Flood irrigation of wheat on a transitional red-brown earth. I. Effect of duration of ponding on soil water, plant growth, yield and N uptake

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
FM Melhuish ◽  
E Humphreys ◽  
WA Muirhead ◽  
RJG White
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Total N

Long periods of waterlogging during irrigation are thought to adversely affect wheat growth and yield. This work quantifies these effects for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Bindawarra) growing on a transitional red-brown earth. The crop was irrigated on four occasions during spring. At each irrigation six ponding treatments were imposed involving sprinkler irrigation (SP) or flooding for 1, 12, 24, 48 or 96 h. Each plot always received the same treatment. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at sowing (23 kg N ha-1 as ammonium phosphates) and at the end of tillering, 3 weeks before the first irrigation (100 kg N ha-1 as urea). There was also a 1 h ponding treatment which did not receive urea at the end of tillering. Grain yield on the 48 h and 96 h ponding treatments was significantly lower than on SP, 1 h and 12 h. Yield declined by 69 kg ha-1 for each day that water was ponded on the surface, or by 55 kg ha-1 for each day that the estimated soil water depletion was below 25 mm. The wheat crop suffered stress due to lack of aeration for periods varying from 42% (1 h and SP) to 68% (96 h) of the time interval between early stem elongation and physiological maturity. The grain yield and N uptake data indicate that the site was highly responsive to N fertilizer. However, there was no significant effect of ponding treatment on total N uptake, suggesting that the yield differences between the ponding treatments were not caused by differences in N availability. The results demonstrate that yield loss through waterlogging can be minimized by changing to irrigation management practices that minimise the period of ponding.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in Growth, Nitrogen Uptake and Allocation by Container-grown Evergreen and Deciduous Rhododendron Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1440-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn F. Scagel ◽  
Guihong Bi ◽  
Leslie H. Fuchigami ◽  
Richard P. Regan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Storage

Growth, nitrogen (N) uptake, and N storage were assessed in transplanted 1-year-old rhododendron liners. Two evergreen cultivars, Rhododendron ‘P. J. Mezitt Compact’ (PJM) and R. ‘English Roseum’ (ER), and one deciduous cultivar, R. ‘Gibraltar’ (AZ), were transplanted into 1-gal. pots and given liquid fertilizer with (+N) or without (–N) N. Increased N availability increased growth after July (ER, PJM) or August (AZ), and resulted in three to five times more total biomass. Biomass continued to increase after stem elongation and leaf production ceased. Nitrogen uptake was correlated with growth of all plant structures on AZ, whereas N uptake was only correlated with stem and leaf growth on evergreen cultivars. The rate of N uptake was highest before July for AZ (1.9 mg·d−1) and in August and September for the evergreen cultivars (≈5 mg·d−1). Thirteen percent to 16% of total N uptake from between May and February occurred after N fertilization ceased at the beginning of September. Plants contained the most N in October (AZ), November (PJM), or December (ER). Biomass loss after November accounted for a loss of 14% to 48% of the maximum total plant N content. Nitrogen demand by roots and stems increased from May to February in all cultivars. The role of new and old leaves in N storage on evergreen cultivars varied with cultivar and time. Differences in N storage between the evergreen cultivars occurred primarily in their roots and leaves. Over the winter, PJM stored more N in its roots, whereas ER stored more N in its leaves. Changes in N concentrations and contents in different plant structures after November indicate that, during early winter, N stored in other structures moves to roots and old stems of PJM, old stems of ER, and roots and new and old stems of AZ. These results suggest that fertilizer application strategies for transplanted liners of these cultivars should include low N availability after transplanting followed by high N availability in mid to late summer. This type of strategy will not only improve N uptake efficiency from fertilizer, but also will minimize N loss from the containers. The results also demonstrated that N uptake in the autumn may play an important role in supplementing plant N reserves required for growth during the next season as well as for balancing N losses incited by leaf abscission, root turnover, and maintenance functions that occur over winter.

scholarly journals Remedial Application of Urea Eliminates Yield Losses in Wheat Waterlogged during Stem Elongation

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Jinfeng Ding ◽  
Peng Liang ◽  
Desheng Guo ◽  
Dejun Liu ◽  
Mingxiao Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Kernel Number ◽  
Total N ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity ◽  
Partial Factor

