Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of sheep. VI. Interrelationships between changes in the distribution and levels of volatile fatty acid in the blood of lambs.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Reid
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Functional Development

The post-absorptive blood glucose in lambs fell steadily with advancing age from levels of 85-90 mg. per cent. in the first week of life. Stable adult levels were reached in each of six lambs at an age of 6-9 weeks. A large proportion of the decline in whole-blood glucose was due to a steady and almost complete disappearance of glucose from the corpuscles; plasma-glucose levels tended to be maintained during the first 4-5 weeks of life. Corpuscle : plasma glucose ratios decreased from an initial range of 0.45-0.99 to less than 0.15. In eight adult sheep the ratios were in the range 0.0-0.26. Blood volatile fatty acid levels in fed lambs increased steadily with advancing age. Levels characteristic of adult sheep on the same rations were not reached until an age of at least three months. It is concluded that the fall in post-absorptive blood glucose in lambs and calves, with increasing age, is largely due to factors other than the functional development of the lumen and these are discussed.

scholarly journals Prevention of Postprandial Hyperglycemia by Ophthalmic Nanoparticles Based on Protamine Zinc Insulin in the Rabbit

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Saori Deguchi ◽  
Fumihiko Ogata ◽  
Takumi Isaka ◽  
Hiroko Otake ◽  
Yosuke Nakazawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Polyacrylic Acid ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Postprandial Hyperglycemia ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Protamine Zinc Insulin ◽  
Bead Mill

Postprandial hyperglycemia, a so-called blood glucose spike, is associated with enhanced risks of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. In this study, we attempted to design nanoparticles (NPs) of protamine zinc insulin (PZI) by the bead mill method, and prepare ophthalmic formulations based on the PZI-NPs with (nPZI/P) or without polyacrylic acid (nPZI). In addition, we investigated whether the instillation of the newly developed nPZI and nPZI/P can prevent postprandial hyperglycemia in a rabbit model involving the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The particle size of PZI was decreased by the bead mill to a range for both nPZI and nPZI/P of 80–550 nm with no observable aggregation for 6 d. Neither nPZI nor nPZI/P caused any noticeable corneal toxicity. The plasma INS levels in rabbits instilled with nPZI were significantly higher than in rabbits instilled with INS suspensions (commercially available formulations, CA-INS), and the plasma INS levels were further enhanced with the amount of polyacrylic acid in the nPZI/P. In addition, the rapid rise in plasma glucose levels in OGTT-treated rabbits was prevented by a single instillation of nPZI/P, which was significantly more effective at attenuating postprandial hyperglycemia (blood glucose spike) in comparison with nPZI. In conclusion, we designed nPZI/P, and show that a single instillation before OGTT attenuates the rapid enhancement of plasma glucose levels. These findings suggest a better management strategy for the postprandial blood glucose spike, which is an important target of DM therapy.

Carbohydrate metabolism of mice exposed to simulated changes in gravity

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiro Oyama ◽  
William T. Platt
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Glycogen Deposition ◽  
Adrenal Corticosterone

Unrestrained mice were centrifuged for varying periods ranging from 0.5 to 10 hr at 2.5, 5, and 10 x gravity. Liver glycogen and blood glucose levels increased significantly depending on the g load and exposure time. Adrenalectomy completely abolished the glycogen deposition response. The glycogen response was a critical function of the age of mice; unweaned mice did not respond. Blood corticosterone increased significantly prior to the deposition of glycogen. Centrifuged fed mice deposited three times the amount of glycogen of fasted mice. There was no significant difference in the amount of glycogen deposited in centrifuged mice previously starved for 1, 2, or 3 days. It is concluded that the increased glycogen deposited following centrifugation is effected by an increased elaboration of adrenal corticosterone.

The Effect of Oral Alanine on Blood Glucose and Glucagon in the Human Newborn Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
R. H. Fiser ◽  
P. R. Williams ◽  
D. A. Fisher ◽  
P. V. DeLameter ◽  
M. A. Sperling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Cell Secretion ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Human Newborn ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin ◽  
Insulin Responses

Plasma, glucose, glucagon, and insulin responses to oral feedings of l-alanine were assessed in 44 healthy term infants during the first three days of life. Alanine administration produced significant increases in glucagon and glucose concentrations on day 1, but not on days 2 and 3. These increases occurred within 30 minutes (mean and SEM for glucagon, 127 ± 7 to 219 ± 16 pg/ml, P < 0.001; glucose, 45 ± 3 to 60 ± 7 mg/100 ml, P < 0.01) and persisted at the P < 0.05 level at four hours. Responsiveness to alanine seemed to be related to the baseline blood glucose levels since constant infusions of glucose inhibited the response. These results indicate that the pancreatic islet alpha cell secretion mechanism(s) is functioning in the newborn.

Reduced running endurance in gluconeogenesis-inhibited rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (1) ◽  
pp. R137-R142 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. John-Alder ◽  
R. M. McAllister ◽  
R. L. Terjung
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Endurance Time ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Blood Lactate Levels

The functional significance of gluconeogenesis in prolonging endurance during submaximal activity was assessed in untrained and endurance-trained rats. Gluconeogenesis was inhibited at the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reaction by 3-mercaptopicolinic acid (3-MPA). Endurance was significantly reduced by 3-MPA in untrained (-32%; P less than 0.005) and in trained rats (-26%; P less than 0.001). Metabolic correlates of fatigue were examined in trained rats. At exhaustion, 3-MPA-treated rats had only 3% of resting hepatic glycogen, 46% of resting white quadriceps glycogen, and 37% of resting blood glucose. All of these substrates were at higher levels in sham-injected controls after the same duration of running (130 min). Glycogen levels in red quadriceps, blood lactate levels, and blood glycerol levels were not different between groups. Plasma free fatty acid levels were elevated to the same extent in both groups after 90 min of activity, remained high at 130 min in controls, but had returned to resting levels in the severely hypoglycemic 3-MPA-treated rats at exhaustion. The results indicate that gluconeogenesis is important for maintaining blood glucose levels and for prolonging endurance time during submaximal activity.

