Effects of subsoil calcium on the root growth of some lucerne genotypes (Medicago sativa L.) in acidic soil profiles

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 629 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Simpson ◽  
A Pinkerton ◽  
J Lazdovskis
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Final Harvest

The root growth of lucerne was examined in an acidic soil profile modified by varying additions of calcium carbonate to different layers of the subsoil. Root growth responded strongly to changes in the concentration of exchangeable soil calcium. Symptoms of thickening, distortion and poor lateral formation occurred under low calcium treatments. The results were in agreement with the interacting effects of calcium (at 0.5–5.0mM) and aluminium ions (at 0–20,µM) on lucerne in separate solution culture experiments. Differences in root penetration were observed between three lucerne clones selected from the cultivars Hunter River and Siro Peruvian. At the first harvest, the magnitude of these differences was increased by the addition of lime to the profiles. The three genotypes produced similar total dry weight yields, but differed in their distribution of growth between shoots and roots. This distribution was not affected by the addition of lime to the subsoil. However, the length of roots in the lower layer of the profile ( > 60 cm depth) was more responsive to subsoil treatment than was total dry weight. At the final harvest, the shoot yields of two genotypes were affected by lime treatments, but that of the deepest-rooted genotype was not. The results suggest that improved genotypes could be selected from Australian lucernes for establishment in areas with acidic subsoils, but that selection on root penetration alone would not necessarily lead to increased shoot yields.

Growth and Development of Bigroot Morningglory (Ipomoea pandurata)

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Horak ◽  
Loyd M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratio ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Final Harvest

Growth and development of bigroot morningglory was observed and quantified. Emergence occurred 75 ± 5 growing degree days (GDD) after seeding. Flower and seed production began 630 ± 20 GDD after emergence and continued until the first frost killed the shoots. Seedlings needed approximately 460 GDD of growth to become perennial. In the second year of growth, plants emerged in early May and flowered within 425 ± 50 GDD. Shoot dry weight accumulation in first-year plants was 3.5 g for the first 600 GDD after which a fifteenfold increase in dry weight occurred. Root growth followed the same pattern, however the large increase in dry weight occurred approximately 300 GDD later than that of the shoots. The root:shoot ratio was 0.2 to 0.3 for the first 900 GDD and increased to greater than 1.0 by the final harvest.

Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. II. Differences in the utilization of P between major chemical fractions

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Chisholm ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biochemical Parameter ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Feedback Effect ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Stylosanthes Hamata ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Soluble P ◽  
Final Harvest

A solution culture experiment was conducted over a range of initial solution P concentrations (1-16 8M P) to investigate differences in P utilization of a tropical and temperate pasture legume. The species used were white clover (Trifolium repens cv. 'Ladino') and Caribbean stylo (Stylosanthes hamata cv. 'Verano'). Incorporation of solution 31P and a pulse of 32P into the soluble (inorganic, ester P), lipid and residue (phytin RNA, DNA, phosphoproteins) fractions of roots and tops was monitored over five harvests. At low P concentrations the major finding was that clover reduced its incorporation of 31P and 32P into root phospholipids at the final harvest. The reduction in P concentration in phospholipids coincided with reductions in relative growth rate of the whole plant by the final harvest, which were discussed in the first paper of this series.At high P concentrations, dry weight accumulation was related to the extent to which absorbed P was incorporated from the soluble to the lipid and residue fractions. While clover had higher dry weights and a greater incorporation capacity at high P.Correlation coefficients between dry weight and biochemical parameters showed that the best correlations between dry weight and any biochemical parameter was for the relationship between dry weight and residues P or lipid plus residue P content. A relationship between P uptake rate and root soluble P concentration indicated that root soluble P may have a feedback effect on P uptake. The negative feedback effect was greatest in stylo at high solution P concentration.