Waterlogging remains a critical constraint to wheat production in areas with high rainfall. Exogenous application of nitrogen (N) can effectively diminish the adverse effects of waterlogging, but varies with specific events. To provide highly efficient remedial strategies, this pot study investigated the effects of urea application following 10 days of waterlogging initialing at the stem elongation stage (Zadoks growth stage, GS33). The remedial measures included foliar spray of urea solution at a single dose (0.108 g urea per pot) at the 0th day after finishing waterlogging (FU1) and twice at the 0th and 7th day (FU2), and soil surface spray of urea solution at single and double doses when soil water content was approximately 80% of field capacity (SU1 and SU2, respectively). Waterlogging significantly reduced grain yield, total N uptake, and N partial factor productivity (by 11%, 18%, and 11%, respectively), but subsequent remedial measures improved these to variable degrees. Reduction in grain yield owing to waterlogging could be effectively alleviated and even eliminated using these remediations. Grain yield and N partial factor productivity were higher under FU2 and SU2 than FU1 and SU1. Among all treatments, plants under SU2 exhibited the highest total N uptake and top-dressing N recovery. Diminished yield losses were attributed to (1) increased kernel number per spike resulting from increased spikelet fertility and kernel number per spikelet and (2) increased photosynthetic production by delaying senescence (improved chlorophyll content and maintained green leaf area) of the top leaves. This study suggests that urea application for a brief period of time following waterlogging during the stem elongation stage has remarkable remedial effects.

scholarly journals Accentuating the Role of Nitrogen to Phosphorus Ratio on the Growth and Yield of Wheat Crop

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2253
Author(s):  
Maria Mussarat ◽  
Muhammad Shair ◽  
Dost Muhammad ◽  
Ishaq Ahmad Mian ◽  
Shadman Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
The Impact

Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major yield limiting factor across the globe and their proper management plays a vital role in optimizing crop yield. This field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of soil and plant nitrogen N and P ratio on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in alkaline calcareous soil. The study consisted of various levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80, and 160 kg ha−1 as urea) and phosphorus (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg P2O5 ha−1 as diammonium phosphate), and was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement having three replications. The result showed that the addition of 160 kg N ha−1 significantly improved biological yield (10,052 kg ha−1), grain weight (3120 kg ha−1), chlorophyll content at tillering stage soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value (35.38), N uptake in straw (33.42 kg ha−1), and K uptake in straw (192 kg ha−1) compared to other N levels. In case of P, 90 kg P2O5 ha−1 had resulted maximum biological yield (9852 kg ha−1), grain yield (3663 kg ha−1), chlorophyll content at tillering stage (SPAD value 34.36), P (6.68 mg kg−1) and K (171 kg ha−1) uptake in straw. The sole use of N and P have positively influenced the biological and grain yield but their interaction didn’t response to biological yield. The present study reveals that SPAD value (chlorophyll meter) is the better choice for determining plant N and P concentrations to estimate the yield potential.

Effect of sulphur and iron fertilization on performance and production potential of urdbean [Vigna Mungo (L.) Hepper] and nutrients removal under inceptisols

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onkar Singh ◽  
Satendra Kumar ◽  
Ashish Dwivedi ◽  
B. P. Dhyani ◽  
R. K. Naresh
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Total N ◽  
Iron Fertilization

At the present time, incessant cereal-cereal cropping along with haphazard use of nutrients including micronutrients is posing menace to agricultural sustainability and environmental safety. Thus, the present investigation was conducted during kharif season 2013 on sandy loam soil of S.V.P.U.A & T Meerut (Uttar Pradesh) to evaluate sulphur and iron fertilization on performance and production potential vis-à-vis nutrient removal by using F test. The data on active growth and yield with their contributing trait were calculated on net plot area basis (18 m<sup>2</sup>). Moreover nutrient content in plant, qualities and available soil nutrient status were recorded as per the standard procedure. The experimental results revealed that plant height, number of branch per plant and dry weight at 30 and 60 DAS, number of nodules per plant, number of pods per plant, qualities and nutrient contents were affected significantly by different sulphur and Iron levels. Application of RDF along with sulphur 40 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> and Fe 2.5 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> gave the maximum grain yield (10.83 q ha<sup>-1</sup>) which increased by 83.56% over control, besides it also improved all growth attributes at 30 and 60 DAS and number of pods per plant. Furthermore, grain yield was positively related with number of branches, number of nodules at 60 DAS (42.46) and number of pods (45.90). The maximum total uptake of P, K, S and Fe by urdbean was recorded as 5.34 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, 30.21 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, 5.22 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, 871.57 g ha<sup>-1</sup> respectively by using RDF + Sulphur 40 + Fe 5.0 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, whereas maximum total N uptake (60.03 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) was noticed under RDF + Sulphur 40 + Fe 2.5 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>. It is a legume crop so it is tremendously eco-friendly and useful for sustainable agriculture and soil health.

