scholarly journals Effect of quantity and source of rumen nitrogen on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in steers consuming tropical forage

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Bowen ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
S. R. McLennan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dilution Rate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Grass Hay

Low values for the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) in cattle consuming tropical forages are related to low rumen degradable crude protein (RDP) intakes. This study examined the effect on the EMPS of the quantity and source of nitrogen (N) supplied to the rumen of eight entire and four rumen-fistulated Brahman steers consuming mature tropical grass hay (57.3 g crude protein/kg DM). Four treatment diets were fed in a Latin square design and included a basal diet of mature pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha) hay (control) and hay plus supplements estimated to provide 150 g RDP/kg digestible organic matter intake (DOMI), as urea or casein, or 300 g RDP/kg DOMI as casein. The EMPS was only increased (P < 0.05) above that for the control diet (167 vs 123 g microbial crude protein (MCP)/kg DOMI) when RDP was provided at the highest rate of 293 g/kg DOMI. This increase was also associated with an ~4-fold increase in the concentration of NH3-N (277 vs 73 mg/L) and of branched-chain volatile fatty acids (44 vs 10 mmol/mol of total volatile fatty acids) in rumen fluid of the steers. However, the source of rumen degradable N (urea or casein) had no effect on the EMPS (109–115 g MCP/kg DOMI) when supplied at ~150 g RDP/kg DOMI. There was no effect of treatment on in vivo neutral detergent fibre digestibility (599 g/kg DM) or the rate (0.037/h) or extent (potential degradable fraction: 636 g/kg OM) of in sacco disappearance of pangola grass hay. In addition, rumen particle dilution rate was unaffected by treatment (0.022/h) and rumen fluid dilution rate, although showing some treatment differences (0.048–0.062/h), was poorly correlated with EMPS. It was concluded that only high amounts of RDP supply to the rumen, in the form of true protein, resulted in increased EMPS whereas at the lower intakes of RDP formulated to achieve EMPS in the range suggested in the feeding standards (130–170 g MCP/kg DOMI) there was no difference in providing the RDP as non-protein N or degradable-protein.

Ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed diets with different levels of date pulp

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 636 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Khezri ◽  
S. Javidan ◽  
O. Dayani ◽  
R. Tahmasbi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Different Levels

Four ruminally cannulated mature Kermani sheep (50 ± 2.3 kg and 40 ± 2.1 months old) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of diets with different levels of date pulp (DP) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis. DP was replaced for wheat bran in diets at no DP (0 DP), 7 (7 DP), 14 (14 DP) and 21% (21 DP) of diet dry matter (DM) and were fed twice daily (0800 hours and 1800 hours). In this study, increasing the amount of DP in diets of sheep did not affect DM intake and apparent digestibility of nutrient (P > 0.05). Inclusion of DP in diets increased ruminal pH linearly (P < 0.05), but did not influence total volatile fatty acids and molar proportion of individual volatile fatty acids (P > 0.05). Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration (6.04 vs 10.13 mmol/L), and blood urea nitrogen (8.59 vs 13.10 mg/dL) were affected by diets (P < 0.05). Moreover, urinary nitrogen excretion was higher (P < 0.05) for Control diet (no DP) than the 21 DP diet. In this study, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were affected by experimental diets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study showed that DP at 14% can be used as an alternative feed resource in sheep nutrition especially in semiarid areas.

Manipulation of rumen fermentation in sheep by increasing the rate of flow of water from the rumen

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Harrison ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
D. F. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dilution Rate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Glucose Polymer ◽  
Carbohydrate Digestion ◽  
Total Amino Acids

