scholarly journals Why Is the Correct Selection of Trichoderma Strains Important? The Case of Wheat Endophytic Strains of T. harzianum and T. simmonsii

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1087
Author(s):  
Alberto Pedrero-Méndez ◽  
H. Camilo Insuasti ◽  
Theodora Neagu ◽  
María Illescas ◽  
M. Belén Rubio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Biocontrol Potential ◽  
Selection Of

The search for endophytic fungi in the roots of healthy wheat plants from a non-irrigation field trial allowed us to select 4 out of a total of 54 cultivable isolates belonging to the genus Trichoderma, identified as T. harzianum T136 and T139, T. simmonsii T137, and T. afroharzianum T138. In vitro assays against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum showed that the T. harzianum strains had the highest biocontrol potential and that T136 exhibited the highest cellulase and chitinase activities. Production patterns of eight phytohormones varied among the Trichoderma strains. All four, when applied alone or in combination, colonized roots of other wheat cultivars and promoted seed germination, tillering, and plant growth under optimal irrigation conditions in the greenhouse. Apart from T136, the endophytic Trichoderma strains showed plant protection capacity against drought as they activated the antioxidant enzyme machinery of the wheat plants. However, T. simmonsii T137 gave the best plant size and spike weight performance in water-stressed plants at the end of the crop. This trait correlated with significantly increased production of indole acetic acid and abscisic acid and increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity by T137. This study shows the potential of Trichoderma endophytes and that their success in agricultural systems requires careful selection of suitable strains.

scholarly journals Characterization of Plant Growth-Promoting Traits and Inoculation Effects on Triticum durum of Actinomycetes Isolates under Salt Stress Conditions

Soil Systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Rihab Djebaili ◽  
Marika Pellegrini ◽  
Massimiliano Rossi ◽  
Cinzia Forni ◽  
Maria Smati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Greenhouse Experiment ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Assays

This study aimed to characterize the halotolerant capability, in vitro, of selected actinomycetes strains and to evaluate their competence in promoting halo stress tolerance in durum wheat in a greenhouse experiment. Fourteen isolates were tested for phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid, hydrocyanic acid, and ammonia production under different salt concentrations (i.e., 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 M NaCl). The presence of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity was also investigated. Salinity tolerance was evaluated in durum wheat through plant growth and development parameters: shoot and root length, dry and ash-free dry weight, and the total chlorophyll content, as well as proline accumulation. In vitro assays have shown that the strains can solubilize inorganic phosphate and produce indole acetic acid, hydrocyanic acid, and ammonia under different salt concentrations. Most of the strains (86%) had 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity, with significant amounts of α-ketobutyric acid. In the greenhouse experiment, inoculation with actinomycetes strains improved the morpho-biochemical parameters of durum wheat plants, which also recorded significantly higher content of chlorophylls and proline than those uninoculated, both under normal and stressed conditions. Our results suggest that inoculation of halotolerant actinomycetes can mitigate the negative effects of salt stress and allow normal growth and development of durum wheat plants.

scholarly journals Engraftment after infusion of CD34+ marrow cells in patients with breast cancer or neuroblastoma

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 1717-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Berenson ◽  
WI Bensinger ◽  
RS Hill ◽  
RG Andrews ◽  
J Garcia-Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Hematopoietic Progenitors ◽  
Cd34 Antigen ◽  
Stage Iv Breast Cancer ◽  
Cd34 Cells ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Marrow Cells

Abstract The CD34 antigen is expressed by 1% to 4% of human and baboon marrow cells, including virtually all hematopoietic progenitors detectable by in vitro assays. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that CD34+ marrow cells can engraft lethally irradiated baboons. Because the CD34 antigen has not been detected on most solid tumors, positive selection of CD34+ cells may be used to provide marrow cells capable of engraftment, but depleted of tumor cells. In seven patients with stage IV breast cancer and two patients with stage IV neuroblastoma, 2.5 to 17.5 x 10(9) marrow cells were separated by immunoadsorption with the anti-CD34 antibody 12–8 and 50 to 260 x 10(6) positively selected cells were recovered that were 64 +/- 16% (range 35% to 92%) CD34+. The patients received 1.0 to 5.2 x 10(6) CD34-enriched cells/kg after marrow ablative therapy. Six patients engrafted, achieving granulocyte counts of greater than 500/mm3 at 34 +/- 10 (range 21 to 47) days and platelets counts of greater than 20,000/mm3 at 46 +/- 14 (range 28 to 66) days posttransplant. Five of these patients showed durable engraftment until the time of death 82 to 386 days posttransplant. One patient failed to sustain engraftment associated with metastatic marrow disease. Three patients died at days 14, 14, and 17 posttransplant, two of whom had evidence of early engraftment. These studies suggest that CD34+ marrow cells are capable of reconstituting hematopoiesis in humans.