Morphophysiological determinants of yield in rapeseed (Brassica campestris and Brassica napus). I. Growth and morphological characters

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Thurling
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Final Harvest

Variation in sowing date was found to have a marked effect on the seed yield and different morphological and growth characteristics of spring cultivars of the oilseed rape species Brassica campestris and Brassica napus. The two species differed appreciably, however, in their responses to successive delays in sowing date. In B. napus, there was a significant and continuous decline in seed yield with later sowings. This decline in seed yield was associated primarily with a reduction in the total dry weight of the plant at the final harvest which, in turn, was most closely correlated with the duration of the vegetative phase of growth. The total dry weight of the plant and the seed yield were greatest in the first sowing where flowering was substantially later than in either of the later sowings. Since earlier-flowering cultivars of B. napus would be better adapted to Western Australian conditions, where there is a rapid decline in soil moisture reserves during the spring, significant improvements in seed yield could depend largely on increasing the rate of pre-anthesis growth. In this experiment, however, no significant variation in the relative rate of growth prior to flowering was observed because of the marked negative association between net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio. Further studies of the variation in growth amongst a far wider range of genotypes will, nevertheless, be necessary to properly assess the feasibility of increasing relative growth rates by selection. The seed yield of B. campestris was substantially greater in the second sowing than in either the first or third sowings. Although seed yield was significantly correlated with both total dry weight of the plant at final harvest and the harvest index, the latter appeared to be the most important determinant of seed yield in this species. By contrast with B. napus, most of the dry weight of the plant at the final harvest was accumulated during the post-anthesis phase of growth. Accordingly, the character leaf area duration between anthesis and final harvest was found to be the most significant determinant of the total dry weight of the plant in B. campestris. The leaf weight ratio of the plant at anthesis also contributed significantly to total dry weight at the final harvest; this indicates that the pattern of dry matter distribution in the plant during the vegetative phase could prove a useful criterion for selecting potentially high-yielding strains of this species.

scholarly journals Effect of Salinity on Nodulation, Glutamine Synthetase and Glutamate Synthase Activity in Nodules of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
O. Younesi ◽  
A. Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ammonium Assimilation ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Growth Analyses

Abstract Bami cultivar of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was inoculated with salt-tolerant Sinorhizobium meliloti in solution culture with different salt concentrations (0, 50, 75 and 100 mmoles 1-1NaCl) added immediately at the time of inoculation. The results indicated that S. meliloti formed an infective and effective symbiosis with alfalfa under saline and nonsaline conditions. Salinity significantly decreased shoot and root dry weight, nodule weight and mean nodule weight. Roots were more sensitive than shoots, and N2 fixation was more sensitive to salinity than was plant growth. Analyses of ammonium assimilating enzymes in the nodule showed that glutamine synthetase appeared to be more tolerant to salinity than glutamate synthase, and that it limits ammonium assimilation under saline stress.

scholarly journals Scion Inclination in Malus domestica Borkh. and Prunus spp. Influences Root Growth and Distribution

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Bargioni ◽  
Giorgio Baroni ◽  
Pietro Tonutti ◽  
Andrea Pitacco ◽  
Angelo Ramina
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Polar Coordinate System ◽  
The North ◽  
Trunk Inclination ◽  
Polar Coordinate ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Effects of scion inclination on root growth and distribution were studied on INRA GF 677 (Prunus persica × Prunus amygdalus) and apple/M.9 trees. At planting, central leaders were positioned vertically (0°) or inclined 45° or 60° to the north and south. Three years after planting, root total dry weight of inclined trees was lower than that of the control (0°, vertical central leader). Five years after planting, the isotropic distribution of the normal root systems was distorted by inclination in both species. Roots were more numerous and more elongated in the direction of inclination. Statistical analysis of root density data, using a polar coordinate system, confirmed that the trunk inclination reduced root development and redirected root distribution. The major effect was induced on GF 677 by 60° inclinations. Tree orientation did not seem to influence root distribution.

scholarly journals 343 INCREASING CELL SIZE AND MEDIA PACKING ENHANCES THE GROWTH OF LETTUCE SEED LINGS. TRANSPLANT QUALITY, AND FIELD PRODUCTION

