The effects of condensed tannins from Dorycnium rectum on skatole and indole ruminal biogenesis for grazing sheep

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Tavendale ◽  
Geoffrey A. Lane ◽  
Nicola M. Schreurs ◽  
Karl Fraser ◽  
Lucy P. Meagher
Keyword(s):  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Indolic Compounds ◽  
Selection Of

Skatole and indole are flavour compounds formed in the rumen, which are key factors in the pastoral flavour of meat and milk products. A selection of indolic compounds has been screened for their potential to form skatole and indole on in vitro fermentation, with rumen inocula collected from New Zealand pasture-fed sheep. Typically, 8% (P < 0.005) of added tryptophan was converted to indole and 54% (P < 0.001) was converted to skatole via indole acetic acid (IAA). The addition to rumen inocula of a condensed tannin (CT) fraction isolated from the forage legume, Dorycnium rectum, reduced the conversion of plant protein to skatole and indole by 75% and specifically inhibited the transformation of IAA to skatole by 85% (P < 0.001). The conversion of tryptophan to indole or IAA was not affected by CTs. The inhibitory effect of CTs on the conversion of tryptophan to skatole was prevented by the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the rumen inocula prior to the addition of CTs, but not by the addition of PEG subsequent to CTs, demonstrating that interactions between CTs and microbes involved in skatole biosynthesis are not reversible by PEG. This study is the first to demonstrate that isolated CTs have an inhibitory effect on the conversion of protein to skatole and indole by rumen microbes, and that CTs specifically inhibit the transformation of IAA to skatole by rumen microbes.

scholarly journals Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction in Dendrobium officinale Leaves and Their Inhibitory Effects on Tyrosinase Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haixia Lu ◽  
Ke Yang ◽  
Lianghui Zhan ◽  
Tingting Lu ◽  
Xue Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Tyrosinase Activity ◽  
Dendrobium Officinale ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Extraction Technology ◽  
Steepest Ascent ◽  
Burman Design ◽  
Solid Liquid

In order to establish the extraction technology of flavonoids from Dendrobium officinale leaves, a method combining Plackett–Burman design (PBD), steepest ascent design, and central composite design was developed to optimize the extraction of flavonoids. In addition, the tyrosinase activity inhibition of flavonoids was further tested in vitro. PBD results showed that ethanol concentration and number of extractions were key factors. Response surface methodology (RSM) indicated that the optimal extraction conditions were 78% ethanol concentration, six extraction times, 2 h, and 1:50 solid-liquid ratio. Under these conditions, the total flavonoid content could reach 35 mg/50 mL. In vitro tyrosinase experiment, the extracted total flavonoids had better inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity than β-arbutin, and its inhibition rate for monophenolase and diphenolase exceeded 100% and 70%, respectively. These results indicate that RSM can effectively improve the extraction of flavonoids from Dendrobium officinale leaves and the flavonoids have the prospect of being applied to foods and cosmetics.

scholarly journals REJECTION OF TUMOR ALLOGRAFTS BY MOUSE SPLEEN CELLS SENSITIZED IN VITRO

1971 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irun R. Cohen ◽  
Amiela Globerson ◽  
Michael Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Mouse Spleen ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Functional Assay ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Growth Of Tumor ◽  
Selection Of

This paper reports a model system of cellular immunity in which allosensitization of mouse spleen cells is induced in vitro. Allosensitization was achieved by culturing spleen cells upon monolayers of allogeneic fibroblasts. The ability of the spleen cells to inhibit the growth of tumor allografts in vivo served as a functional assay of sensitization. We found that unsensitized spleen cells or spleen cells sensitized against unrelated fibroblast antigens had no inhibitory effect on the growth of allogeneic fibrosarcoma cells when they were injected together into irradiated recipients. In contrast, spleen cells which were specifically allosensitized in vitro were found to be highly effective in inhibiting the growth of an equal number of allogeneic tumor cells. Several times more spleen cells from mice sensitized in vivo were required to produce a similar immune effect. This confirms the findings of previous studies which indicate that sensitization in cell culture can promote the selection of specifically sensitized lymphocytes. Preincubating sensitizing fibroblasts with allo-antisera blocked the allosensitization of spleen cells. This suggests that antibodies binding to fibroblasts may inhibit the induction of sensitization by competing with lymphocytes for antigenic sites. Mouse spleen cells which were able to recognize and reject tumor allografts in vivo were unable to cause lysis of target fibroblasts in vitro. Such fibroblasts, however, were susceptible to lysis by rat lymphoid cells sensitized by a similar in vitro method. These findings indicate that the conditions required for lymphocyte-mediated lysis of target cells may not be directly related to the processes of antigen recognition and allograft rejection in vivo.