scholarly journals CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO CITRUS CULTIVAR IMPROVEMENT

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 699b-699
Author(s):  
Frederick G. Gmitter
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Citrus Breeding ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Citrus Cultivar ◽  
Nucellar Embryony ◽  
Induced Mutagenesis ◽  
Transformation Methods ◽  
Selection Of

Traditional methods of genetic manipulation have proven ineffective or irrelevant for many citrus breeding objectives. Alternative approaches to genetic improvement of citrus are now available as a result of technological developments in genetics and tissue culture. Mapping DNA markers on the Citrus genome should lead to identification of markers closely linked to important loci, thereby facilitating early selection and minimizing costs associated with plant size and juvenility. Genetic transformation methods provide opportunities for trait-specific modification of commercial cultivars. The selection of beneficial variants from sectored fruit chimeras, and the recovery of plants via somatic embryogenesis, can overcome the problems of nucellar embryony and the hybrid nature of commercial cultivar groups. Induced mutagenesis, using mature vegetative buds, may overcome size and juvenility, as well as nucellar embryony and hybridity. Ploidy level manipulation in vitro provides methods to overcome sterility, incompatibility, and nucellar embryony, and it can increase the number and diversity of tetraploid breeding parents available for development of seedless citrus triploids.

scholarly journals Potential of antimicrobial volatile organic compounds to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in bean seeds

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurício Batista Fialho ◽  
Maria Heloisa Duarte de Moraes ◽  
Annelise Roberta Tremocoldi ◽  
Sérgio Florentino Pascholati
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Ethyl Octanoate

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of an artificial mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in vitro and in bean seeds. The phytopathogenic fungus was exposed, in polystyrene plates, to an artificial atmosphere containing a mixture of six VOCs formed by alcohols (ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol and phenylethyl alcohol) and esters (ethyl acetate and ethyl octanoate), in the proportions found in the atmosphere naturally produced by yeast. Bean seeds artificially contamined with the pathogen were fumigated with the mixture of VOCs in sealed glass flasks for four and seven days. In the in vitro assays, the compounds 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol were the most active against S. sclerotiorum, completely inhibiting its mycelial growth at 0.8 µL mL-1, followed by the ethyl acetate, at 1.2 µL mL-1. Bean seeds fumigated with the VOCs at 3.5 µL mL-1 showed a 75% reduction in S. sclerotiorum incidence after four days of fumigation. The VOCs produced by S. cerevisiae have potential to control the pathogen in stored seeds.

ENHANCEMENT OF POLLEN GERMINATION BY PROMOTIVE FACTORS IN INCOMPATIBLE POLLEN

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-168
Author(s):  
Dan Eisikowitch ◽  
Hazel Y. Wetzstein
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Incompatible Pollen ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Compatible Pollen ◽  
Selection Of

Cultivated and wild almonds are self-incompatible and thus require outcrossing by insect pollinators to produce viable seed. In commercial production, considerable efforts are directed towards placement and selection of cultivars for cross-pollination. However, since honeybees do not distinguish between the different cultivars, stigmas are usually covered by a mixture of both compatible and incompatible pollen. Using in vitro assays, we demonstrated that pollen extracts promoted germination in self pollen with no inhibitory effects observed. Elemental analyses of pollen extracts showed that enhanced levels of Ca, Mg, K, Na, and P were eluted from the grains. From this, we raise the question of possible interaction between compatible and incompatible pollen, and speculate that incompatible pollen grains may support and enhance germination of adjacent compatible pollen.

