The effects of duration, timing and chemical amelioration of short-term waterlogging during furrow irrigation of cotton in a cracking grey clay

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
AS Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Highly Correlated

The effects of the duration, timing and chemical amelioration of short-term waterlogging during furrow irrigation of cotton in a cracking grey clay soil were investigated at Narrabri, N.S.W. Water was run in furrows for 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 h at each of the three crop irrigations. In other treatments, watering was extended from 4 to 16 h either at the first, second or third irrigation, to establish at which irrigation waterlogging had the most effect. Soil applications of hydrogen peroxide and foliar sprays of urea were evaluated as chemical ameliorants of short-term waterlogging. Increasing the period of inundation from 4 to 32 h reduced green bolls m-2 by 17.5 %, open bolls m-2 by 20.6 % and final lint yield by 300 kg ha-1 or 18.3 %. No further decreases were observed by increasing the period of inundation to 64 h. Extended waterlogging was equally damaging at each of the three irrigations. The rate of recovery from waterlogging to an air-filled porosity of 0.10 cm3 cm-3 in the top 20 cm of soil was highly correlated with lint yield, and was consistent with results from a previous season. Soil applications of hydrogen peroxide did not ameliorate waterlogging damage, whereas significantly higher lint yields were obtained from foliar sprays of urea applied prior to each irrigation. The results confirmed that cotton should be irrigated and thereafter drained rapidly in this soil to minimize loss of yield. This could be achieved by increasing the rate of application of irrigation water and by using shorter fields and steeper slopes. The use of chemical ameliorants requires further investigation.

The effect of short-term waterlogging during furrow irrigation of cotton in a cracking grey clay

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
AS Hodgson ◽  
KY Chan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Waterlogging Treatment ◽  
Soil Recovery

A crop of cotton cv. Deltapine 61 was waterlogged in the field by running water in furrows for 4, 8, 12 or 16 h at each of three crop irrigations in a cracking grey clay soil at Narrabri, N.S.W. The season was hot and dry, and rainfall did not influence waterlogging treatment. Increasing the inundation period from 4 to 16 h reduced lint yields by 15.9 g m-2 or 8%. Waterlogging treatment had little effect on leaf area, plant height, dry matter and boll size. Lint yield loss from waterlogging was largely associated with reduced boll number m-2. Soil aeration results showed that treatment affected the rate of recovery from waterlogging, and that recovery rate was also a function of soil depth. On taking an air-filled porosity of 0.10 cm3 cm-3 as limiting for growth of roots in soil, the surface 0-10 cm layer was always adequately aerated. However, increasing the inundation from 4 to 16 h delayed soil recovery at 10-20 cm from 0.85 to 1.54 days, and at 20-30 cm from 3.83 to 4.20 days. Multiple regression analysis showed that 77 % of the variation in lint yield could be accounted for by the lengths of time taken for the 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm layers to recover from waterlogging. However, associated yield losses were 2.5 times greater for the 10-20 cm layer than for the 20-30 cm layer for each day of waterlogging in the two layers. The results indicated that lint yield is likely to increase if cotton crops are irrigated and drained faster to reduce contact time. The farmer may achieve this by using larger siphons, more siphons per furrow, shorter furrows or steeper furrows.

scholarly journals Identifying vulgarity in Bengali social media textual content

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e665
Author(s):  
Salim Sazzed
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Gradient Descent ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Stochastic Gradient Descent ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Negative Sentiment ◽  
Textual Content

The presence of abusive and vulgar language in social media has become an issue of increasing concern in recent years. However, research pertaining to the prevalence and identification of vulgar language has remained largely unexplored in low-resource languages such as Bengali. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive analysis on the presence of vulgarity in Bengali social media content. We develop two benchmark corpora consisting of 7,245 reviews collected from YouTube and manually annotate them into vulgar and non-vulgar categories. The manual annotation reveals the ubiquity of vulgar and swear words in Bengali social media content (i.e., in two corpora), ranging from 20% to 34%. To automatically identify vulgarity, we employ various approaches, such as classical machine learning (CML) classifiers, Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) optimizer, a deep learning (DL) based architecture, and lexicon-based methods. Although small in size, we find that the swear/vulgar lexicon is effective at identifying the vulgar language due to the high presence of some swear terms in Bengali social media. We observe that the performances of machine leanings (ML) classifiers are affected by the class distribution of the dataset. The DL-based BiLSTM (Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory) model yields the highest recall scores for identifying vulgarity in both datasets (i.e., in both original and class-balanced settings). Besides, the analysis reveals that vulgarity is highly correlated with negative sentiment in social media comments.

