1000 msec. in 100-msec. steps. The experimental group reproduced each standard 12 times before verbally estimating it, while the control group had no prior experience with the standards to be verbally estimated. The mean reliability of the verbal estimates of the experimental group was significantly higher ( p < .02) than that of the control group. This finding was held to account for the high reliability coefficients reported for the method of verbal estimation by a number of comparative studies employing several methods on the same group of Ss. The result suggests that serial position of the measuring methods may spuriously inflate the reliability coefficients of the method of verbal estimation when that method is used subsequent to the method of reproduction.

Binocular Utilization of Monocular Cues That are Undetectable Monocularly

Perception ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bela Julesz ◽  
Hans-Peter Oswald
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Density Difference ◽  
Latency Time ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Perception Time ◽  
Dot Density ◽  
Random Dot Stereogram

The latency time of tracking dynamic random-dot stereograms can be shortened by as much as 100 ms when monocular cues are added by introducing a difference in dot density between target and surround. It has been tacitly assumed that perception time will be reduced only if the added monocular cues are above the detection threshold for each eye. However, the experiments reported here clearly show that stereoscopic performance as measured by an eye tracking task can be greatly enhanced by added monocular cues that cannot be detected. Observers were instructed to track a suddenly displaced vertical bar (portrayed as a dynamic random-dot stereogram) while their eye movements were recorded by EOG. The bar had either a given binocular disparity or zero binocular disparity with respect to its surround. For the target with a disparity (in a wide range), the latency time of tracking decreased by more than 30 ms (10%) as density difference increased from 0 to 4%, whereas in the control conditions with no stereoscopic cues (zero disparity) subjects were unable to track the bar at all within that range of density difference. Thus stereopsis is greatly aided by minimal monocular cues that by themselves elude monocular detection.

The Important Role of “the Mean Thought” in Improving Effective Teaching

2011 ◽  
Vol 271-273 ◽  
pp. 1605-1607
Author(s):  
Xue Mei Lu
Keyword(s):  
Effective Teaching ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Learning Time ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
Scientific Teaching ◽  
Teacher Student Relationship ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Student Relationship ◽  
Just Right

“The mean thought” is a positive and mature thought of Confucius’s thoughts. It is a moderate thought which means “going too far is as bad as not going far enough”. The essence of “the mean thought” is “just right” and “appropriate”. “The mean thought” is the behavior standard of improving effective teaching. It can be applied in various aspect of teaching, such as building harmonious teacher-student relationship, controlling the amount and difficult degree of knowledge and correctly understanding the relation between learning time and learning effect. “The mean thought” is helpful to resolve contradictions in teaching and improve effective teaching to achieve scientific teaching, which will contribute to better development of each student with different capability.

scholarly journals Usability evaluation of a virtual reality smartphone app for a living museum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Kamal Othman ◽  
Altynai Nogoibaeva ◽  
Lai San Leong ◽  
Mohamad Hardyman Barawi
Keyword(s):  
Prior Experience ◽  
Usability Evaluation ◽  
Test Results ◽  
System Usability Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
System Usability ◽  
Usability Issue ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

AbstractThis paper elaborates the empirical evidence of a usability evaluation of a VR and non-VR virtual tour application for a living museum. The System Usability Scale (SUS) was used in between participants experiments (Group 1: non-VR version and Group 2: VR version) with 40 participants. The results show that the mean scores of all components for the VR version are higher compared to the non-VR version, overall SUS score (72.10 vs 68.10), usability score (75.50 vs 71.70), and learnability (58.40 vs 57.00). Further analysis using a two-tailed independent t test showed no difference between the non-VR and VR versions. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between the groups in the context of gender, nationality, and prior experience (other VR tour applications) for overall SUS score, usability score, and learnability score. Α two-tailed independent t test indicated no significant difference in the usability score between participants with VR experience and no VR experience. However, a significant difference was found between participants with VR experience and no VR experience for both SUS score (t(38) = 2.17, p = 0.037) and learnability score (t(38) = 2.40, p = 0.021). The independent t test results indicated a significant difference between participant with and without previous visits to SCV for the usability score (t(38) = −2.31, p = 0.027), while there was no significant differences observed in other components. It can be concluded that both versions passed based on the SUS score. However, the sub-scale usability and learnability scores indicated some usability issue.

scholarly journals Observational Learning with Externally Imposed and Self-Controlled Frequency of Model Demonstration

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Weronika Łuba-Arnista ◽  
Michał Biegajło
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Observational Learning ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Motor Skill Learning ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Introduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of learning a complex gymnastic routine with different frequencies of externally imposed and self-controlled model demonstration. Material and Methods. Thirty undergraduate physical education (PE) students were randomly assigned to 3 groups: G100 (100% frequency), GS (self-controlled frequency) and GC (control group). Each participant from groups G100 and GS performed 150 trials of a complex gymnastic routine during 10 practice sessions. The learning effect was evaluated on the basis of the mean absolute error value and measured during pre-acquisition (baseline), acquisition (practice sessions) and post-acquisition (retention and transfer tests) phases. Results. It was revealed that observational learning with self-controlled and high externally imposed frequency of model demonstration proved to be equally effective. The differences were found during the acquisition phase only. The self-controlled group achieved higher outcomes than the externally imposed group. Conclusions. This study indicates that performance during practice sessions does not always reflect the permanency and adaptability of the motor skill learning process.

scholarly journals Age and High-Growth Entrepreneurship

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Azoulay ◽  
Benjamin F. Jones ◽  
J. Daniel Kim ◽  
Javier Miranda
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Entrepreneurial Success ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Successful Entrepreneurs ◽  
Start Ups

Many observers, and many investors, believe that young people are especially likely to produce the most successful new firms. Integrating administrative data on firms, workers, and owners, we study start-ups systematically in the United States and find that successful entrepreneurs are middle-aged, not young. The mean age at founding for the 1-in-1,000 fastest growing new ventures is 45.0. The findings are similar when considering high-technology sectors, entrepreneurial hubs, and successful firm exits. Prior experience in the specific industry predicts much greater rates of entrepreneurial success. These findings strongly reject common hypotheses that emphasize youth as a key trait of successful entrepreneurs. (JEL G24, J14, L26, M13, O31)

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document