Gradients of pH, ammonium, and phosphorus between the fertiliser band and wheat roots

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xike Zhang ◽  
Zdenko Rengel
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Nylon Mesh ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Fertiliser Use

Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) band application generally improves phosphorus (P) fertiliser use efficiency but can cause ammonia toxicity to plants. We used specially constructed pots to study P and ammonium (NH4+) gradients between the DAP band and plant roots grown in 2 soils. The pots were with or without a 30-mm nylon mesh between the roots and the fertiliser band, and had a movable side to enable sampling of soil layers at various distances from the fertiliser band and/or plant roots. After 28 days, ammonia toxicity symptoms occurred in plants grown in Lancelin soil in both mesh and no-mesh pots with the band placed 1 cm from the seed. Smaller root and shoot dry weights and a shorter root length were measured in both soils in no-mesh pots when the banding distance from the seed was 1 cm compared with 2.5 cm. In contrast, no differences in root and shoot dry weight occurred when direct contact between the roots and the fertiliser band was prevented in mesh pots; however, roots were shorter in mesh pots when fertiliser was banded 1 cm, compared with 2.5 cm, from the seed. The highest values for pH, NH4+ concentration, and bicarbonate-extractable P level occurred 4–5 cm from the seed in mesh pots, and in the layer between the fertiliser band and the seed in no-mesh pots. Phosphorus concentration in shoots was greater when plants were grown in Lancelin than in New Norcia soil, and when grown in no-mesh compared with mesh pots. In conclusion, large gradients of pH, ammonium, and bicarbonate-extractable P existed around plant roots when DAP and ammonium sulfate were banded in the vicinity of the seed. The frequently employed practice of growing plants in mesh pots to characterise nutrient gradients in soil close to roots, including the rhizosphere soil, results in plants with altered growth and nutrient accumulation characteristics in comparison to plants with no physical restriction for root growth within the pot.

scholarly journals The Role of the external mycelial network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: III. a study of nitrogen transfer between plants interconnected by a common mycelium

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A. Martins ◽  
Andre F. Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Nitrogen Transfer ◽  
Nylon Mesh ◽  
Mycelium Network ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Mycelial Network

An experiment under greenhouse conditions was carried out to evaluate the relative contribuition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the process of nitrogen transfer from cowpea to maize plants, using the isotope 15N. Special pots divided in three sections (A, B and C), were constructed and a nylon mesh screen of two diameters: 40µm (which allowed the AMF hyphae to pass but not the plant roots) or 1µm (which acted as a barrier to AM hyphae and plant roots) was inserted between the sections B and C. Section A had 25.5 mg of N/kg using (15NH4)2SO4 as N source. Two cowpea seedlings inoculated with Rhizobium sp. were transplanted with their root systems divided between the sections A and B. Ten days later, 2 seeds of maize were sown into the section C which was inoculated with Glomus etunicatum. Thirty-five days after transplanting, the maize plants were harvested. AMF inoculation increased dry weight and 15N and P content of maize plant shoots. Direct transfer of 15N via AMF hyphae was 21.2%; indirect transfer of 15N mediated by AMF mycelium network, was 9.6%, and indirect transfer not mediated by AM mycelium network , was 69.2%.

scholarly journals Effect of Phosphorus Concentration on Growth of Muhlenbergia capillaris in Flooded and Non-Flooded Conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryne J. Christian ◽  
Amy N. Wright ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
Eve F. Brantley ◽  
Julie A. Howe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Rain Gardens ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Flooding Events