Studies on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Lizards

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1531-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Ali Athar ◽  
S. Nazrul Hasnain ◽  
M. Zain-Ul-Abedin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Liver Homogenate ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Concomitant Decrease ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Reducing Capacity

1. Initial glycogen levels in the liver were found to be significantly higher than in the kidneys of the two species studied. The glycogen levels in kidney were however considerably higher than in some mammalian species.2. Total reducing capacity, true glucose, saccharoid fraction and titratable acidity increase gradually with concomitant decrease in the glycogen levels when liver and kidney homogenates of uromastix and liver homogenate of varanus were incubated for a period of 4 hours.3. Total reducing capacity, true glucose and the titratable acidity increase gradually, while the glycogen and the saccharoid fraction remain unchanged when the kidney homogenates of varanus are incubated for 4 hours.4. Total reducing capacity, true glucose and saccharoid fraction in the blood of uromastix are higher than in varanus. The blood glucose levels in both the species are higher than found in the mammals

Effect of glycemia and nonesterified fatty acids on forearm glucose uptake in normal humans

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (3) ◽  
pp. E304-E311 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Walker ◽  
G. R. Fulcher ◽  
C. F. Sum ◽  
H. Orskov ◽  
K. G. Alberti
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acid ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
And Control ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of physiological plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels on insulin-stimulated forearm and whole body glucose uptake and substrate oxidation during euglycemia and hyperglycemia. Seven healthy men received Intralipid and heparin for 210 min in two studies, with saline as control in two further studies. Insulin (0.05 U.kg-1.h-1) was infused from 60 min, and euglycemia was maintained during lipid (EL) and control (EC) studies, and hyperglycemia was maintained in the other studies (HL and HC). Forearm NEFA uptake was comparable in the lipid studies (+61 +/- 10 and +52 +/- 8 nmol.100 ml forearm-1.min-1, EL and HL) and was suppressed in the controls. With Intralipid, forearm glucose uptake decreased during euglycemia but not during hyperglycemia (+3.85 +/- 0.34 vs. +3.34 +/- 0.25 mumol.100 ml forearm-1.min-1, EC vs. EL, P less than 0.02), with comparable changes in whole body glucose uptake. Glucose oxidation and forearm alanine release decreased with Intralipid at both blood glucose levels, with no significant change in the rates of nonoxidative glucose disposal. These observations support the operation of the glucose-fatty acid cycle at physiological plasma NEFA levels at both blood glucose concentrations, but this was associated with a decrease in peripheral insulin sensitivity only during euglycemia.

scholarly journals Role of PPAR in Hepatic Carbohydrate Metabolism

PPAR Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelies Peeters ◽  
Myriam Baes
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Tight Control ◽  
Master Regulator ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Ppar Ligands

Tight control of storage and synthesis of glucose during nutritional transitions is essential to maintain blood glucose levels, a process in which the liver has a central role. PPAR is the master regulator of lipid metabolism during fasting, but evidence is emerging for a role of PPAR in balancing glucose homeostasis as well. By using PPAR ligands and PPAR mice, several crucial genes were shown to be regulated by PPAR in a direct or indirect way. We here review recent evidence that PPAR contributes to the adaptation of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism during the fed-to-fasted or fasted-to-fed transition in rodents.

scholarly journals Pengaruh substitusi fodder jagung pada silase rumput alam terhadap konsumsi dan kecernaan serat, konsentrasi VFA dan kadar glukosa darah pada pedet jantan sapi persilangan ongole x brahman lepas sapih

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Sefrans Banamtuan ◽  
I Gusti Ngurah Jelantik ◽  
G. A. Y. Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Fiber Intake ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Fiber Digestibility ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of corn fodder on intake and fiber digestibility, volatile fatty acid and blood glucose concentration  of weaned Ongole x Brahman calves. This experiment followed a 4x4 latin square design with four treatments, i.e. G : 100% nature grass silage, GCF1 : 35% nature grass silage, 35% corn fodder silage and 30% concentrate, GCF2 : 17,5% nature grass silage, 52,5% corn fodder and 30% concentrate, GCF3 : 70% corn fodder and 30% concentrate. The measured variables included fiber intake and digestibility, volatile fatty acid and blood glucose concentration. Data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (Anova) followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test to separate between means with SPSS 21. Result showed that fiber intake was significantly (P<0,05) lower in GCF3 (299,88 g.d-1) compared to the other treatments which varied between 661,55 to 1293,95 g.d-1. Fiber digestibility, however, did not differ (P>0,05) between treatments, i.e. varied between 55,95 to 72,65%. Volatile Fatty Acid concentration increased (P<0,05) with the increasing  levels substitutions of corn fodder in feed. The treatments did not affect (P>0,05) blood glucose concentration of Ongole calves. It can be concluded that substitution of corn fodder for native grass silage has significant effect on fiber intake and Volatile Fatty Acid concentration but not on fiber digestibility and blood glucose  concentration of weaned cross Ongole calves.

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