The effect of nutrition and exercise in carcass parameters and the level of glycogen in skeletal muscle of Merino sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 525 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Pethick ◽  
JB Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Fat Score

This study investigated the effects in sheep of feed intake and exercise training on (i) the level of glycogen in muscle, and (ii) carcass quality traits including growth rate, carcass weight, fat score, and the ultimate pH of muscle. Merino wethers, 12-months-old and starting body weight 38 kg, were individually penned and housed indoors. The effects of nutrition and exercise were tested for 2 levels of activity (sedentary v. exercised) and 4 levels of feed intake (1, 1.3, 1.5, 2.2 x maintenance) with 8 sheep per group housed individually. Exercise training was for 1 h at 8-9 km/h (approx. 55-65 VO2max), 3 times per week from week 4 to 9 of the experiment. The diet was 20% cereal straw, 26% lupin grain, 53% barley grain, mineral and vitamin premix, and virginiamycin. Animals were slaughtered at an abattoir in week 10. Regular exercise reduced growth rate, carcass weight, and fat score, but did not affect intake. At the highest level of intake, carcass weight was reduced by 0.53 kg and fat depth over the 12th rib (GR fat depth) by 6.3 mm, suggesting that muscle yield was increased. At all sampling times, the level of glycogen in the m. semimembranosis (SM) and m. semitendinosis (ST) increased linearly with increasing feed intake. Regular exercise caused increased glycogen level in SM samples immediately post-slaughter and in the SM, ST, and m. longissimus dorsi (LD) 48 h post-slaughter. The ultimate pH of muscle was reduced as the level of feed intake increased for all muscle groups. Exercise caused a reduction in the ultimate pH of the ST with no change for the SM and LD. The results indicate that glycogen levels in muscle are highly responsive to nutrition and regular exercise. In addition, exercise caused a reduction in subcutaneous fat with no change in feed intake.

Effects of sex and year on growth and live assessment of carcass characteristics of lambs grazing annual pastures

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
LP Thatcher ◽  
B Warren ◽  
PJ Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Clover Content

Lambs from the Poll Dorset x (Border Leicester x Merino) cross were raised from a late lambing in 1983 (a year when pastures grew unchecked and had high clover content) and 1984 (a year with intermittent dry periods and a low clover content in pastures). Multivariate repeated measures analyses were used to compare growth rates for rams, wethers and ewes within 2 periods of growth in 1983, and 4 in 1984. In all stages rams grew significantly faster than wethers and ewes, whereas wether growth rate exceeded that of ewes in only 3 stages. In general, when pasture availability and quality was high, rams grew faster than wethers by 0.3 kg/week and ewes by 0.5 kg/week. The rams grew 0.16 kg/week faster when pasture availability was limiting for a period in winter but lost significant (P<0.01) body condition, whilst ewes maintained both weight and condition. When good quality feed was again available, rams gained more weight than wethers, as did wethers compared with ewes, while rams and wethers gained more condition than ewes. Carcass weight and fatness, measured either as indicators of fat (GR measurement or fat score) or as total subcutaneous fat, could be predicted from assessments made on live lambs. Full liveweight, sex and year explained 41% of variation in GR, 48% in fat score and 79% in subcutaneous fat. Condition score, sex and year explained 45% of variation in GR, 52% in fat score and 57% in subcutaneous fat. Full liveweight, condition score, sex and year explained 80% of the variation in subcutaneous fat, 47% in GR and 57% in fat score. An interaction of sex with full liveweight in predicting carcass weight and subcutaneous fat indicated that as carcass size increased, the sex of the lamb became an increasingly important consideration when assessing characteristics important in describing lamb carcasses. Dressing percentage decreased by 0.08/kg as liveweight increased. This result was consistent over the 2 years, with opportunities for error being assessed and eliminated in the second year. Notwithstanding that this was an unimportant loss in real terms, published information showed an increase in dressing percentage with liveweight.