Research was conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphorus (P) concentration in irrigation water on growth of a southeastern U.S. native grass Muhlenbergia capillaris in flooded and non-flooded conditions. Plants of Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. (gulf muhly grass) growing in 3.8 liter (1 gal) containers in 85:15 sand:peat were flooded to the substrate surface for 0 (non-flooded) or 3 days (flooded). Between flooding events, plants were drained for 6 d with no additional irrigation. The flood-drain process was repeated five times. Non-flooded plants were hand watered as needed. Plants were irrigated (non-flooded) or flooded with one of several tap water solutions, each with a different P concentration ranging from 0 to 0.8 mg·liter−1 (ppm) P (hereafter referred to as P irrigation rate). The experiment was repeated once (total two runs). Shoot dry weight (SDW) root dry weight (RDW) were higher in non-flooded plants than in flooded plants in both runs. Shoot dry weight increased linearly with an increasing P irrigation rate, while RDW changed cubically with increasing P irrigation rates in run 1 (no effect on either in run 2). Phosphorus concentration in leachate increased with increasing P irrigation rate in run 1 but not in run 2. Phosphorus concentration in leachate was usually higher in flooded plants than in non-flooded plants in both runs. All plants maintained root and shoot growth when flooded suggesting M. capillaris would be appropriate native species for rain gardens or bioretention areas. Phosphorus concentrations in leachate were lower than what was applied indicating P was removed via plant uptake or substrate adsorption or both.

scholarly journals 246 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) Colonization of Carica papaya `Waimanalo' Grown in Composted Landscape Yard Trimmings

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 484E-484
Author(s):  
Chris A. Martin ◽  
L. Brooke McDowell ◽  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Jean C. Stutz
Keyword(s):  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Chihuahuan Desert ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Amf Communities

Seedlings of Carica papaya L. `Waimanalo' (papaya) were transplanted into 27-L containers filled with nonsterile composted landscape yard trimmings passed through a 1.3-cm screen. At transplanting, papaya plants were inoculated with either one of three different AMF communities or were not inoculated as control plants. Two of the AMF communities were from Arizona citrus orchards, and one AMF community was from an undisturbed western Chihuahuan Desert soil. After transplanting, papaya plants were grown for 4 months under well-watered conditions in a temperature-controlled (32 °C day/24 °C night) glasshouse (45% light exclusion). Control plants remained non-mycorrhizal. Total colonization of papaya roots by AMF communities ranged from 56% to 94%. Depending on mycorrhizal treatment, AMF arbuscules and internal hyphae were present in 30% to 60% and 20% to 24% of roots, respectively. Noticeably absent in papaya roots were AMF vesicles. Papaya height, trunk diameter, and leaf phosphorus concentration were similar for inoculated and control plants. Compared with control plants, papayas inoculated with AMF communities had about 20% less shoot dry weight and about 50% less root dry weight. Under nonlimiting conditions in an organic substrate, AMF communities did not stimulate papaya growth but rather appeared to function as a carbon sink.

Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on localization of ABA, AZP, and dehydrins in wheat plant roots during dehydration

Biomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-336
Author(s):  
A.R. Lubyanova ◽  
F.M. Shakirova ◽  
M.V. Bezrukova
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Apoplastic Barrier ◽  
Protective Proteins

We studied the immunohistochemical localization of abscisic acid (ABA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and dehydrins in the roots of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) during 24-epibrassinolide-pretreatment (EB-pretreatment) and PEG-induced dehydration. It was found coimmunolocalization of ABA, WGA and dehydrins in the cells of central cylinder of basal part untreated and EB-pretreated roots of wheat seedlings under normal conditions and under osmotic stress. Such mutual localization ABA and protective proteins, WGA and dehydrins, indicates the possible effect of their distribution in the tissues of EB-pretreated wheat roots during dehydration on the apoplastic barrier functioning, which apparently contributes to decrease the water loss under dehydration. Perhaps, the significant localization of ABA and wheat lectin in the metaxylem region enhances EB-induced transport of ABA and WGA from roots to shoots under stress. It can be assumed that brassinosteroids can serve as intermediates in the realization of the protective effect of WGA and wheat dehydrins during water deficit.