In Vitro Fermentation of the Non-Starch Polysaccahride Fraction of Tropical Forage Legumes

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 135-135
Author(s):  
A.C. Longland ◽  
R.D. Pilgrim ◽  
J. Thorpe ◽  
S.J. Lister ◽  
P. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Acacia Cyanophylla ◽  
Tropical Forage

The fibre fraction (= non-starch polysaccharides; NSP) of tropical forage legumes is a potentially important source of dietary energy. Such legumes, however often contain tannins which can reduce the fermentability of the NSP fraction. In this study, the monosaccharide composition and in vitro digestibility of the NSP fraction of eleven tropical forage legumes varying in condensed tannin content, were investigated.Milled, lyophilised leaves of 5 species of forage legume from Ethiopia, Sesbania goetzei (SG), Sesbania sesban (SS) Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Acacia cyanophylla (AC), Chamaecytisus palmensis (CP)) and six from Colombia, Calliandra sp. 29400 (C), Dioclea guianensis (DG), Flemingia macrophylla 77409 (FM) Tadehagi sp. 23227 (T23), 13269 (T69) and 13275 (T75)) were used. One gram samples were fermented at 39°C for 7 d under anaerobic conditions in modified Van Soest medium inoculated with bovine rumen fluid (5 replicates per species). At the end of the fermentation period, residues were filtered, washed with distilled water and lyophilised. The NSP content and composition of the original samples and their residues were determined by the method of Englyst and Cummings (1984). The bound, soluble and total condensed tannin contents of the original samples were determined by the method of Terrill et al. (1992).

scholarly journals MINIMIZE THE HYDROGENATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACID IN RUMEN WITH FORMALDEHYDE

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nafly C. Tiven ◽  
Lies Mira Yusiati ◽  
Rusman Rusman ◽  
Umar Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Female Sheep ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Range Test

This research aimed to know the ability of formaldehyde to protect unsaturated fatty acid of CPO on the hydrogenation process by rumen microbes. In this experiment, the in vitro fermentation of rumen fluid was carrying out. It was taken from the rumen-trocar of female sheep. The unsaturated fatty acid source was from CPO (Crude Palm Oil) which encapsulated by formaldehyde 37% within 0%, 1%, 2% and 3%. The data was analyzed by Completely Random Design with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. The difference of means the treatments were tested by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. Result showed that oleic and linoleic resulting from fermenting CPO protected by formaldehyde was increase if it was compared with the unprotected CPO. It can be concluded that encapsulated CPO with formaldehyde was able to prevent hydrogenating of unsaturated fatty acid, mainly oleic and linoleic.

scholarly journals PSIX-11 In vitro fermentation parameters of defatted hemp samples at different levels of irrigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 422-423
Author(s):  
Aghata Silva ◽  
Aaron Norris ◽  
Arturo Franco ◽  
Felipe H De Moura ◽  
Mozart Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
P Value ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the influence of defatted hemp under three irrigation regimes (0, 100, and 200 mm: DF0, DF1, and DF2 respectively) on in vitro fermentation parameters relative to alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Fermentation kinetics was accessed through in vitro gas production technique. Two ruminally cannulated Angus steers were used as inoculum donors in four incubation runs. For each incubation, four 160-mL serum bottles containing 200 mg of air-dried samples were incubated in 14 mL of buffering media and 4 mL of rumen inoculum. Each incubation spanned 48h with gas production measured at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48-h post-incubation. In vitro true digestibility of dry matter (IVTDMD) and organic matter (IVTOMD), total gas production (TGP), metabolizable energy (ME) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. Hemp and alfalfa were compared via orthogonal contrast using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (version 9.4) with treatment as fixed effect and run as a random. Relative to alfalfa (Alf) hemp displayed increased TGP (P &lt; 0.01; 31.1 vs. 27.47 mL) that remained following correction for DM and OM (P ≤ 0.05). Similarly, IVTDMD and IVTOMD were higher for hemp (P &lt; 0.01; 77.7 vs. 70.2% and 81.7 vs. 73.9%). Hemp yielded slightly higher ME (P = 0.03) but equivalent total VFA production when compared to Alf (P = 0.62), even when corrected for DM and OM. Irrigation at 200 mm decreased TGP and fermentability of fat-extracted hemp (p-value). Results also indicate that irrigation at its highest level is detrimental to the availability of ME for rumen microbes, but not with the expense of the in vitro digestibility (IVTDMD and IVTOMD) nor in total VFA produced. In conclusion, defatted hemp samples appear to have greater digestibility and ME with equivalent VFA production relative to alfalfa.

