scholarly journals Nitrogen balance in relation to energy intake in entire male pigs weighing 75 kg

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Dunkin ◽  
J. L. Black ◽  
K. J. James
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Entire Male

1. Nitrogen balance (NB) was determined in entire male pigs weighing 75.6 (SE 0.56) kg and given 1.43 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg live weight (LW)0.75 per d of semi-synthetic liquid diets which varied in crude protein (N x 6.38):ME from 2.5 to 14.5 g/MJ. Maximum NB of 20.8 g/d was reached with diets containing at least 6.2 g protein/MJ ME.2. The relation between energy intake and NB was then examined in pigs of comparable live weight (mean 73.8 (SE 0.39) kg) and receiving a liquid diet not limiting in protein. The diet, containing 10.0 g protein/MJ ME, was given at eight rates from 0.24 MJ ME/kg LW0.75 per d to ad lib. by approximately equal increments. Two animals were allocated to each level and two animals were fasted during the balance period.3. The animals fed ad lib. achieved a mean intake of 1.84 MJ ME/kg LW0.75 per d. NB increased linearly as ME intake increased up to 27.6 MJ/d (1.096 MJ/kg LW0.75per d) but thereafter remained constant at 22.8 g N/d.

Utilization of amino acids by preruminant lambs. II.* The effects of independent alterations in total nitrogen and total essential amino acid intake

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
GR Pearce ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

Male crossbred lambs weighing 12.5 kg were infusedper abomasum with milk-based diets containing 259, 209 or 175 g crude protein (CP)/kg dry matter. The proportion of crude protein supplied as essential amino acids (EAA) was also varied, to provide diets containing 414, 512 or 613 g EAA/kg CP. This allowed an estimation of the effects of independent alterations in total EAA intake and total nitrogen intake on rates of liveweight gain, and on daily nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy intake. At a given proportion of EAA in crude protein, reductions in the EAA intake reduced the rate of liveweight gain, especially when diets contained 414 or 613 g EAA/kg CP. At constant EAA intake, rates of liveweight gain were reduced when the nitrogen intake was such that the dietary proportion of EAA departed from 512 g/kg CP. Responses in nitrogen balance were similar to those in liveweight gain except that, at constant EAA intake, increases in nitrogen intake improved nitrogen balance. All nitrogen balance responses were less pronounced than liveweight gain responses. Lambs given diets containing 414 or 613 g EAA/kg CP had lower metabolizable energy intakes. This was not due to reduced metabolizability of apparently digested energy, but to differences in apparently digested energy intake. The relative effects of nitrogen intake and the proportion of crude protein supplied as EAA, on liveweight gain and nitrogen balance are assessed by using three-dimensional representations of the responses. ___________________ Part I,Aust. J. Agric. Res., 28: 917 (1977).

scholarly journals Effects of live weight and energy intake on nitrogen balance and total N requirements of lambs

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Black ◽  
D. A. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Total N ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
N Requirement

1. Results of 298 nitrogen balance studies from experiments with male cross-bred lambs, ranging in weight from 3 to 38 kg, which had been either fasted, or fed entirely on liquid diets of varying protein content at various energy intakes up to ad lib. intake, were used to quantitatively describe the effects of the amount and quality of absorbed protein, energy intake and live weight on N balance and total N requirement of lambs.2. When N intake was less than the amount required, N balance was independent of energy intake, but linearly related to absorbed N and metabolic body-weight (live weight0·75). In the fitted relationship, the coefficient of absorbed N was shown to be an estimate of the biological value of absorbed protein and the coefficient of metabolic body-weight was an estimate of the loss of endogenous N in both urine and faeces. For the milk-based diets used in the experiment biological value was 0·72 and the total endogenous N loss in urine and faeces was 148 mg N/kg0·75 per d.3. When N intake was in excess of the amount required, N balance in lambs of a constant live weight increased linearly with metabolizable energy (ME) intake, at a rate that decreased with increasing live weight. Similarly at constant ME intake, N balance was a curvilinear decreasing function of metabolic body-weight. When N balance was expressed per unit metabolic body-weight, it was constant for lambs of all weights when ME intake was about 0·23 MJ/kg0·75 per d, but it decreased linearly with increasing metabolic body-weight for ME intakes above this level.4. N balance of fasted lambs was several times less than predicted by either of the relationships established for fed animals, and was found to be linearly related to metabolic body-weight.5. The effects of energy intake and live weight on the total N requirement of lambs were determined. When total N requirement was expressed per unit of energy intake, it was found to be constant at 0·9 g N/MJ ME for all lambs irrespective of live weight when ME intake was 0·23 MJ/kg0·7 per d. However, as ME intake/unit metabolic body-weight was raised above this level, N requirement/unit ME intake increased for lambs weighing less than c. 23 kg, but decreased for heavier animals.