SUMMARYThe effects of an altered rumen dilution rate (D) upon the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen liquor, VFA production rate, microbial protein synthesis and carbohydrate digestion within the rumen were studied using adult wether sheep.Dilution rate and VFA proportions were unaltered by the infusion of up to 121 water/day into the rumen of sheep fed dried grass and concentrate (9:1). There was a small but significant (P< 0·05) increase in the rumen volume when the infusion rate was increased from 8 to 12 1/day.The intraruminal infusion of artificial saliva (41/day), or artificial saliva containing 4% or 8% w/v polyethylene glycol (PEG) caused a significant increase in D with an associated decline in the molar proportion of propionate (Pr) in the rumen liquor. A similar effect was obtained with the intraruminal infusion of 2·5% w/v sodium bicarbonate. The overall regression of Pr on D was highly significant: Pr = 32·5–82·1D;r= –0·99, P < 0·001.A diet of flaked maize: dried grass (6:4) was offered to three sheep each fitted with a rumen cannula and with a re-entrant cannula at the proximal duodenum. The intraruminal infusion (4 1/day) of artificial saliva containing 4% w/v PEG caused a significant (P< 0·01) increase in D and a significant (P< 0·01) depression in Pr in two animals. The dilution rate and Pr in the third animal were virtually unaltered by infusion. The regression of Pr on D for the three animals was highly significant: Pr = 34·8–136·8D; r = –0·98, P < 0·001. Each increase in D was associated with an increased flow of α-linked glucose polymer, total amino acids and total microbial amino acids into the small intestine and with an increased efficiency of microbial protein synthesis within the rumen.

scholarly journals Produk Fermentasi Rumen dan Produksi Protein Mikroba Sapi Lokal yang Diberi Pakan Jerami Amoniasi dan Beberapa Bahan Pakan Sumber Energi

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Novita Hindratiningrum ◽  
Muhamad Bata ◽  
Setya Agus Santosa
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis

Products of rumen fermentation and protein microbial of dairy cattle feed with rice bran ammonization and some feedstuffs as an energy sourcesABSTRACT. This study aims to examine the energy sources of feed ingredients that can increase the production of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), N-NH3, microbial protein synthesis, total gas production and metabolic energy. The material used is as a source of rumen fluid inoculum from Frisian Holstein cows (FH) females, amoniasi rice straw, salt, mineral mix brand "Ultra Minerals' production Eka Farma Semarang, onggok wet and dry, corn, and rice bran. Observed variable is the concentration of (VFA), N-NH3, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and total gas production. Based on the analysis of diversity seen any significant effect (P0.05) on total VFA concentration, N-NH3 and total gas but had no effect (P0.05) on microbial protein synthesis. Conclusion of research is the provision of energy sources with rice bran treatment, onggok wet and dry corn flour can be used as fermentable carbohydrates on feed hay amoniasi in vitro.

Effect of banana flower powder on rumen fermentation, synthesis of microbial protein and nutrient digestibility in swamp buffaloes

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Metha Wanapat ◽  
Thiwakorn Ampapon ◽  
Kampanat Phesatcha ◽  
Sungchhang Kang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Banana Flower

Replacement of chemical compounds by dietary sources as rumen enhancers have been of great interest and concern by researchers. Four, rumen-fistulated swamp buffalo bulls with average liveweight of 365 ± 15.0 kg were randomly assigned to treatments, to investigate the impact of banana flower powder (BAFLOP) as a rumen modifier on pH, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and volatile fatty acids. All buffaloes were allotted according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Dietary supplementation treatments were as follows: 2 g concentrate/kg bodyweight (BW; T1), 15 g concentrate/kg BW (T2), 15 g concentrate/kg BW plus BAFLOP 300 g/head.day (T3) and 15 g concentrate/kg BW plus BAFLOP 600 g/head.day (T4). Untreated rice straw was fed ad libitum. The findings showed that total feed intake was increased in buffaloes fed a diet supplemented with concentrate at 2 g/kg BW, while rice straw intake was reduced. Nutrient digestibility was increased by BAFLOP supplementation at both levels (T3 and T4; P &lt; 0.05). Ruminal pH dropped (5.9) in buffaloes fed with concentrate at 15 g/kg BW, while buffaloes with BAFLOP supplementation could maintain ruminal pH when fed with high-concentrate diet. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen increased in the buffaloes fed concentrate at 15 g/kg BW, especially with BAFLOP supplementation. Feeding high-concentrate diet increased the concentrations of ruminal total volatile fatty acids and propionic acid (C3), while the concentration of acetic acid and the acetic acid:C3 ratio and methane production were subsequently reduced (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was increased by the BAFLOP feeding (P &lt; 0.05). In the present study, using BAFLOP as a dietary rumen enhancer at 300–600 g/head.day resulted in an increased rumen pH, C3 concentration, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis, while mitigating ruminal methane production. Higher nutrient digestibility and lower ruminal methane production, more dietary energy and production efficiency are expected.

scholarly journals Efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis in cattle grazing tropical pastures as estimated by a novel technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1702 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Bowen ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
S. R. McLennan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Tropical Grass