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 479f-480
Author(s):  
Silvana Nicola ◽  
Daniel J. Cantliffe
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Lettuce Seed ◽  
Light Competition ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Cell size and media density can modify plant quality of greenhouse grown transplants through variation in light competition among plants, water and nutrient retention and root growth volumes required to fill the cells Thus, `South Bay' lettuce (Lactuga sativa L.) seedlings were grown in the greenhouse during different seasons to investigate the effect of different cell size and media packing density on transplant quality and yield for lettuce grown on sand and muck soils at different latitudes. Four Speedling flat cell sizes (882, 392, 242, 124 cells/flat) and two media packing densities (unpacked and packed - 1.5 times in weight) were tested in all the trials. Few seedling data parameters had an interaction between cell size and media density at transplanting. The larger cell size (242, 124 cells/flat) and greater media density led to increase leaf area, leaf length, shoot and total dry weight, RGR and LWR Conversely, RWR and the root:shoot ratio had the opposite trend, reaching the greater values with smaller cell size and less media density. High root growth can improve the pulling of the plants from the tray at transplanting and quicker establishment in the field. The treatments did not affect yield of plants grown on organic soil. When plants were grown on sandy soil head weights were greater from plants grown in 392, 242, or 124 cells/flat compared to 882 cells/flat.

Distribution of zinc and copper in seedlings of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in solution culture

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Riceman ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Substantial Change

Changes in the distribution of zinc, copper, and dry matter in seedlings of Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh grown in solution cultures which were supplied with copper but not with zinc have been traced during the first 40 days after germination. Increase in total dry weight was accompanied by a rapid decline in the concentration of zinc in the plant parts examined. Symptoms of zinc deficiency were recognizable in the third trifoliate leaf by the time the leaflets opened, 33 days after germination. At that time the concentration of zinc in leaf plus petiole had fallen to 14 p.p.m. in the dry matter. There was a continual net loss of zinc from the cotyledons. A marked increase in the amount of copper present in roots, and in leaf plus petiole, occurred soon after the addition of copper to the cultures 20 days after germination, but no substantial change was observed in the amount of copper present in the cotyledons or in the hypocotyl plus growing point. These latter tissues had previously lost small amounts of copper.

scholarly journals THE USE OF TREESHELTERS IN NURSERY PRODUCTION

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 569g-570
Author(s):  
David W. Burger ◽  
Richard W. Harris ◽  
Pavel Svihra
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Outdoor Nursery ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

Treeshelters are translucent, polypropylene tubes that have been used in England for 10 years to improve the transplantation success and early growth of trees in the landscape. The focus of the presented research will be on the use of treeshelters in producing plants in the container nursery. The results from outdoor nursery and greenhouse, solution culture experiments will be presented. Treeshelters increase the temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration around those plants growing in them. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) inside shelters is reduced 40-60% depending on treeshelter color. Plants growing in treeshelters show increases in height and in the ratio between total fresh weight and total dry weight. However, plants growing in treeshelters also show decreases in leaf, stem, and root fresh and dry weights and leaf area. The potential benefits and current challenges surrounding the use of treeshelters will be discussed.

Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

1998 ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
T.L. Knight ◽  
C.J. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

BIOASSAY OF PROLACTIN

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Nicoll
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Mucosal Epithelium ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT The response of the pigeon crop-sac to systemically acting prolactin (injected subcutaneously) was evaluated by measuring the wet weight of the responsive lateral lobes of the organ and by determining the dry weight of a 4 cm diameter disc of mucosal epithelium taken from one hemicrop. Of several different injection schedules tested, administration of prolactin in four daily injections was found to yield optimal responses. When compared with a graded series of prolactin doses, measurement of the mucosal dry weight proved to be a better method of response quantification than determination of the crop-sac wet weight with respect to both assay sensitivity and precision. The submucosal tissue of the crop-sac was estimated to constitute about 64 % of the total dry weight of the unstimulated organ and it was found to be relatively unresponsive to prolactin stimulation in comparison with the mucosa. The lipid content of the mucosal epithelium was determined using unstimulated crop-sacs or tissues which showed varying degrees of prolactin-induced proliferation. The fat content of the mucosal epithelial cells increased only slightly more rapidly than the dry weight or the defatted dry weight of the mucosa. Suggestions are made for the further improvement of the systemic crop-sac assay for prolactin.

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