The effect of short-term waterlogging during furrow irrigation of cotton in a cracking grey clay

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
AS Hodgson ◽  
KY Chan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Waterlogging Treatment ◽  
Soil Recovery

A crop of cotton cv. Deltapine 61 was waterlogged in the field by running water in furrows for 4, 8, 12 or 16 h at each of three crop irrigations in a cracking grey clay soil at Narrabri, N.S.W. The season was hot and dry, and rainfall did not influence waterlogging treatment. Increasing the inundation period from 4 to 16 h reduced lint yields by 15.9 g m-2 or 8%. Waterlogging treatment had little effect on leaf area, plant height, dry matter and boll size. Lint yield loss from waterlogging was largely associated with reduced boll number m-2. Soil aeration results showed that treatment affected the rate of recovery from waterlogging, and that recovery rate was also a function of soil depth. On taking an air-filled porosity of 0.10 cm3 cm-3 as limiting for growth of roots in soil, the surface 0-10 cm layer was always adequately aerated. However, increasing the inundation from 4 to 16 h delayed soil recovery at 10-20 cm from 0.85 to 1.54 days, and at 20-30 cm from 3.83 to 4.20 days. Multiple regression analysis showed that 77 % of the variation in lint yield could be accounted for by the lengths of time taken for the 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm layers to recover from waterlogging. However, associated yield losses were 2.5 times greater for the 10-20 cm layer than for the 20-30 cm layer for each day of waterlogging in the two layers. The results indicated that lint yield is likely to increase if cotton crops are irrigated and drained faster to reduce contact time. The farmer may achieve this by using larger siphons, more siphons per furrow, shorter furrows or steeper furrows.

The effects of duration, timing and chemical amelioration of short-term waterlogging during furrow irrigation of cotton in a cracking grey clay

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
AS Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Highly Correlated

The effects of the duration, timing and chemical amelioration of short-term waterlogging during furrow irrigation of cotton in a cracking grey clay soil were investigated at Narrabri, N.S.W. Water was run in furrows for 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 h at each of the three crop irrigations. In other treatments, watering was extended from 4 to 16 h either at the first, second or third irrigation, to establish at which irrigation waterlogging had the most effect. Soil applications of hydrogen peroxide and foliar sprays of urea were evaluated as chemical ameliorants of short-term waterlogging. Increasing the period of inundation from 4 to 32 h reduced green bolls m-2 by 17.5 %, open bolls m-2 by 20.6 % and final lint yield by 300 kg ha-1 or 18.3 %. No further decreases were observed by increasing the period of inundation to 64 h. Extended waterlogging was equally damaging at each of the three irrigations. The rate of recovery from waterlogging to an air-filled porosity of 0.10 cm3 cm-3 in the top 20 cm of soil was highly correlated with lint yield, and was consistent with results from a previous season. Soil applications of hydrogen peroxide did not ameliorate waterlogging damage, whereas significantly higher lint yields were obtained from foliar sprays of urea applied prior to each irrigation. The results confirmed that cotton should be irrigated and thereafter drained rapidly in this soil to minimize loss of yield. This could be achieved by increasing the rate of application of irrigation water and by using shorter fields and steeper slopes. The use of chemical ameliorants requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Earthworms as an Ecological Indicator of Soil Recovery after Mechanized Logging Operations in Mixed Beech Forests

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Hadi Sohrabi ◽  
Meghdad Jourgholami ◽  
Mohammad Jafari ◽  
Farzam Tavankar ◽  
Rachele Venanzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Ecological Indicator ◽  
Traffic Intensity ◽  
Soil Biological Properties ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Soil Recovery ◽  
The Impact