scholarly journals Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Growth of Yellow Passion Fruit Seedlings Under Salinity Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana da S. Santos ◽  
Railene H. C. R. Araújo ◽  
Reginaldo G. Nobre ◽  
Valéria F. de O. Sousa ◽  
Marília H. B. S. Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
The One ◽  
Yellow Passion Fruit

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a molecule that can flag plants under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Among the kinds of stress, the salinity stress is the one that most usually affects plants. Consequently, the purpose hereof was to use hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to mitigate the possible harmful effects of salinity in yellow passion fruit seedlings. We employed a randomized block design, in a 5 × 3 factorial scheme, corresponding to five irrigation water electric conductivity levels (0.3; 1.3; 2.3; 3.3; and 4.3 dS m-1) and three hydrogen peroxide concentrations (0; 5; and 15 μmol L-1), with four repetitions. The treatments were applied foliarly 7 and 15 days after the seedlings’ germination with hand sprayers. Sixty days after sowing, we evaluated the seedlings’ growth and quality variables, which finally proved that hydrogen peroxide mitigates the harmful effect of the irrigation water’s salinity up to 2 dS m-1 in the growth of yellow passion fruit seedlings at the concentration of 5 μmol/L. Nonetheless, excessive concentrations (15 μmol L-1) associated with high salt concentrations were proven detrimental to the seedlings’ phenological growth and quality.

scholarly journals The Influence of H2O2 Application Methods on Melon Plants Submitted to Saline Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Adriana Silva Santos ◽  
Juliana Formiga Almeida ◽  
Marcio Santos da Silva ◽  
Jackson Silva Nóbrega ◽  
Thais Batista de Queiroga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Number Of Leaves

The salinity in irrigation water is one of the most important causes to decline cultivated plants yield. The H2O2 application has shown efficiency as a stimulator and activator for antioxidative defense system in plants submitted to biotic and abiotic stresses. The objective of this study was to evaluate methods for hydrogen peroxide application as a strategy to minimize the effects of saline stress on melon plants. The experiment was designed in complete randomized blocks and set in 2 × 4 factorial scheme, consisting two levels for irrigation water salinity (S1 = 0.3 and S2 = 2.0 dS m-1) and four methods for hydrogen peroxide application (15 mM), (T1 = no peroxide application, T2= imbibition of seeds, T3 = at sowing, T4 = Foliar spraying), with five repetitions. It was evaluated the following variables at 58 days after transplanting: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of flowers, shoot dry mass, root dry mass and total dry mass. The results showed that salinity affected the growth, biomass accumulation and plant quality severely, with the highest losses promoted by the electrical conductivity of 2.0 dS m-1.

Out of gas: quantifying fatigue in MLB relievers

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Kyle Burris ◽  
Jacob Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical Model ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract As relief pitcher usage in Major League Baseball has spiked in recent years, optimal bullpen decision-making has become increasingly vital for team managers. Throughout the season, managers must be mindful to avoid overusing their most talented relievers, due to the risks of injury and ineffectiveness. Despite the substantial amount of attention given to pitcher arm health and injury prevention, the effect of workload on pitcher fatigue is poorly understood. As a result, many of these overuse decisions are driven by feel and intuition. In this paper, we borrow ideas from toxicology to provide a framework for estimating the effect of recent workload on short-term reliever effectiveness, as measured by fastball velocity. Treating a thrown pitch as a fatigue-inducing “toxin” administered to a player’s arm, we develop a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the pitcher-level dose-response relationship, the rate of recovery, and the relationship between pitch count and fatigue. Based on the model, we find that the rate of reliever fatigue rises with increasing pitch count. When relief pitchers throw more than 15 pitches in an appearance, they are expected to suffer small, short-term velocity decreases in future games; upon crossing the 20 pitch threshold, this dip is further amplified. For each day that passes after the appearance, we estimate that the effect on a player’s velocity is cut roughly in half. Finally, we identify the relievers most affected by fatigue, along with those most resilient to its effects.

scholarly journals Short-term velocity variations and sliding sensitivity of a slowly surging glacier