scholarly journals Rice NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 1 Rapidly Responds to Nitrogen Deficiency and Improves Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alamin Alfatih ◽  
Jie Wu ◽  
Zi-Sheng Zhang ◽  
Jing-Qiu Xia ◽  
Sami Ullah Jan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
High Yield ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Use Efficiency

ABSTRACTNitrogen (N) is indispensable for crop growth and yield, but excessive agricultural application of nitrogenous fertilizers has generated severe environmental problems. A desirable and economical solution to cope with these issues is to improve crop nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Plant NUE has been a focal point of intensive research worldwide, yet much more has to be learned about its genetic determinants and regulation. Here, we show that rice NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 1 (OsNLP1) plays a fundamental role in N utilization. OsNLP1 protein localizes in nucleus and its transcript level is rapidly induced by N starvation. Overexpression of OsNLP1 improves plant growth, grain yield and NUE under different N conditions while knockout of OsNLP1 impairs grain yield and NUE under N limiting conditions. OsNLP1 regulates nitrate and ammonium utilization by cooperatively orchestrating multiple N uptake and assimilation genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and yeast-one-hybrid assays show that OsNLP1 can directly bind to the promoter of these genes to activate their expression. Therefore, our results demonstrate that OsNLP1 is a key regulator of N utilization and represents a potential target for improving NUE and yield in rice.One-sentence summaryOsNLP1 rapidly responds to N availability, enhances N uptake and assimilation, and holds great potential in promoting high yield in rice.

scholarly journals Residual Effect of Green Manure on the Growth and Yield of BRRI dhan28

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
MR Islam ◽  
Z Ryhana ◽  
MA Hoque ◽  
A Huda ◽  
MLN Begum
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Total N ◽  
Science Field ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Rice Yields

Green manuring is a promising technology to enrich soils with organic matter especially with nitrogen to boost up rice production. An experiment was, therefore, conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during boro season of 2013 to evaluate the residual effect of Sesbania green manure on the growth and yield of BRRI dhan28. There were nine treatments laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results demonstrate that the treatment T8 containing 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) and green manure incorporated at 70 DAS produced the highest grain yield of 4967 kg ha-1 and straw yield of 5359 kg ha-1. The lowest grain yield (4208 kg ha-1) and straw yield (4352 kg ha-1) were recorded for the treatment T1 (GM incorporated at 40 DAS + 50% RD of NF). Green manure exerted significant residual effect on grain N uptake, straw N uptake and total N uptake of BRRI dhan28. The residual effect of green manure was the higher in producing rice yields in treatments with the application of 75% of recommended N fertilizer with green manure incorporated at 50 or 70 DAS.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(1): 35-40 2016

Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Heenan ◽  
AC Taylor ◽  
BR Cullis ◽  
WJ Lill
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grain Yields

A long term field experiment began in 1979 at Wagga Wagga, N.S.W., to compare the sustainability of a range of rotation, tillage and stubble management systems on a red earth. This paper reports yield, yield components and grain protein of wheat for 1979-90. Rotations considered were alternating lupin-wheat (LW), lupin-wheat-wheat (LWW), continuous wheat (WW) with and without N fertilizer (100 kg N/ha), and alternating sub-clover-wheat (CW). Soil N supply at the start of the experiment was high following many years of sub-clover based pasture. From 1979 to 1983, there was a negative grain yield response to N fertilizer and no response to a legume in rotation except in the drought of 1982 when low yields were recorded from LW. Thereafter, a positive grain yield response was usually produced to N fertilizer in WW rotations, until 1989 and 1990, when these crops displayed aluminium toxicity sym ptoms. Overall, average grain yields from legume rotations were higher than WW with added N fertilizer. Since 1983, LW rotations consistently produced higher mean grain yields than CW, but mean grain protein and total N uptake were lower. Yields and N uptake by the second wheat crop in a LWW rotation indicated little carryover of benefits from the lupins. Slightly higher mean grain yield and harvest index, but lower mean grain protein, were produced by direct drilling, compared with cultivation before sowing, following lupins or sub-clover. However, retaining stubble rather than burning in autumn consistently reduced grain yields. There was no evidence that early burial of wheat stubble following summer rain, rather than incorporation in autumn, improved grain yield or total N uptake. The build-up of giant brome grass and diseases, particularly where stubble was retained and crops direct-drilled, casts some doubt on the long term sustainability of these short term rotations in this environment.