Soil damage caused by logging operations conducted to obtain and maximize economic benefits has been established as having long-term effects on forest soil quality and productivity. However, a comprehensive study of the impact of logging operations on earthworms as a criterion for soil recovery has never been conducted in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in soil biological properties (earthworm density and biomass) and its recovery process under the influence of traffic intensity, slope and soil depth in various intervals according to age after logging operations. Soil properties were compared among abandoned skid trails with different ages (i.e., 3, 10, 20, and 25 years) and an undisturbed area. The results showed that earthworm density and biomass in the high traffic intensity and slope class of 20–30% at the 10–20 cm depth of the soil had the lowest value compared to the other treatments. Twenty-five years after the logging operations, the earthworm density at soil depth of 0–10 and 10–20 cm was 28.4% (0.48 ind. m−2) and 38.6% (0.35 ind. m−2), which were less than those of the undisturbed area, respectively. Meanwhile, the earthworm biomass at a soil depth of 0–10 and 10–20 cm was 30.5% (2.05 mg m−2) and 40.5% (1.54 mg m−2) less than the values of the undisturbed area, respectively. The earthworm density and biomass were positively correlated with total porosity, organic carbon and nitrogen content, while negatively correlated with soil bulk density and C/N ratio. According to the results, 25 years after logging operations, the earthworm density and biomass on the skid trails were recovered, but they were significantly different with the undisturbed area. Therefore, full recovery of soil biological properties (i.e., earthworm density and biomass) takes more than 25 years. The conclusions of our study reveal that the effects of logging operations on soil properties are of great significance, and our understanding of the mechanism of soil change and recovery demand that harvesting operations be extensively and properly implemented.

Effects of Temperature and CO2Concentration on the Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata), and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson ◽  
Maxine T. Highsmith ◽  
Elizabeth P. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf were grown in controlled-environment chambers at day/night temperatures of 32/23 or 26/17 C and CO2concentrations of 350 or 700 ppm. After 5 weeks, CO2enrichment to 700 ppm increased dry matter accumulation by 38, 26, and 29% in cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf, respectively, at 26/17 C and by 61, 41, and 29% at 32/23 C. Increases in leaf weight accounted for over 80% of the increase in total plant weight in cotton and spurred anoda in both temperature regimes. Leaf area was not increased by CO2enrichment. The observed increases in dry matter production with CO2enrichment were caused by increased net assimilation rate. In a second experiment, plants were grown at 350 ppm CO2and 29/23 C day/night for 17 days before exposure to 700 ppm CO2at 26/17 C for 1 week. Short-term exposure to high CO2significantly increased net assimilation rate, dry matter production, total dry weight, leaf dry weight, and specific leaf weight in comparison with plants maintained at 350 ppm CO2at 26/17 C. Increases in leaf weight in response to short-term CO2enrichment accounted for 100, 87, and 68% of the observed increase in total plant dry weight of cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf, respectively. Comparisons among the species showed that CO2enrichment decreased the weed/crop ratio for total dry weight, possibly indicating a potential competitive advantage for cotton under elevated CO2, even at suboptimum temperatures.

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizers and Humic Acid On Wheat Crop Irrigated With Different Water Regime Using 15N

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-267
Author(s):  
Ahmed A Moursy ◽  
MM Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Uptake Data

A field experiment was conducted to observe effects of water requirements and different fertilizers on wheat crop’s yield, production and N uptake. Data showed that dry matter yield of wheat grain was higher with Hu + AS (5.82 mt/ha) compared with applied water 100% ETC. Concerning the rate of water regime, the best significant grain yield of wheat was obtained with 100% ETc (4.23 mt/ha). Nitrogen derived from fertilizer Ndff% with 50% ETC of water was 28.41 and 27.28% for grain and straw, respectively. At 100% ETC of water the Ndff% was 30.16 and 27.75% for grain and straw, respectively. Nitrogen utilized by grains and straw was more efficient under treatment Hu + AS combined with 50% Etc, 100% Etc recording 15.6 and 32.23%, respectively. At 50% ETC of water requirements for wheat crop, higher N remained in 0 - 15, 15 - 30 and 30 - 45 cm soil depth were nearly closed to each other compared with the treatment made at 100% ETC of water requirements. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 261-267, 2021 (June)