The relative efficiency of food utilization of British Friesian entire male and castrate male cattle at two levels of feeding

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Edible Portion ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Entire Male

ABSTRACTA combined nutritional balance and comparative slaughter experiment using 20 animals compared entire male and castrate male cattle when pair-fed at high and medium levels of feeding and slaughtered at a constant 400 kg live weight. The carcasses were dissected into lean meat, separable fat, and bone, and the edible portion of the carcass was further analysed for crude protein, fat and water.There were no significant differences between entire and castrate animals in their ability to digest energy, nitrogen or modified acid detergent fibre. The mean metabolizable energy values (MJ/kg dry matter) of the diets were 10·6 for castrates and 10·9 for entire animals. Live-weight and carcass gains (kg/day) for each treatment were respectively: entire high feeding level, 1·10, 0·69; entire medium feeding level, 0·91, 0·57; castrate high feeding level, 0·92, 0·57; castrate medium feeding level, 0·79, 0·48. Castrate carcasses contained significantly (P < 005) less lean meat and more separable fat. The edible portion of these carcasses also contained significantly (P < 0·05) more total fat but less protein and water than entire carcasses. Daily carcass protein gain was significantly higher for entire animals (P < 0·001) but daily energy gain was not significantly different. The most efficient conversion of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein to either live weight or carcass meat production was obtained by the use of entire animals and the high level of feeding.

Some aspects of the energy and nitrogen metabolism of boars, gilts and barrows given diets containing different concentrations of protein

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Holmes ◽  
J. R. Carr ◽  
G. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

ABSTRACTFour diets which varied in crude protein concentration from 140 to 240 g crude protein per kg dry matter were given to gilts in experiment 1, and two diets containing 140 and 200 g crude protein per kg dry matter were given t o boars and barrows in experiment 2. Two levels of feeding were offered in both experiments and energy and nitrogen balances were measured at 30 and 90 kg live weight in both experiments, and also at 50 kg in experiment 1. Nitrogen intake had a small negative influence on energy retention by pigs of all sexes, an effect which was independent of the large positive effect of metabolizable energy intake. The ratio of metabolizable energy concentration to digestible energy concentration decreased in association with increases in crude protein concentration of the diets. The results show that comparisons of feeds on the basis of their digestible energy concentrations would lead to overestimation of the energy values of those containing high protein concentrations. Live weight (or age) and metabolizable energy intake exerted positive influences on the amount of energy retained per kg live-weight gain, whereas nitrogen intake exerted a negative influence. Values for energy retained per kg live-weight gain predicted from multiple regression equations, together with calculated values for maintenance and net efficiency, were used to predict the energy retention and growth rate of pigs in various circumstances.Nitrogen retention increased in association with increases in nitrogen intake for pigs of all sexes at 30 kg live weight; there was also a corresponding increase for boars at 90kg live weight, but not for gilts or barrows at this weight. Boars retained more nitrogen than did barrows at 30 and 90 kg live weight only if given the diet with the higher concentration of protein.Metabolizable energy intake appeared to exert a small positive influence on the nitrogen retention by pigs of all sexes at 90kg live weight; however, it appeared to have no influence on nitrogen retention by pigs at 30kg live weight.

Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACT1. Eight diets of similar energy content, ranging in crude protein concentration from 95 to 256 g/kg, were given at either 2·5 or 3·2 times the energy level for maintenance to entire male pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg live weight.2. Growth rate improved with increase in feeding level and with increasing dietary crude protein up to 164 g/kg (P < 0·05). The food conversion ratio improved with each increase in dietary CP up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05). It was also improved with increase in level of feeding of the lower-protein diets but deteriorated with increase in level of intake of the higher-protein diets (P < 005).3. Rate of protein deposition improved with increasing dietary crude protein up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 005). The results showed that, for pigs given diets deficient in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake (P < 0·001) but independent of energy intake. For pigs given a diet adequate in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake and independent of crude protein intake.4. Body fat content at 90 kg decreased with increasing dietary crude protein up to 210 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05), and was increased by raising the level of intake of the higher-crude protein diets (P < 0·05). However, the influence of feeding level on body fat diminished as dietary crude protein was reduced.

Growth performance and body composition of wether lambs implanted at two different initial live weights with trenbolone acetate combined with oestradiol-17β

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Sulieman ◽  
H. Galbraith ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Main Effects

AbstractThirty-two Border Leicester ♂ × Scottish Blackface ♀ wether lambs, aged about 5 months, were divided into two groups on the basis of live weight, such that group G1 contained the 16 lightest lambs and group G2 the 16 heaviest. Lambs in group G1 were subdivided equally at random either to be sham-implanted controls (Group C1) or to be implanted with 35 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA) + 5 mg oestradiol-17β (OE) (group T1) at 24 kg initial live weight. The lambs in group G2 were also subdivided into two groups (groups C2 and T2), and similarly treated approximately 1 month later at 37 kg initial live weight. The lambs were offered ad libitum a diet containing an estimated 12·5 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg dry matter (DM) and 140 g/kg DM crude protein. Comparisons were made for the main effects of hormonal treatment and initial live weight. Both hormonal treatment and initial live weight gave increases for DM intake, gut fill, empty body weight, carcass weight and, in the half carcass side weight, weights of dissected lean tissue, bone and intermuscular fat and chemically determined DM, crude protein and lipid. Weights of mm. semitendinosus, longissimus dorsi, supraspinatus and gastrocnemius were also increased due to hormonal treatment and in group G2 lambs compared with those in group G1. When expressed as a proportion of carcass side weight, hormonal treatment effects were not significant for individual muscles and dissected carcass lean, bone and fat and chemically determined lipid and ash. Variable effects on other body components were recorded for both treatments in the absence of any significant interactions. The responses to hormonal treatment were essentially similar in groups G1 and G2. The question is raised as to the contribution of the greater food intake in implanted lambs to the maintenance of fatness in these animals.

Aspects of nitrogen utilization in Asiatic water buffalo and Zebu cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe results of 62 comparative digestibility and nitrogen balance trials of Asiatic water buffalo and Zebu cattle fed the same roughage or mixed diet were analysed to test for species differences in various nitrogen input-output relationships. The influence of dietary metabolizable energy content on the utilization of dietary or apparently digested nitrogen (ADN) was also investigated.There was no difference between buffaloes and Zebus in their ability to digest dietary nitrogen. The true nitrogen digestibility was calculated to be 81% and the metabolic faecal nitrogen excretion to be 0·36 g N/lOOg dry-matter intake. The buffaloes had lower rates of excretion of urinary nitrogen per unit increase in ADN, and at the same intake of ADN (143 mg/kg live weight/day), they had the higher nitrogen balance: 58v.48 mg/kg live weight/day. Dietary metabolizable energy content did not affect the utilization of digested nitrogen.Estimates of metabolic faecal nitrogen and endogenous urinary nitrogen excretions and of maintenance requirements for digested nitrogen were similar to those of tropical large ruminants reported by other workers. On low-quality (0·8% N) or medium-quality (1·6% N) diets, it was calculated that buffaloes would have nitrogen balances.