scholarly journals Storage time and condensed tannin content of high-moisture sorghum grains: Effects on in vitro fermentation and mold populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Carmen García y Santos ◽  
Lina Bettucci ◽  
Sebastián Brambillasca ◽  
Cecilia Cajarville
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Sorghum Grains

scholarly journals Effects of Essential Fatty Acid Supplementation on in vitro Fermentation Indices, Greenhouse Gas, Microbes, and Fatty Acid Profiles in the Rumen

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sardar Muhammad Amanullah ◽  
Dong Hyeon Kim ◽  
Dimas Hand Vidya Paradhipta ◽  
Hyuk Jun Lee ◽  
Young Hoo Joo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Methanogenic Archaea ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
Gas Volume

This study estimated the effect of essential fatty acid (FA) supplementation on fermentation indices, greenhouse gases, microbes, and FA profiles in the rumen. The treatments used pure FAs consisting of C18:2n-6 FA (LA), C18:3n-3 FA (LNA), or a mixture of these FAs at 1:1 ratio (Combo). In vitro rumen incubation was performed in 50 mL glass serum bottles containing 2 mg of pure FAs, 15 mL of rumen buffer (rumen fluid+anaerobe culture medium = 1:2), and 150 mg of synthetic diet (411 g cellulose, 411 g starch, and 178 g casein/kg dry matter) at 39°C for 8 h with five replications and three blanks. In rumen fermentation indices, LA exhibited highest (P &lt; 0.05) ammonia-N and total gas volume after 8 h of incubation. Furthermore, LA presented lower (P &lt; 0.05) pH with higher (P &lt; 0.05) total volatile fatty acid (P = 0.034) than Combo, while LNA was not different compared with those in the other treatments. Additionally, Combo produced highest (P &lt; 0.05) CO2 with lowest (P &lt; 0.05) CH4. In the early hours of incubation, LA improved (P &lt; 0.005) Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, while LNA improved (P &lt; 0.005) Ruminococcus albus. After 8 h of incubation, LNA had lower (P &lt; 0.05) methanogenic archaea than LA and Combo but had higher (P &lt; 0.05) rumen ciliates than LA. R. albus was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in LA than in LNA and Combo. It was observed that the rate of biohydrogenation of n-6 and n-3 FAs was comparatively lowest (P &lt; 0.05) in Combo, characterized by higher C18:2n-6 and/or C18:3n-3 FA and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) concentrations with lower (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of C18:0 and saturated FA and the ratio of saturated FAs to PUFAs. Therefore, this study concluded that dietary C18:2n-6 could improve populations of fibrolytic bacteria and rumen fermentation indices, but dietary mixture of pure C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 is recommended because it is effective in reducing enteric methane emissions and resisting biohydrogenation in the rumen with less effect on rumen microbes.

scholarly journals Why Is the Correct Selection of Trichoderma Strains Important? The Case of Wheat Endophytic Strains of T. harzianum and T. simmonsii

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1087
Author(s):  
Alberto Pedrero-Méndez ◽  
H. Camilo Insuasti ◽  
Theodora Neagu ◽  
María Illescas ◽  
M. Belén Rubio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Biocontrol Potential ◽  
Selection Of

The search for endophytic fungi in the roots of healthy wheat plants from a non-irrigation field trial allowed us to select 4 out of a total of 54 cultivable isolates belonging to the genus Trichoderma, identified as T. harzianum T136 and T139, T. simmonsii T137, and T. afroharzianum T138. In vitro assays against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum showed that the T. harzianum strains had the highest biocontrol potential and that T136 exhibited the highest cellulase and chitinase activities. Production patterns of eight phytohormones varied among the Trichoderma strains. All four, when applied alone or in combination, colonized roots of other wheat cultivars and promoted seed germination, tillering, and plant growth under optimal irrigation conditions in the greenhouse. Apart from T136, the endophytic Trichoderma strains showed plant protection capacity against drought as they activated the antioxidant enzyme machinery of the wheat plants. However, T. simmonsii T137 gave the best plant size and spike weight performance in water-stressed plants at the end of the crop. This trait correlated with significantly increased production of indole acetic acid and abscisic acid and increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity by T137. This study shows the potential of Trichoderma endophytes and that their success in agricultural systems requires careful selection of suitable strains.

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