The relative supply of carbohydrate and nitrogen to wheat grains, and an assessment of the shading and defoliation techniques used for these determinations

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
DJ Carr ◽  
MJ Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

Leaf contribution to grain dry weight and grain nitrogen was estimated in four varieties of wheat from their responses to shading and defoliation treatments. The relation between movement of nitrogen and dry material from leaves to grains appeared as an important factor in the differences between varieties in respect to the percentage nitrogen content of grains. Experiments with labelled carbon, however, showed that there was a significant redistribution of assimilates from other parts when the ear was shaded or the flag leaf removed.

The role of the leaves in the accumulation of nitrogen by wheat during ear development

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
TF Neales ◽  
MJ Anderson ◽  
IF Wardlaw
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
External Factor ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Ear Development ◽  
Rooting Medium ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

When wheat plants were deprived of nitrogen in the rooting medium at anthesis there was a small, but significant, increase in the nitrogen content of the grain at maturity. It was shown that there was a greater migration of nitrogen from the leaves and stem to the ear in plants deprived of nitrogen than in those plants supplied with nitrogen throughout ear development. In an examination of the effects on grain nitrogen content of leaf removal at anthesis, it was shown that this treatment reduces the uptake of nitrogen into the culm and the nitrogen content of the grain at maturity. Ear shading treatments significantly reduced the total nitrogen content of the grain in one experiment. Ear shading also decreased the amino nitrogen, and increased the nitrate nitrogen, content of the ear. Variation of the grain dry weight per ear, induced by shading, by defoliation treatments, or by differences in variety, were positively correlated with grain nitrogen content. Either the movement of dry matter and nitrogen into the ear are interdependent, or they are both promoted by some external factor, such as rate of growth of the ear. The possible importance of the leaves of the wheat plant in promoting the uptake of nitrogen into the culm and in supplying nitrogen to the grain is discussed.

Source–sink relations and effects of post-anthesis canopy defoliation in wheat at low latitudes

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Aggarwal ◽  
R. A. Fischer ◽  
S. P. Liboon
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Source Sink

SUMMARYSource–sink balance was studied by imposing different canopy defoliation treatments on wheat crops grown in Los Banos (Philippines) in 1985/86 and 1986/87, Sonora (Mexico) in 1972/73 and 1974/75 and New Delhi (India) in 1987/88. The crops were grown in replicated trials with optimum cultural management. Six defoliation treatments were imposed at anthesis on all shoots in the canopy in an area ranging between 1·65 and 3·0 m2. Defoliation reduced dry weight in proportion to the reduction in percentage light interception. The number of grains per unit land area was reduced slightly, and in most cases not significantly, except when all leaves were removed. Despite reduction of leaf lamina area index to as low as 0·5, the decrease in grain yield was small. In particular, flag leaf removal led to a remarkably small reduction in grain yield. Grain nitrogen content in defoliated crops decreased much less than expected from the amount of N removed by defoliation. The slope of the relation between reduction in grain yield with defoliation and reduction in post-anthesis dry matter accumulation was 0·56, indicating moderate source limitation for grain filling. The crops at the hottest site, in the Philippines, were less limited by source than the other crops. It is suggested that selection for smaller flag leaves may be worthwhile for high-input wheat crops.

scholarly journals Rhizobacteria inoculation in maize associated with nitrogen and zinc fertilization at sowing

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
Andréia de L. Moreno ◽  
Jorge F. Kusdra ◽  
Angelita A. C. Picazevicz
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Azospirillum Brasilense ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT Rhizobacteria have a wide range of plant growth-promoting mechanisms of action, making them an alternative and/or complementary biological input for chemical fertilizers. In this respect, the present study aimed to assess growth and nitrogen accumulation in maize plants as a function of Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus subtilis, zinc and nitrogen application at sowing. The experiment with the ‘AL Bandeirante’ maize variety was conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized design. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with six repetitions, considering the presence and absence of Azospirillum brasilense (5 g kg-1), Bacillus subtilis (5 mL kg-1) and zinc (20 g kg-1) in the seeds and addition or not of nitrogen (30 kg ha-1) to the soil. The variables assessed were plant height, stem diameter, leaf, stem, shoot, root and total dry weight, and shoot nitrogen content. Nitrogen fertilization in the absence of zinc increased shoot and total dry weight as well as shoot nitrogen content. Zinc applied to the seeds improved the total and stem dry weight of maize plants in the absence of Bacillus subtilis. Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus subtilis increased the stem diameter and shoot nitrogen content of maize plants when nitrogen fertilization was not performed at sowing. There was no isolated or interaction effect between factors for plant height and root dry weight.