Dual-purpose use of winter wheat in western China: cutting time and nitrogen application effects on phenology, forage production, and grain yield

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Tian ◽  
L. W. Bell ◽  
Y. Y. Shen ◽  
J. P. M. Whish
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Western China ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Total N ◽  
Crop Development

Conventional rainfed mixed crop–livestock systems of western China lack high-quality forage and restrict livestock production. This study explored the forage potential from wheat and its effects on subsequent grain yield. Different cutting times were imposed on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) at Qingyang, Gansu Province, in two growing seasons, and the effect of nitrogen (N) topdressing rates (0, 60, and 120 kg N/ha) on grain yield recovery was explored. Results showed the potential to produce 0.8–1.6 t DM/ha of wheat forage with high nutritive value when cut before stem elongation (GS 30). In the wetter year, cutting before stem elongation did not delay crop development significantly (<3 days at anthesis and 5 days at maturity), but grain yields were reduced by 17–28% compared with the uncut crop (5.8 t DM/ha), mainly due to reductions in number of spikes per m2 and, consequently, number of grains per m2. In both seasons, more forage biomass was available if crops were cut later than GS 32, but this came with large reductions (>62%) in grain yield and delays in crop development (>9 days or 131 degree-days). Crops cut later than GS 30 had greatly reduced harvest index, tillers per m2, and total N uptake but higher grain protein content. There was no significant effect of N topdressing rate on grain yield, although provided the crop was cut before GS 30, higher rates of N increased maturity biomass and crop N uptake by replacing N removed in cut biomass. This study showed that physiological delay of wheat due to cutting was not significant. The forage harvested from winter wheat before stem elongation could be a valuable feed resource to fill the feed gap in western China.

scholarly journals Biochar and urease inhibitor mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions and improve wheat yield in a urea fertilized alkaline soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadim Dawar ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
M. M. R. Jahangir ◽  
Iqbal Munir ◽  
Syed Sartaj Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Assimilation

AbstractIn this study, we explored the role of biochar (BC) and/or urease inhibitor (UI) in mitigating ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) discharge from urea fertilized wheat cultivated fields in Pakistan (34.01°N, 71.71°E). The experiment included five treatments [control, urea (150 kg N ha−1), BC (10 Mg ha−1), urea + BC and urea + BC + UI (1 L ton−1)], which were all repeated four times and were carried out in a randomized complete block design. Urea supplementation along with BC and BC + UI reduced soil NH3 emissions by 27% and 69%, respectively, compared to sole urea application. Nitrous oxide emissions from urea fertilized plots were also reduced by 24% and 53% applying BC and BC + UI, respectively, compared to urea alone. Application of BC with urea improved the grain yield, shoot biomass, and total N uptake of wheat by 13%, 24%, and 12%, respectively, compared to urea alone. Moreover, UI further promoted biomass and grain yield, and N assimilation in wheat by 38%, 22% and 27%, respectively, over sole urea application. In conclusion, application of BC and/or UI can mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions from urea fertilized soil, improve N use efficiency (NUE) and overall crop productivity.

Impact of tillage and landscape position on nitrogen availability and yield of spring wheat in the Brown soil zone in southwestern Saskatchewan

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Jowkin ◽  
J. J. Schoenau
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
No Till ◽  
Crop N Uptake

Nitrogen availability to a spring wheat crop was examined in the cropping season in a side-by-side comparison of no-till (first year) and tillage fallow in an undulating farm field in the Brown soil zone in southwestern Saskatchewan. Thirty different sampling points along a grid in each tillage landscape were randomly selected, representing 10 each of shoulder, footslope and level landscape positions. Nitrogen availability was studied i) by profile inorganic N content ii) by crop N uptake and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and iii) by 15N tracer technique and in situ burial of anion exchange resin membranes (AEM).Pre-seeding available moisture content of the surface soil samples was significantly higher under no-till compared with tillage fallow. However, no significant differences in pre-seeding profile total inorganic N, crop N uptake and yield were observed between the treatments. At the landform scale, shoulder positions of the respective tillage systems had lower profile inorganic N, crop N uptake and yield compared with other slope positions. Soil N supply power, as determined by 15N tracer and AEM techniques, was not significantly different between the tillage treatments, indicating that N availability is not likely to be greatly affected in initial years by switching to no-till fallow in these soils under normal moisture conditions. Key words: Summerfallow, landscape, nitrogen, wheat

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