Effect of garlic meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of indigenous Venda chickens

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Ditle ◽  
J. W. Ng’ambi ◽  
D. Norris ◽  
O. J. Alabi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Carcass Parameters

A study was conducted to determine the growth performance and carcass characteristics of indigenous Venda chickens fed a grower’s diet supplemented with varying levels of garlic meal. The study was based on four diets containing similar energy but different garlic meal supplementation levels of 0, 10, 15 and 25 g/kg DM. At 50 to 91 days, all the growth and carcass parameters measured were improved (P less than 0.05) by garlic meal supplementation. Feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, carcass weight, dressing percent, breast meat, thigh, drumstick, gizzard and fat pad weights of Venda chickens were optimized at different garlic meal supplementation levels of 14.7, 15.8, 8.0, 16.4, 14.2, 12.7, 11.2, 12.7, 8.2, 10.5 and 15.1, respectively. These findings have implications on ration formulation for indigenous Venda chickens. Thus, it was concluded that garlic meal supplementation improved feed intake, growth rate, live weight and carcass weight of Venda chickens.

Growth and carcass characteristics of ram, cryptorchid and wether Border Leicester x Merino lambs: effects of increasing carcass weight.

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Consumer Acceptability ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Score Distributions

The growth and carcass characteristics of first-cross Border Leicester x Merino ram, cryptorchid and wether lambs were compared over a range of slaughter weights (35-55 kg). Lambs were offered feed ad libitum after weaning. The growth rate of wether lambs (221 g/day) was less (P< 0.01) than that of rams and cryptorchids (308 and 280 g/day respectively, P = 0.076). The dressed carcasses of the wether lambs were approximately 2 percentage units heavier than those of the ram and cryptorchids, but this difference was partly due to the weight of the testes. Across all sex groups, dressing percentage increased by 0.46 percentage units per kg increase in carcass weight. The carcasses of rams and cryptorchid lambs tended to be leaner than those of wethers. Fat score distributions, based on export standards, were such that wethers scored higher (fatter) than rams and cryptorchids (P< 0.05). There was a significant sexx carcass weight interaction with GR tissue depths. Above 17 kg carcass weight, tissue depth of wether lambs was greater than those of the other sex types. Of 12 families assessing consumer acceptability (taste, smell, size, fatness and tenderness) of leg roasts, the majority showed no preference for any of the sexes.

Evaluation of a subjective fat scoring system for lamb carcasses

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (124) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee ◽  
JM Thompson ◽  
JR Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Weight Category ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Similar Percentage ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Objective Basis ◽  
Carcass Measurement

Two surveys were conducted, the first to examine the ability of subjective fat scores to sort carcasses independently of variation in carcass weight, and the second to objectively describe fat scores in terms of an easily recorded carcass measurement. Survey 1 examined the distribution of subjective fat scores (1-very lean to 5-very fat) within carcass weight ranges for 60 262 carcasses. There was little variation in fat scores within carcass weight ranges and therefore fat scores provided little additional information for sorting carcasses over that of carcass weight alone. This was particularly so in the two most common carcass weight ranges (14.0- 16.5, and 17.0- 19.5 kg) in which over 95% of carcasses were given fat score 3. This highlighted the need to establish an objective basis for fat scores. The second survey related fat scores to tissue depth, measured 1 10 mm from the midline of the 12th- 13th rib junction (GR) for a range of carcass weights. GR measurements for fat scores 3,4 and 5 were positively related to carcass weight. Nevertheless, individual fat scores reflected carcasses of similar percentage subcutaneous fat over a range of carcass weights, although the range of GR within fat score-carcass weight category was large, with considerable overlap between scores. Objective boundaries for fat scores in terms of GR measurements are proposed for a range of carcass weights.

Elliotdale and crossbred lambs: growth rate, wool production, fat depth, saleable meat yield, carcass composition and muscle content of selected cuts

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins ◽  
KD Gilbert ◽  
KL Pirlot ◽  
AHK Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Meat Yield ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Carcass Parameters