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF SOME WHEAT GROWTH TRAITS FOR FOR FOLIAR SPRAYING WITH HUMIC AND GLUTAMIC ACID

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baqir & Zeboon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Engineering Sciences ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Factors

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Unit, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, during two winter seasons 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 to study the response of some growth traits for wheat Cv. Al forat to foliar spraying using with humic glutamic acid and acid. A factorial experiment was with in Randomized Complete Block Design applied three replications, it involved two factor ,first factor was glutamic acid with three concentrations (0,250,500) mg L-1, second factor was humic acid with three concentrations (0,1,2) ml L-1, have been sprayed at tillering and flowering stages. The results showed that all the studed growth traits (plant height, ,number of tillers, flag leaf area dry weight for plant , crop growth rate ,relative growth rate and biological yield) were affected  by spraying with humic acid and glutamic acid for two season concentration , 2ml -1 from humic acid was superior on most of studies traits , as for glutamic acid ,plants treated with concentrations 250 and 500 mg L-1 were produced the highest mean for studies traits but without significant difference between them in some traits .The interaction between two factors was significant on most studies growth traits .

Effect of Simazine and Diuron on the Nitrogen Content and Dry Weight of Wheat and Sorghum 1

1974 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Rottman ◽  
J. A. Tweedy ◽  
George Kapusta
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Weight

DIFFERENCES IN NITROGEN CONTENT IN EXTRACTS OF CHILLED AND NON-CHILLED TISSUES

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
S. Fedoroff ◽  
R. Altschul
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Human Placenta ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

In an attempt to elucidate the increase of growth promotion of tissue cultures by extracts obtained from tissues chilled before extraction, determinations of nitrogen content were made on (a) fresh, and chilled chick embryos, (b) extracts prepared from fresh and chilled chick embryos, (c) fresh and chilled human placenta, (d) extracts prepared from fresh and chilled human placenta.There was no difference in dry weight, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, and nitrogen: phosphorus ratio between chilled and fresh chick embryos and chilled and fresh human placenta. There was, however, a significant difference in the nitrogen content of the extracts prepared from fresh and from chilled tissues, It is suggested that chilling of tissues for 7 days at + 4 °C. prior to extraction may render the cells more easily destructible during extraction, and thus supply a better yield of nutritive substances.

scholarly journals Nodule efficiency of three soybean genotypes inoculated by different methods

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 356-360
Author(s):  
V. Milić ◽  
N. Mrkovački ◽  
M. Popović ◽  
Đ. Malenčić
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Nr Activity

The objective of the study was to investigate how the inoculation of soybean seed (variety Afrodita, and lines NS-L-2016 and NS-L-300168) with strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (1, 1a, 2b), Azotobacter chroococcum (3, 13, 14), and GA3 (gibberellic acid) affected plant dry weight, nitrogen content of nodules and whole plant, the enzymes of nitrogen assimilation (NR, GS) and soluble protein content. The highest dry matter mass and nitrogen content were found in the variety Afrodita, followed by line NS-L-300168. The GS and NR activity was increased significantly by all three inoculation treatments relative to the control. In all three genotypes, the highest values for the enzymatic activity were achieved with treatment mixture of B. japonicum and A. chroococcum strains. Each measurement was performed with three replications. The results were processed using variance analysis and the values were tested with the LSD at 5%.