Cell Size and Pretransplant Nutritional Conditioning Influences Early Vine Growth and Yield of Transplanted Watermelon

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 594e-594
Author(s):  
Charles J. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Research is needed to better understand the influence of cell volume and fertility on watermelon transplant size and field performance in order to determine the most economic production practices. `Jubilee' watermelon transplants were grown using a 4 x 4 factorial experimental design consisting of 4 cell volumes (30.7, 65.5, 147.5, and 349.6 cm3) and 4 fertility rates (0, 1/4, 1/2, and full-strength Hoagland's solution). Transplant shoot dry weight significantly increased as cell volume and fertility increased. Increasing cell volume linearly increased watermelon number/ha and tons/ha for early and total harvest in 1995. The average weight per watermelon significantly increased for early-harvested fruit but not for total harvest as cell volume increased in 1995. Soluble solids concentration linearly increased with increasing cell volume for early and total harvests in 1995. Cell volume had no significant influence on the harvest parameters measured in 1997. In 1995, increasing fertility linearly increased watermelon number/ha and tons/ha for early harvests. Increasing fertility increased the soluble solids concentration linearly for early-harvested watermelons in 1997 but not in 1995. Fertility rate had no significant influence on any of the other harvest parameters measured in 1995 and 1997. The growing conditions and disease pressure in 1997 reduced melons/ha, yield, and soluble solids content when compared to 1995 values. The half-strength Hoagland's solution produced the greatest number of watermelons/ha, tons/ha, and the highest soluble solids concentration in 1995 and 1997. Pretransplant nutritional conditioning had no significant effect on total `Jubilee' watermelon production in Louisiana for 1995 and 1997.

Effects of an Autoregulatory Senescence-inhibitor Gene Construct on Nicotiana alata Link and Otto.

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 519d-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Schroeder ◽  
Dennis P. Stimart
Keyword(s):  
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nicotiana Alata ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Delayed Senescence ◽  
Gene Construct ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Inhibitor System

Nicotiana alata Link and Otto. was transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens encoding a senescence-specific promoter SAG12 cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana fused to a Agrobacterium tumefaciens gene encoding isopentenyl transferase (IPT) that catalyzes cytokinin synthesis. This was considered an autoregulatory senescence-inhibitor system. In 1996, we reported delayed senescence of intact flowers by 2 to 6 d and delayed leaf senescence of transgenic vs. wild-type N. alata. Further evaluations in 1997 revealed several other interesting effects of the SAG12-IPT gene construct. Measurement of chlorophyll content of mature leaves showed higher levels of both chlorophyll a and b in transgenic material under normal fertilization and truncated fertilization regimes. At 4 to 5 months of age transgenic plants expressed differences in plant height, branching, and dry weight. Plant height was reduced by 3 to 13 cm; branch counts increased 2 to 3 fold; and shoot dry weight increased up to 11 g over wild-type N. alata. These observations indicate the system is not tightly autoregulated and may prove useful to the floriculture industry for producing compact and more floriferous plants.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MINERAL DEFICIENCY ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND ON SHOOT AND ROOT MINERAL PARTITIONING IN THREE SUNFLOWER VARIETIES / EFECTO DE LA FALTA DE ELEMENTOS MINERALAS SOBRE LOS PARAMENTROS MORFOLOGICOS Y FISIOLOGICOS Y REPARTICION DE ELEMENTOS MINERALES DE LA PARTE SOBRE EL SUELO Y DE LA RAIZ EN TRES VARIEDADES / INFLUENCE DE LA CARENCE D’ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX SUR LES PARAMÈTRES MORPHOLOGIQUES ET PHYSIOLOGIQUES ET SUR LA DISTRIBUTION DES ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX ENTRE LA PARTIE AÉRIENNE ET LA RACINE POUR TROIS SORTES DE TOURNESOL

Helia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (35) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
Mohammed El Midaoui ◽  
Ahmed Talouizte ◽  
Benbella Mohamed ◽  
Serieys Hervé ◽  
Ait Houssa Abdelhadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Matter Effect

SUMMARYAn experiment has been carried out in order to study the behaviour under mineral deficiency of three sunflower genotypes, a population variety (Oro 9) and two hybrids (Mirasol and Albena). Sunflower seedlings were submitted to five treatments: N deficiency (N0), P deficiency (P0), K deficiency (K0), N and K deficiency (N0K0) and a control. Plants were harvested when they reached 3-4 true pairs of leaves. Growth parameters measured (height, total leaf area, root length, root and shoot dry mater) were all significantly reduced by mineral deficiency. Leaf area was most reduced by N0 (-61%) and P0 (-56%). Total dry matter was most affected by N0 (-63%) and by N0K0 (-66%). Genotype comparisons showed that Oro 9 had the highest shoot dry matter while Albena had the lowest root dry matter. Effect of mineral deficiency on content and partitioning of N, P, K, Ca and Na was significant and varied according to treatments and among plant parts. Shoot dry weight was significantly correlated with root N content (r2=0.81) and root K content (r2=-0.61) for N0 and K0.