scholarly journals Biomimetic Approaches for the Development of New Antifouling Solutions: Study of Incorporation of Macroalgae and Sponge Extracts for the Development of New Environmentally-Friendly Coatings

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Sánchez-Lozano ◽  
Claudia Judith Hernández-Guerrero ◽  
Mauricio Muñoz-Ochoa ◽  
Claire Hellio
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Marine Biotechnology ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Selection Of

Biofouling causes major economic losses in the maritime industry. In our site study, the Bay of La Paz (Gulf of California), biofouling on immersed structures is a major problem and is treated mostly with copper-based antifouling paints. Due to the known environmental effect of such treatments, the search for environmentally friendly alternatives in this zone of high biodiversity is a priority to ensure the conservation and protection of species. The aim of this work was to link chemical ecology to marine biotechnology: indeed, the natural defense of macroalgae and sponge was evaluated against biofoulers (biofilm and macrofoulers) from the same geographical zone, and some coatings formulation was done for field assays. Our approach combines in vitro and field bioassays to ensure the selection of the best AF agent prospects. The 1st step consisted of the selection of macroalgae (5 species) and sponges (2 species) with surfaces harboring a low level of colonizers; then extracts were prepared and assayed for toxicity against Artemia, activity towards key marine bacteria involved in biofilm formation in the Bay of La Paz, and the potency to inhibit adhesion of macroorganisms (phenoloxidase assays). The most active and non-toxic extracts were further studied for biofouling activity in the adhesion of the bacteria involved in biofilm formation and through incorporation in marine coatings which were immersed in La Paz Bay during 40 days. In vitro assays demonstrated that extracts of Laurencia gardneri, Sargassum horridum (macroalgae), Haliclona caerulea and Ircinia sp. (sponges) were the most promising. The field test results were of high interest as the best formulation were composed of extracts of H. caerulea and S. horridum and led to a reduction of 32% of biofouling compared with the control.

scholarly journals Point Mutations and Cytochrome P450 Can Contribute to Resistance to ACCase-Inhibiting Herbicides in Three Phalaris Species

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1703
Author(s):  
José G. Vázquez-García ◽  
Joel Torra ◽  
Candelario Palma-Bautista ◽  
Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz ◽  
Rafael De Prado
Keyword(s):  
Point Mutations ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Target Site ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Target Site Resistance ◽  
Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase ◽  
Selection Of

Species of Phalaris have historically been controlled by acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides; however, overreliance on herbicides with this mechanism of action has resulted in the selection of resistant biotypes. The resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides was characterized in Phalaris brachystachys, Phalaris minor, and Phalaris paradoxa samples collected from winter wheat fields in northern Iran. Three resistant (R) biotypes, one of each Phalaris species, presented high cross-resistance levels to diclofop-methyl, cycloxydim, and pinoxaden, which belong to the chemical families of aryloxyphenoxypropionates (FOPs), cyclohexanediones (DIMs), and phenylpyrazolines (DENs), respectively. The metabolism of 14C-diclofop-methyl contributed to the resistance of the P. brachystachys R biotype, while no evidence of herbicide metabolism was found in P. minor or P. paradoxa. ACCase in vitro assays showed that the target sites were very sensitive to FOP, DIM, and DEN herbicides in the S biotypes of the three species, while the R Phalaris spp. biotypes presented different levels of resistance to these herbicides. ACCase gene sequencing confirmed that cross-resistance in Phalaris species was conferred by specific point mutations. Resistance in the P. brachystachys R biotype was due to target site and non-target-site resistance mechanisms, while in P. minor and P. paradoxa, only an altered target site was found.

scholarly journals In silico ADME in drug design – enhancing the impact

ADMET & DMPK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Winiwarter ◽  
Ernst Ahlberg ◽  
Edmund Watson ◽  
Ioana Oprisiu ◽  
Mickael Mogemark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Human Dose ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
In Silico Predictions ◽  
In Silico Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