Effect of weed management on weeds, and on the nodulation, nitrogenase activity, growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum)

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Singh ◽  
D. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
N Content ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Effects of one pre-emergence herbicide (terbutryn/terbuthylazine) and one post-emergence herbicide (bentazone) along with unweeded and hand-weeded controls on weeds and on the nodulation, nitrogenase activity, nitrogen content, growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum) were studied. Terbutryn/terbuthylazine was applied pre-emergence @ 1.40, 2.80 and 5.60 kg/hawhereas bentazone was sprayed 6 weeks after sowing @ 1.44, 2.88 and 5.76 kg/h. Terbutryn/terbuthylazine controlled all the weeds very effectively, whereas bentazone did not control some weeds such as Polygonum aviculare, Poa annua and Elymus repens. The herbicides decreased the number of nodules, the dry weight of nodules, the nitrogenase activity, the shoot dry weight, the nitrogen content in the straw and seeds, and the seed yield of peas, the effects generally being higher at higher rates of application. The adverse effects of herbicides on these parameters might be due to their effects on plant growth, as both the herbicides are known to adversely affect photosynthesis. Nitrogenase activity did not correlate well with plant-N content or shoot dry weight. However, there was a strong relationship between plant biomass and plant-N content, which suggests that researchers can rely on these parameters for studying the effects of treatments on nitrogen fixation, rather than measuring nitrogenase activity.

DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ACCUMULATION AND REDISTRIBUTION AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO GRAIN YIELD AND GRAIN PROTEIN IN WHEAT

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK M. McMULLAN ◽  
PETER B. E. McVETTY ◽  
AILEEN A. URQUHART
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Harvest Index ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Nitrogen Harvest

Dry matter and nitrogen (nitrate and reduced) accumulation and redistribution in four different spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown at field density were studied on a plant part and whole plant basis over the growing season for 2 yr. The four cultivars displayed significant differences in plant part and total plant dry matter, harvest index, nitrogen content, nitrogen concentration, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen translocated values at most sample dates in both years. Grain yield was highly correlated with dry matter accumulation (r = 0.88**), while grain nitrogen content was highly correlated with plant nitrogen content (r = 0.95**). Nitrogen harvest index and plant nitrogen content were correlated at anthesis (r = 0.61**), while, as a consequence of this, the amount of nitrogen translocated was highly correlated with plant nitrogen content at anthesis (r = 0.87**). Nitrogen harvest index and harvest index were highly correlated (r = 0.83**), indicating that they may be related processes. Since plant dry matter and plant nitrogen content were not significantly correlated, it should be possible to select simultaneously for these traits to effect grain yield and grain nitrogen content increases on a per-plant basis. Further research will have to be done to determine how these changes will relate to grain nitrogen concentrations and grain yield per unit area.Key words: Wheat, dry matter, nitrogen, yield, protein, Triticum aestivum L.

Influence of fertilizer treatment on apple fruit composition and physiology. II. Influence on respiration rate and contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and titratable acidity

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Letham
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Tissue Contents ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The respiration rates and tissue contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and titratable acidity were determined for apple fruit from trees receiving differential fertilizer treatments U, N, P, NP, and NPK (U, no fertilizer; N, 2 lb ammonium sulphate; P, 4 1b superphosphate; and K, 1 Ib potassium sulphate, per tree per year). The results obtained (expressed on a dry weight basis) are summarized as follows: Respiration rate: N > NP = NPK = U > P. Total nitrogen content: NPK > NP = N > U = P. Ethanol-insoluble nitrogen content: NPK = NP = N > U = P. Ethanol-soluble nitrogen content: NPK > NP = N > U = P. Phosphorus content : P > NP = NPK > U > N. Titratable acidity content: NPK > N > NP = U > P. The incidence of internal breakdown in stored fruit from these treatments has positively correlated with respiration rate per cell and negatively correlated with phosphorus content. Phosphorus content was negatively correlated with cell volume and respiration rate. Mechanisms by which phosphorus content might regulate the incidence of internal breakdown are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document