Growth and carcass parameters were studied for 62 second-cross lambs (Poll Dorset rams over Border Leicester x Merino ewes) and 55 purebred Elliottdale lambs. Second cross lambs grew faster (P<0.001) from weaning to the first slaughter time than Elliottdale lambs and consequently weighed more and had heavier carcasses. Elliottdale lambs produced significantly (P<0.001) more wool between birth and weaning. The slope of the relationship between GR (tissue depth over the 12th rib 110 mm from the midline) and carcass weight was 1.24 � 0.23 mm/kg for second cross lambs and 0.82 � 0.17 mm/kg for Elliottdale lambs, indicating the latter lambs were leaner at heavier weights. Measures of subcutaneous fat depth at the 5th/6th and 12th/13th ribs were similar when carcass weight differences were considered for a subsample of 21 second cross and 26 purebred Elliottdale lambs. Subjective assessment of fat distribution and carcass conformation by 2 assessors revealed a significant (P<0.001) difference between breeds; second cross lambs having a better conformation. Saleable meat yield, carcass composition, and muscle content of several cuts were determined for a subsample of lambs. At a common side weight of 8 kg there was no significant difference in saleable meat yield. At this weight, crossbred lambs had a significantly (P<0.05) higher muscle content (505 g/kg) than Elliottdale lambs (480 g/kg). Fat content was similar at 300 g/kg with crossbred lambs having significantly (P<0.05) less bone (190 g/kg) than Elliottdale lambs (2 10 g/kg). The legs of carcasses from crossbred lambs were shown to contain significantly more muscle than those of Elliottdales (206 v. 195 g/kg). Carcass weight explained some of the variation in weight of leg and forequarter muscle (r2 = 0.63 and 0.61). This was improved by including an assessment for conformation from 1 assessor (r2 = 0.69 and 0.64). Eye muscle area at the 12th rib did not add significantly to the prediction; it was not different between breeds, nor was its depth to width ratio different between breeds. The pH measurements of the M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum were similar between breeds.

Growth rate and its effect on empty body weight, carcass weight and dissected carcass composition of sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Murray ◽  
Olga Slezacek
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum

SummaryThe effect of three different growth rates from 15 to 40 kg live weight on the body composition of lambs was studied. The treatments were: High (H) ad-libitum feed intake, Low (L) restricted feed intake and High–Maintenance–High (HMH) ad-libitum feed intake from 15 to 25 kg followed by a 50-day period during which live weight was maintained constant, which in turn was followed by ad-libitum feeding. The animals were individually penned and fed a pelleted lucerne chaff-cereal grain mixture. Two animals were killed at the start of the experiment (15 kg) and the remaining 27 animals (nine in each treatment) were killed at common live weights of 25, 30, 35 and 40 kg. Analyses of covariance were used to compare linear regression equations representing results from each treatment using the logarithmic transformation of the allometric equation, y = axb.Animals in the H and L treatments had a mean growth rate from 15 kg until slaughter of 0·23 and 0·09 kg/day, respectively. From a live weight of 15 to 25 kg, the HMH group grew at a similar rate as the H group, viz. 0·22 and 0·21 kg/day, respectively. After the 50-day period of maintenance of live weight, the HMH animals killed at 30, 35 and 40 kg showed a marked compensatory growth response to ad-libitum feeding. These HMH animals had a mean growth rate of 0·37 kg/day compared with 0·26 kg/day for H animals over identical live-weight ranges.Empty body weight (EBW) formed a similar proportion of full body weight (FBW) in all three treatments. As a proportion of FBW, hot carcass weight (HCW) was similar in the H and L treatments, while at the 35 and 40 kg slaughter weights HCW was less in the HMH than in the H treatment. HCW also formed a lower proportion of EBW at the 35 and 40 kg slaughter weights in the HMH, than in both the H and L treatments. In the L treatment, HCW formed a greater proportion of EBW than in the H treatment, indicating a greater offal component of EBW in the H animals.The results of carcass dissection studies showed that, at the same dissected side weight (DSW), the amount of muscle, bone, connective tissue and total side fat (TSF) was similar in the three treatments. Although no differences were found between treatments in TSF, there were significant treatment effects on both the subcutaneous and inter-muscular fat depots. Animals in the H treatment had more and less, respectively, subcutaneous and intermuscular fat than the L animals. The amount of intermuscular fat was also greater in the HMH than in the H treatment.

scholarly journals Increasing the Dietary Concentration of Lupinus albus L. Decreased Feed Intake and Daily Gain of Immunocastrated Male Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1866
Author(s):  
Karen L. Moore ◽  
Emalyn Loudon ◽  
Frank R. Dunshea
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Lupinus Albus L

An experiment was conducted to determine the appropriate dietary concentration of albus lupins that would lower feed intake and decrease backfat while optimizing the effect on the growth rate of immunocastrated male pigs. The pigs were fed albus lupins (varying from 0 to 200 g/kg) from 2 weeks after the last immunization against GnRF for 14 d prior to slaughter (where d 0 is the day of the last immunization against GnRF). Increasing the dietary albus lupin concentration decreased daily gain for d 15 to 28 (p = 0.004). Daily feed intake also decreased as the concentration of the albus lupins increased for d 15 to 28 (p < 0.001). Carcass weight and backfat decreased as the concentration of dietary albus lupins increased (p = 0.011 and p = 0.024, respectively). The albus lupin concentration to maximize growth rate, minimize feed intake, maximize carcass weight and minimize backfat depth was 120, 142, 62.7 and 138 g/kg, respectively.