<p>Each year the pharmaceutical industry makes thousands of compounds, many of which do not meet the desired efficacy or pharmacokinetic properties, describing the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) behavior. Parameters such as lipophilicity, solubility and metabolic stability can be measured in high throughput in vitro assays. However, a compound needs to be synthesized in order to be tested. In silico models for these endpoints exist, although with varying quality. Such models can be used before synthesis and, together with a potency estimation, influence the decision to make a compound. In practice, it appears that often only one or two predicted properties are considered prior to synthesis, usually including a prediction of lipophilicity. While it is important to use all information when deciding which compound to make, it is somewhat challenging to combine multiple predictions unambiguously. This work investigates the possibility of combining in silico ADME predictions to define the minimum required potency for a specified human dose with sufficient confidence. Using a set of drug discovery compounds,in silico predictions were utilized to compare the relative ranking based on minimum potency calculation with the outcomes from the selection of lead compounds. The approach was also tested on a set of marketed drugs and the influence of the input parameters investigated.</p>

The effects of condensed tannins from Dorycnium rectum on skatole and indole ruminal biogenesis for grazing sheep

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Tavendale ◽  
Geoffrey A. Lane ◽  
Nicola M. Schreurs ◽  
Karl Fraser ◽  
Lucy P. Meagher
Keyword(s):  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Indolic Compounds ◽  
Selection Of

Skatole and indole are flavour compounds formed in the rumen, which are key factors in the pastoral flavour of meat and milk products. A selection of indolic compounds has been screened for their potential to form skatole and indole on in vitro fermentation, with rumen inocula collected from New Zealand pasture-fed sheep. Typically, 8% (P < 0.005) of added tryptophan was converted to indole and 54% (P < 0.001) was converted to skatole via indole acetic acid (IAA). The addition to rumen inocula of a condensed tannin (CT) fraction isolated from the forage legume, Dorycnium rectum, reduced the conversion of plant protein to skatole and indole by 75% and specifically inhibited the transformation of IAA to skatole by 85% (P < 0.001). The conversion of tryptophan to indole or IAA was not affected by CTs. The inhibitory effect of CTs on the conversion of tryptophan to skatole was prevented by the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the rumen inocula prior to the addition of CTs, but not by the addition of PEG subsequent to CTs, demonstrating that interactions between CTs and microbes involved in skatole biosynthesis are not reversible by PEG. This study is the first to demonstrate that isolated CTs have an inhibitory effect on the conversion of protein to skatole and indole by rumen microbes, and that CTs specifically inhibit the transformation of IAA to skatole by rumen microbes.

scholarly journals Engraftment after infusion of CD34+ marrow cells in patients with breast cancer or neuroblastoma

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 1717-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Berenson ◽  
WI Bensinger ◽  
RS Hill ◽  
RG Andrews ◽  
J Garcia-Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Hematopoietic Progenitors ◽  
Cd34 Antigen ◽  
Stage Iv Breast Cancer ◽  
Cd34 Cells ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Marrow Cells

The CD34 antigen is expressed by 1% to 4% of human and baboon marrow cells, including virtually all hematopoietic progenitors detectable by in vitro assays. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that CD34+ marrow cells can engraft lethally irradiated baboons. Because the CD34 antigen has not been detected on most solid tumors, positive selection of CD34+ cells may be used to provide marrow cells capable of engraftment, but depleted of tumor cells. In seven patients with stage IV breast cancer and two patients with stage IV neuroblastoma, 2.5 to 17.5 x 10(9) marrow cells were separated by immunoadsorption with the anti-CD34 antibody 12–8 and 50 to 260 x 10(6) positively selected cells were recovered that were 64 +/- 16% (range 35% to 92%) CD34+. The patients received 1.0 to 5.2 x 10(6) CD34-enriched cells/kg after marrow ablative therapy. Six patients engrafted, achieving granulocyte counts of greater than 500/mm3 at 34 +/- 10 (range 21 to 47) days and platelets counts of greater than 20,000/mm3 at 46 +/- 14 (range 28 to 66) days posttransplant. Five of these patients showed durable engraftment until the time of death 82 to 386 days posttransplant. One patient failed to sustain engraftment associated with metastatic marrow disease. Three patients died at days 14, 14, and 17 posttransplant, two of whom had evidence of early engraftment. These studies suggest that CD34+ marrow cells are capable of reconstituting hematopoiesis in humans.

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