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (72) ◽  
pp. 71-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwenn E. Flowers ◽  
Alexander H. Jarosch ◽  
Patrick T. A. P. Belliveau ◽  
Lucas A. Fuhrman
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Lower Reach ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Flow Zone ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Flow Variability ◽  
Bed Separation ◽  
Velocity Variations ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Fast Flow

ABSTRACTWe use daily surface velocities measured over several weeks in 2007 and 2008 on a slowly surging glacier in Yukon, Canada, to examine the ordinary melt-season dynamics in the context of the ongoing surge. Horizontal velocities within and just below the ~1.5 km-long zone of fastest flow, where the surge is occurring, are often correlated during intervals of low melt. This correlation breaks down during melt events, with the lower reaches of the fast-flow zone responding first. Velocity variability in this lower reach is most highly correlated with melt; velocities above and below appear to respond at least as strongly to the velocity variations of this reach as to local melt. GPS height records are suggestive of ice/bed separation occurring in the fast-flow zone but not below it, pointing to a hydrological cause for the short-term flow variability in the surging region. Independent velocity measurements over 6 years show a maximum July flow anomaly coincident with the location most responsive to melt. Results from a simple model of dashpots and frictional elements lend support to the hypothesis that this zone partly drives the dynamics of the ice above and below it. We speculate that the slow surge may enhance glacier sensitivity to melt-season processes, including short-term summer sliding events.

scholarly journals Growth and quality of soursop (Annona muricata, L.) seedlings under saline stress and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

2017 ◽  
pp. 1643-1649
Author(s):  
André Alisson Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Luana Lucas de Sá Almeida Veloso ◽  
Geovani Soares de Lima ◽  
Carlos Alberto Vieira de Azevedo ◽  
Hans Raj Gheyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Saline Water Irrigation ◽  
Sensitive Variable

This study aimed to evaluate growth and quality of soursop seedlings cv. Morada Nova, as a function of saline water irrigation and exogenous applications of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in 5 x 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to the combination of five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity – ECw (0.7, 1.4, 2.1, 2.8 and 3.5 dS m-1) and five concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µM). The results showed that Hydrogen peroxide concentrations were applied by soaking the seed for 24 h and by spraying on all leaves of soursop seedlings. Irrigation water above electrical conductivity of 0.7 dS m-1 negatively affected growth and quality of soursop seedlings cv. Morada Nova. The dry phytomass of root was the most sensitive variable to saline stress. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations of 31 and 100 µM led to highest relative growth rate in leaf area and dry phytomass of leaves and stem, respectively. The quality of soursop seedlings cv. Morada Nova was not compromised by using water with electrical conductivity of 3.5 dS m-1 in irrigation.

scholarly journals Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Maize at Selekleka District, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
Ekubay Tesfay Gebreigziabher
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Alternate Furrow Irrigation

Irrigation water availability is diminishing in many areas of the Ethiopian regions, which require many irrigators to consider deficit-irrigation strategy. This study investigated the response of maize (Zea mays L.) to moisture deficit under conventional, alternate and fixed furrow irrigation systems combined with three irrigation amounts over a two years period. The field experiment was conducted at Selekleka Agricultural Research Farm of Shire-Maitsebri Agricultural Research Center. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used. Irrigation depth was monitored using a calibrated 2-inch throat Parshall flume. The effects of the treatments were evaluated in terms of grain yield, dry above-ground biomass, plant height, cob length and water use efficiency. The two years combined result indicated that  net irrigation water applied in alternate furrow irrigation with full amount irrigation depth (100% ETc AFI) treatments was half (3773.5 m3/ha) than that of applied to the conventional furrow with full irrigation amount (CFI with 100% ETc) treatments (7546.9 m3/ha). Despite the very significant reduction in irrigation water used with alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), there was insignificant grain yield reduction in maize(8.31%) as compared to control treatment (CFI with100% ETc). In addition, we also obtained significantly (p<0.001) higher crop water use efficiency of 1.889 kg/m3 in alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), than that was obtained as 0.988 kg/m3 in conventional furrow irrigation (CFI). In view of the results, alternate furrow irrigation method (AFI) is taken as promising for conservation of water (3773.5 m3/ha), time (23:22'50" hours/ha), labor (217.36 USD/ha) and fuel (303.79 USD/ha) for users diverting water from the source to their fields using pump without significant trade-off in yield.

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