Effects of delaying chemical fallowing in pasture rotations on pasture quality and wheat yield in the Victorian Wimmera

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ O'Leary ◽  
RM Binns ◽  
TR Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pasture Quality ◽  
Chemical Fallow ◽  
Conservation Method

The effects of delaying chemical fallowing in a pasture rotation on pasture quality and subsequent wheat yield were investigated at sites near Minyip and Charlton, Victoria, in 1983 and 1984. Three chemical fallows were commenced at different times and were compared with a conventionally cultivated fallow. The earliest chemical fallow was established, together with a conventional fallow, at the end of winter. The second chemical fallow commenced towards the end of the rapid spring growth period in mid-October (early hayfreezing), and the third in mid- November (late hayfreezing) on a grass-dominant pasture. The pasture in spring ranged from 51 to 72% digestible dry matter (DDM) but the quality declined to 42-50% DDM by the end of the fallow treatments in autumn at each site in both years. Weathering of the pasture over summer reduced it to roughage. In contrast to a conventional fallow, early hayfreezing of pasture reduced the yield of subsequent wheat crops at Minyip by 14% in 1984 and 26% in 1985. Late hayfreezing caused losses of around 35% in each year at Minyip. At Charlton yield losses were much lower with only 14% loss observed from late hayfreezing in 1985. Because the feed produced by hayfreezing was of very poor quality, hayfreezing cannot be recommended as a viable fodder conservation method as it could not adequately compensate for any yield loss.

scholarly journals Tolerance of apple rootstocks to short-term waterlogging

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas De Ross Marchioretto ◽  
Andrea De Rossi ◽  
Leonardo Oliboni do Amaral ◽  
Ana Maria Alves de Souza Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Waterlogged Condition ◽  
Branch Angle ◽  
Number Of Leaves

ABSTRACT: Until few years ago there were limited options of apple rootstocks commercially available for Brazilian growers; although, new series of Geneva® rootstocks introduced recently present desirable features such as vigor control and wider lateral branch angle. On the main apple producing regions of Brazil, intermittent rainfall eventually occurs and waterlogged condition is frequent especially in high clay oxisols; in addition, little is known about the tolerance of rootstocks M.9, Marubakaido/M.9 interstock, G.202, G.213 and G.814 to waterlogging. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the tolerance of these rootstocks to short-term waterlogging on root and aerial parameters. Potted ‘Maxi Gala’ apple plants were kept under 48 hours of waterlogging weekly throughout 19 weeks to be compared with a normal hydric condition control. The evaluated variables were: leaf, stem and root dry matter, number and length of new root emission, and number of leaves, mean leaf size and chlorophyll content. Rootstocks G.202, G.814 and Marubakaido/M.9 interstock presented more tolerance to waterlogging, and the main defense mechanism was the emission of new adventitious roots.

Trace element uptake by two British Columbia forages as affected by poultry manure application

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Bomke ◽  
L. E. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Deep Pit ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Trace Element Uptake

Field experiments evaluated yield response to deep-pit poultry manure application to barley on a clay soil near Prince George and a grass-legume forage on a silty clay loam soil near Chilliwack, B.C. Substantial dry matter yield increases were measured at manure applications up to 20 t ha−1. Subsamples of both crops and the poultry manure were analyzed for Cu, Zn, Mn, Ba, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, B and Co. Selenium analyses were made on selected crop samples. There were no indications of toxicity problems even at 40 t ha−1, the highest application. Copper and Zn concentrations in forages were increased by the poultry manure and the Mn/Cu ratio tended to decrease with manure application. Key words: Orchardgrass, ladino clover, barley, micronutrients

scholarly journals Short-term effect of soil tillage and NPK fertilization rates on soil carbon sequestration and yield of Colocasia esculenta Schott in two micro-environments in SE, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 96-101
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Colocasia Esculenta ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Effect ◽  
C Storage