The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) in cattle grazing a range of tropical pasture types was examined using a new method of intra-jugular infusion of chromium–EDTA to estimate urinary excretion of purine derivatives. Seven pasture types were studied in south-eastern Queensland, Australia, over a 13-month period. These included native tropical grass (C4) pasture (major species Heteropogon contortus and Bothriochloa bladhii) studied in the early wet, the wet–dry transition and the dry season; introduced tropical grass (C4) pasture (Bothriochloa insculpta) in the mid-wet season; two introduced tropical legume species (C3; Lablab purpureus and Clitoria ternatea); and the temperate-grass (C3) pasture, ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). There was a large range in EMPS across pasture types, with a range of 26–209 g microbial crude protein per kilogram digestible organic matter intake (DOMI). Estimated rumen-degradable protein (RDP) supply (42–525 g/kg DOMI) was the major factor associated with EMPS across the range of pasture types studied. EMPS in steers grazing all tropical grass pastures was low (&lt;130 g/kg DOMI) and limited by RDP supply. Negative linear relationships (P &lt; 0.05) between EMPS and concentrations of both neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre in extrusa were evident. However, non-fibre carbohydrate in extrusa, total non-structural carbohydrate concentration in plucked pasture leaf, rumen fluid and particle dilution rate, protozoal concentration in rumen fluid and rumen fluid pH were not correlated with EMPS. It was concluded that EMPS was well below 130 g microbial crude protein per kilogram DOMI when cattle grazed unfertilised, tropical grass pastures in south-eastern Queensland and that RDP was the primary limiting nutrient. High EMPS was associated with a very high RDP, vastly in excess of RDP requirements by microbes.

Rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in cattle given intraruminal infusions of lactic acid with a grass silage based diet

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jaakkola ◽  
P. Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Grass Silage

SUMMARYFour Friesian bulls with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to study the effects of lactic acid (LA) on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. On a dry matter (DM) basis (g/kg), the basal diet comprised grass silage (700), barley (240) and rapeseed meal (60) and it was given at the rate of 7·1 kg DM/day. LA was infused continuously into the rumen at the rates of 0 (L0), 40 (L40), 80 (L80) or 120 (L120) g/kg basal diet DM.The molar proportion of propionate in the rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased linearly (P < 0.001) and that of acetate, isovalerate, caproate (P < 0.01) and isobutyrate (P < 005) decreased linearly with an increasing rate of LA infusion. At the same time there was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in the number of rumen protozoa. When the metabolic fate of infused LA was calculated on a molar basis, 0.21 of lactic acid was converted to acetate, 0·52 to propionate and 0.27 to butyrate.Infusion of LA into the rumen had no effect on the site or extent of the digestion of basal diet organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). LA diets tended to have a lower microbial N flow at the duodenum (71·4 v. 85·8 g N/day) and lower synthetic efficiency in the rumen (14·4 v. 20.4 g N/kg OM apparently fermented) when compared with the control diet. The ratio of duodenal non-ammonia N to N intake was highest with the control diet and lowest with L40, the effect of the LA rate being quadratic (P < 0·05). The results suggest that propionate was the main end-product of lactic acid fermentation in the rumen with the grass silage based diet. Lactic acid had no value as an energy source for microbial protein synthesis.

scholarly journals Changes of Nitrogen Compounds During Ensiling of High Protein Herbages – A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Fijałkowska ◽  
Barbara Pysera ◽  
Krzysztof Lipiński ◽  
Danuta Strusińska
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Fermentation Inhibitors ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Positive Effects

Abstract Losses of crude protein during ensiling of herbages, in contrast to carbohydrates, do not affect the reduction of its content; their form is changed into greater solubility non-protein compounds and also highly degraded forms, which lower the efficiency of the microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. These processes are accompanied by a change of amino acid composition of herbage protein and decrease in intestinal digestibility of protein from feeds as a result of the formation of indigestible complexes with carbohydrates (ADIN). Reduction of protein degradation in silages is achieved by accelerated acidity through addition of acids or dominance of homofermentative bacteria. The positive effects of fermentation inhibitors or sorbents use, as well as the wilting of raw material on the level and rate of protein degradation were demonstrated by many researchers. A greater contribution of protein nitrogen and reduction of deamination in silages can also be obtained by using bacteria inoculants. Increasing the proportion of protein nitrogen is accompanied by the improved efficiency of microbial protein synthesis.

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