The performance of short scrotum and wether lambs born in winter or spring and run at pasture in northern Tasmania

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins ◽  
KD Gilbert ◽  
KL Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Research Station ◽  
High Fat ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Poor Relationship

Summary. The growth of short scrotum and wether lambs was studied in 3 experiments over 2 years, at the Elliott Research Station in northern Tasmania. Short scrotum lambs born in winter grew significantly (P<0.05) faster than wethers from birth to slaughter at 137 days of age. For spring born, short scrotum lambs, the growth advantage was less because of the quality and quantity of pasture available during summer and autumn. Wether lambs were fatter than short scrotum lambs in all experiments, with the slope of the relationship between GR and carcass weight being 0.57 � 0.02 I! 0.42 � 0.01 mmkg (experiment 1); 1.13 � 0.1 1 v. 0.68 � 0.09 mm/kg (experiment 2); and 0.91 � 0.16 v. 0.63 � 0.08 mm/kg (experiment 3) respectively. As carcass weight increased, the difference in carcass fatness increased. There was a shift in the distribution of carcasses according to fat score, with more wether carcasses being allocated high fat scores. Testes weight in the short scrotum lambs showed considerable variation within and between experiments and in all cases the testes were located in a subcutaneous position. There was a poor relationship between testes weight and growth rate. The level of testes development in a proportion of animals indicated that the animals could be fertile.

Growth and carcass composition of ram and wether lambs fed at two levels of nutrition

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
The Difference

This experiment examined the effects of two levels of nutrition on growth rate and fat deposition in the subcutaneous, kidney plus channel, omental and mesenteric depots of ram and wether second-cross lambs. Growth rates to slaughter were higher (P< 0.001) in lambs fed at the higher level of nutrition (170 � 5 v. 88 � 3 g/day; mean � s.e.). There was no difference in growth rates between ram and wether lambs at the levels of nutrition imposed. The level of nutrition did not influence fat depots when the comparison was made at the same carcass weight. Ram lambs had less subcutaneous fat than did wethers, the difference increasing (P = 0.06) at heavier carcass weights (1 00 v. 20 1 g increase in subcutaneous fat/kg increase in carcass weight, for rams and wethers respectively). A similar trend was evident in GR tissue depth; consequently, the distribution of fat scores of wether carcasses was closer to the high (fat) end of the range than was the distribution for ram carcasses (P < 0.05). The levels of total solvent-extractable fat in the carcass did not differ between sexes or levels of nutrition.

Selected growth parameters of farm-raised mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.) ducklings

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Murawska ◽  
Vladimir Hanzal ◽  
Pawel Janiszewski ◽  
Barry D. Lambert ◽  
Michal Gesek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Breast Weight ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

The aim of this study was to determine changes in selected growth parameters of farm-raised mallard ducklings from hatch to 42 d of age. The largest increases in body and carcass weights of ducklings and weights of the analyzed tissue components were noted during the first 28 d of the rearing period, except for breast and wing muscles. In comparison with other muscle groups, the growth rate of breast and wing muscles was lower from hatch to 14 d of age, greatest between 14 and 28 d, and remained high up to 42 d of age. The average body weight of mallard ducklings increased more than 16-fold (from 39.7 to 644.8 g, P ≤ 0.01), and the average carcass weight increased more than 26-fold (from 14.4 to 384.5 g, P ≤ 0.01). The growth rates of carcass and tissue components varied considerably. Wing weight increased 84.5-fold (from 0.80 to 67.6 g, P ≤ 0.01), followed by breast weight, which increased 48-fold (from 1.7 to 82.9 g, P ≤ 0.01). Slower growth rates were noted in the remaining carcass parts: back, 23-fold; neck, 19.2-fold; and legs, 17.1-fold (from 5.4 to 92.2 g, P ≤ 0.01).

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