scholarly journals Applications of plant growth promoting bacteria and Trichoderma spp. for controlling Orobanche crenata in faba bean

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ahmed Touny El-Dabaa ◽  
Hassan Abd-El-Khair
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Orobanche Crenata ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Abstract Background Orobanche crenata is an obligate root parasite belonging to Orbanchaceae. Broomrape causes great damage to the faba bean. Several attempts were applied for controlling parasitic weeds. So, the aim of this work is to study the application of Trichoderma spp. as well as three rhizobacteria species in comparison to herbicidal effect of Glyphosate (Glialka 48% WSC) for controlling broomrape infesting faba bean (Vicia faba). Materials and methods Three pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt during two successive winter seasons. Trichoderma inocula were adjusted to 3.6 × 108 propagules/ml and the bacterium inocula were adjusted at 107–109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml. All treatments were applied, before 1 week of sowing, at rate of 50 ml per pot in experiments I and II, while 100 ml per pot in experiment III. Results Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum, T. viride and T. vierns) as well as three rhizobacteria species (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus) enhanced the growth parameters in faba bean plants, i.e. shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and leaf number in the first experiment when applied without O. crenata infection. In the second experiment, all bio-control could protect plants against O. crenata infection, where it had better juvenile number reduction, than glyphosate after 2 months of application. Both B. subtilis and B. pumilus had the highest reduction to juvenile fresh weight, while their effect was equal to herbicide for juvenile dry weight, respectively. The bio-control agents had high effects until the 4th month, but it was less than that of the herbicide. In experiment III, the bio-control agents could highly reduce the juvenile parameters after 2 months, as well as juvenile fresh weight and juvenile dry weight after 4 months, than the herbicide, respectively. The bio-control agents were effective until 6 months, but less than the herbicide effect. All bio-control treatments highly increased the plant growth parameters, than the herbicide. Conclusion The application of Trichoderma spp. as well as rhizobacteria species could play an important role in controlling broomrape in faba bean as a natural bioherbicide.

Increase in phosphorus concentration reduces the toxicity of copper in wheat roots (Triticum aestivum L.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Álvaro Luís Pasquetti Berghetti ◽  
Maisa Didone Wohlenberg ◽  
Juliete Araújo da Silva ◽  
Lucas Antônio Telles Rodrigues ◽  
Qamar Sarfaraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Wheat Roots

scholarly journals Testing the potential of LEDs to enhance growth and quality characteristics of Salvia fruticosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 98-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippos Bantis ◽  
Kalliopi Radoglou
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Radiation Spectra ◽  
Salvia Fruticosa ◽  
Developmental Characteristics

The effect of light-emitting diodes (LED) with broad radiation spectra on developmental, physiological, and phytochemical characteristics of Greek sage (Salvia fruticosa L.) seedlings was assessed. Fluorescent (FL – control) tubes and four LED lights [AP67 (moderate blue, red and far-red), L20AP67 (moderate blue, red and far-red, high green), AP673L (moderate blue, high red) and NS1 (high blue and green, low red, high red : far-red, 1% ultraviolet)] were used in a growth chamber. Seedlings grown under FL, L20AP67 and AP673L exhibited the best morphological and developmental characteristics. FL led to inferior root biomass formation compared to all LEDs. AP67 promoted greater root-to-shoot dry weight ratio and dry-to-fresh overground and root weight ratios, but induced the least morphological and developmental characteristics. NS1 performed well regarding the root biomass production. Total phenolic content and the root growth capacity were not significantly affected. The present study demonstrates that L20AP67 and AP673L LEDs performed equally to FL light regarding the developmental characteristics. AP67 and NS1 may have the potential to be used for compact seedling production.

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