Quantification of soil organic carbon cycling as impacted by soil and crop man- agement practices is required for C storage and soil quality improvement investi- gations. This study assessed the short-term effect of conventional tillage (CT) and No-Tillage (NT) practices on SOC sequestration and yield of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta). The experiment was conducted simultaneously at two lo- cations (06◦52' N, 07◦15' E and 06◦ 26' N; 07◦16' E) in southeast Nigeria. A Ran- domized Complete Block Design with five replications and four treatments com- prised of CT and NT, respectively, with 150 and 300 Kg ha-1 of NPK 15:15:15, was used. Soil quality attributes were measured at two soil depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) in both locations and analyzed. The results indicated that the quantity of carbon sequestered in the soil at 0-20 cm soil depth for both sites was 46.7- 90.9 and 65.0-117.9 Mg ha-1, respectively, for the two planting seasons in NT plots treated with 300 Kg ha-1 of NPK. This was followed by NT plots treated with 150 Kg ha-1 of NPK, which sequestered 55.5-86.2 and 46.7-91.9 Mg ha-1 SOC. CT plots that received 300 Kg ha-1 NPK with 11.3-47.6 Mg/ha SOC had 44% and 28% lower stored SOC when compared to NT, NPK 150 Kg ha-1 plots for the two-planting season respectively. This indicates that CT practices signifi- cantly limit SOC sequestration. CT with 300 Kg of NPK 15:15:15 gave the high- est corm yield, followed by No-till with 300 Kg ha-1. A better edaphic condition provided by CT was compensated for by higher doses of N fertilizer in NT Plots.

Out of gas: quantifying fatigue in MLB relievers

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Kyle Burris ◽  
Jacob Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical Model ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract As relief pitcher usage in Major League Baseball has spiked in recent years, optimal bullpen decision-making has become increasingly vital for team managers. Throughout the season, managers must be mindful to avoid overusing their most talented relievers, due to the risks of injury and ineffectiveness. Despite the substantial amount of attention given to pitcher arm health and injury prevention, the effect of workload on pitcher fatigue is poorly understood. As a result, many of these overuse decisions are driven by feel and intuition. In this paper, we borrow ideas from toxicology to provide a framework for estimating the effect of recent workload on short-term reliever effectiveness, as measured by fastball velocity. Treating a thrown pitch as a fatigue-inducing “toxin” administered to a player’s arm, we develop a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the pitcher-level dose-response relationship, the rate of recovery, and the relationship between pitch count and fatigue. Based on the model, we find that the rate of reliever fatigue rises with increasing pitch count. When relief pitchers throw more than 15 pitches in an appearance, they are expected to suffer small, short-term velocity decreases in future games; upon crossing the 20 pitch threshold, this dip is further amplified. For each day that passes after the appearance, we estimate that the effect on a player’s velocity is cut roughly in half. Finally, we identify the relievers most affected by fatigue, along with those most resilient to its effects.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) for short-term drought tolerance targeting low-maintenance landscaping

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Chalinda Koshitha Beneragama ◽  
Ganege Don Kapila Kumara
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Bahia Grass

Drought responses of turf-type Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) in relation to their growth, carbon allocation and accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates were investigated. Seedlings were exposed to a 20 day terminal drought, followed by 20 day recovery with irrigation. Leaf dry matter was lower in water-stressed plants than control plants by the end of drought, but did not differ in roots. For both species, more carbon was allocated towards roots in response to drought. Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration in shoots was increased in drought-stressed plants of both species. However, root TNC concentrations in Bahia grass were decreased after drought. TNC pool sizes also showed a similar variation, hence correlated with TNC concentrations. Bahia grass maintained a better quality than Bermuda grass after the drought, having recorded a higher aesthetic score, higher relative water content and a lower electrolyte leakage. Results suggest that, both species are considerably tolerant to short-term drought though Bahia grass seems more promising.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 6(1): 12-16

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