The effect of level of feeding on the response of lactating ewes to dietary supplements of fish meal

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Gonzalez ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
I. McHattie
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Low Protein

ABSTRACTThirty-six individually-penned ewes (mean live weight 69 kg), each suckling two lambs, were given one of three diets containing either 128 (low), 155 (medium) or 186 (high) g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter. All diets contained (g/kg), milled hay, 570; molasses, 95; and a barley/fish meal concentrate, 330. The three protein concentrations were achieved by adjusting the proportions of barley and fish meal in the concentrate. Each diet was given at daily metabolizable energy (ME) intakes of 19, 23 and 27 MJ. Mean daily yields of milk in weeks 3 to 8 of lactation for ewes given the diet with the low concentration of crude protein increased from 2·32 kg at 19 MJ ME to 2·53 kg at 27 MJ. Corresponding values for the medium concentration of CP were 2·49 and 2·67 kg and for the high concentration 2·52 and 3·09 kg (P < 0·05 for differences between ME intakes and differences between dietary protein concentrations). For milk composition, interactions between the concentration of dietary protein and level of ME intake were not statistically significant but the main treatment effects were significant, with the protein concentration in milk increasing from 49·6 g/kg for ewes given the low concentration of dietary protein to 54·1 g/kg for those given the high (P < 0·001). Corresponding values for protein concentration in milk for the lowest and highest energy intake were 51·2 and 53·4 g/kg (P < 0·05). Losses of tissue protein were variable but decreased from 26 g/day for ewes given the low-protein diet to 8 g/day for those given the high. In discussing the responses in milk yield to dietary protein and ME intake attention is drawn to the modifying influence of the energy contributed from body tissue.

A note on the response of British Friesian steers to trenbolone acetate and hexoestrol, and to alternation in dietary energy intake

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Galbraith ◽  
K. J. Geraghty
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Main Effects

ABSTRACTFour steers from a group of eight British Friesian steers were implanted with 300 mg trenbolone acetate and 30 mg hexoestrol at the beginning of a 90-day trial period. The remainder were untreated. They were offered diets that varied in estimated content of metabolizable energy as follows (MJ/day): day 0 to 34 (period A), 100; day 35 to 60 (period B), 50; and day 61 to 90 (period C), 75 increasing to 110. Implanted steers gained significantly more live weight in periods A and C, and lost less in period B, than controls. Implanted steers had significantly elevated concentrations of plasma glucose in period A, and lower values for plasma urea and serum albumin throughout. Differences between control and implanted steers for the other blood constituents studied, including growth hormone, insulin and prolactin, were small and not significant. The main effects of changes in dietary energy intake on blood composition included significant increases in both groups of animals in the concentration of free fatty acids and growth hormone during underfeeding (period B). These concentrations decreased in period C, concomitant with significant increases in the concentrations of insulin and prolactin.

Annual energy intake and the performance of beef cows differing in body size and milk potential

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Sinclair ◽  
S. Yildiz ◽  
G. Quintans ◽  
P. J. Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Calf Performance

AbstractThe accumulative effects of different levels of annual energy intake over the first two parities on four breeds of beef cow (small size and low milk potential, Aberdeen Angus; small size and high milk potential, Welsh Black; large size and low milk potential, Charolais; and large size and high milk potential, Simmental) were assessed for various production traits and calf performance. Heifers were allocated to each of two levels of annual energy intake relative to metabolic body weight (M0·75) (mean daily intakes equivalent to 705 and 820 kj M0·75) and for the next 2 years these animals (10 per breed) were continuously housed and given diets designed to represent energy intakes while grazing during the summer and conserved forage feeding during the winter. Changes in live weight and body composition were measured throughout both years and milk yield, milk composition and calf performance during both lactations.Animals from each of the four breeds gained weight but lost body condition during their first two parities in a manner that was dependent on their annual level of dietary energy intake. Welsh Black cows grew more than Aberdeen Angus cows and Charolais cows more than Simmental cows so that, by weaning during the second parity, the rank order of live weights between breeds was Charolais > Simmental > Welsh Black > Aberdeen Angus. Welsh Black and Simmental cows produced higher yields of milk (7·9 and 8·7 kg respectively) than Aberdeen Angus and Charolais cows (6·5 and 5·7 kg respectively; P < 0·001). Calves from the two large breeds grew more quickly than those from the two small breeds (1·13 v. 0·99 kg/day; P < 0·01) and calf performance was influenced by milk consumption. Biological efficiency, defined as weight of calf at weaning per GJ metabolizable energy (ME) on an annual basis, increased as annual energy intake decreased and tended to be higher for large breeds on 33 GJ ME per year than for small breeds on the same level of annual energy intake (7·19 v. 6·75). The complex means by which the different breed types interacted with their nutritional environment is discussed.

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