scholarly journals Effect of Whole-Milk and Replacement-Milk Feeding on the Fatty Acid Composition of Lymph Lipids in Young Calves

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 787 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Wadsworth ◽  
AD Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Vomeronasal Organ ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Milk Feeding

The sensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ of the suckling rat consists of three cell types: receptor, supporting, and basal. Receptor cells are peripherally situated neurones and have dendritic and axonic processes extending from the perikaryon. The former expands near the epithelial surface to an enlarged area containing vacuoles, numerous centrioles, and electron�dense granules. The free surface carries numerous microvilli but no cilia. The perikaryon contains extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and prominent Golgi apparatus. Microtubules occur in both processes. Supporting cells are enlarged near the surface to surround receptor dendrites. In the first 7 days after birth many supporting cells carry a single cilium of the "9 + 0" pattern.

scholarly journals Ion Conductances in Supporting Cells Isolated From the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Ghiaroni ◽  
Francesca Fieni ◽  
Roberto Tirindelli ◽  
Pierangelo Pietra ◽  
Albertino Bigiani
Keyword(s):  
Vomeronasal Organ ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Patch Clamp Recording ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Electrophysiological Properties ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Typical Morphology ◽  
Chemosensory Transduction ◽  
Ion Conductances

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory structure involved in the detection of pheromones in most mammals. The VNO sensory epithelium contains both neurons and supporting cells. Data suggest that vomeronasal neurons represent the pheromonal transduction sites, whereas scarce information is available on the functional properties of supporting cells. To begin to understand their role in VNO physiology, we have characterized with patch-clamp recording techniques the electrophysiological properties of supporting cells isolated from the neuroepithelium of the mouse VNO. Supporting cells were distinguished from neurons by their typical morphology and by the lack of immunoreactivity for Gγ8 and OMP, two specific markers for vomeronasal neurons. Unlike glial cells in other tissues, VNO supporting cells exhibited a depolarized resting potential (about −29 mV). A Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz analysis for resting ion permeabilities revealed indeed an unique ratio of P K: P Na: P Cl= 1:0.23:1.4. Supporting cells also possessed voltage-dependent K+ and Na+ conductances that differed significantly in their biophysical and pharmacological properties from those expressed by VNO neurons. Thus glial membranes in the VNO can sustain significant fluxes of K+ and Na+, as well as Cl−. This functional property might allow supporting cells to mop-up and redistribute the excess of KCl and NaCl that often occurs in certain pheromone-delivering fluids, like urine, and that could blunt the sensitivity of VNO neurons to pheromones. Therefore vomeronasal supporting cells could affect chemosensory transduction in the VNO by regulating the ionic strength of the pheromone-containing medium.

Genesis of cilia and microvilli of rat nasal epithelia during pre-natal development. II. Olfactory epithelium, a morphometric analysis

1985 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-336
Author(s):  
B.P. Menco ◽  
A.I. Farbman
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Receptor ◽  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
Olfactory Cilia ◽  
Olfactory Receptor Cells ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Multiciliated Cells

Rat foetuses from intra-uterine days E14 through E22 (day before parturition) and adults were used for a quantitative scanning electron-microscopic examination of ciliogenesis in olfactory receptor cells and microvillogenesis in olfactory supporting cells. Four developmental stages in olfactory ciliogenesis can be discerned. Two of these are characterized by the presence of primary cilia only, the other two concern outgrowth in number and length of secondary cilia. (1) Primary cilia on undifferentiated cells; this stage occurs up to E14. (2) Primary cilia on differentiating olfactory receptor and also olfactory supporting cells. This stage begins at E14 and lasts, for the olfactory receptor cells, at least up to E22. On the supporting cells primary cilia are rarely observed after E18. Virtually all primary cilia are about 1 micron long. Up to E21 dendritic endings with primary cilia occur more frequently than those with any other number of cilia; all endings have a transitional stage in which they bear primary cilia only. (3) Secondary olfactory cilia increase in number. From E16 onwards the cells become multiciliated. Beginning at this stage and continuing up to E22 an average of one cilium per day is added to the endings. At E22 the average number of cilia observed per ending is about 70% of that in adults; more than 90% of the endings are multiciliated. From E15 to E22 the exchange rate between receptor cells with only primary cilia and multiciliated cells is about 0.5 X 10(6) cells/cm2 per day. When considered in the light of electrophysiological data on developing rats, our data suggest that when the cells have just primary cilia, they may respond indiscriminately to all odorants, whereas multiciliated cells display odorant specificity. (4) Secondary olfactory cilia increase in length. From E14 to E19 and over the whole population of receptor cells the cilia grow at an average rate of about 0.5 micron/day. Proximal parts of olfactory cilia are longer than primary cilia; olfactory cilia begin to taper in increasing numbers around E18. At E19 the receptive membrane surface, i.e. regions of the cells facing the nasal lumen, of individual cells is about 8%, and the increase in epithelial surface due to sprouting of cilia is 5% of such values in adult animals. Concomitant with the onset of tapering of olfactory cilia, i.e. around E18, microvilli of supporting cells show a spurt in growth from about 0.4 micron to about 1.3 micron. Unlike olfactory cilia they show no growth, on average, after E19.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Ultrastructure of Olfactory Epithelia in Mice after Smoke Exposure

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Matulionis
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Morphological Alteration ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
Genetically Determined

Olfactory epithelium from three groups of C57B1/6J and SWR/J mice exposed once or twice daily to 10% cigarette smoke for six or nine days was examined at the ultrastructural level. Olfactory epithelium of SWR/J experimental mice was not affected by cigarette smoke. However, prominent alterations were noted in this epithelium of C57B1/6J smoke treated mice. These alterations included a reduction in size and (possibly) number of olfactory vesicles which sometimes failed to protrude above the epithelial surface and greatly reduced numbers of olfactory vesicle sensory cilia. In the supporting cell population an abnormal electron-lucent cell type was noted among the usually darker types. Both cell types were frequently found protruding abnormally above the epithelial surface. Microvilli of supporting cells were markedly reduced in number. The present study revealed that the olfactory epithelia in all mice of the same strain are not affected equally by acute smoke exposures. In affected animals the degree of morphological alteration suggests that normal olfaction might have been impaired. Strain differences in reaction to smoke insult indicate that susceptibility is genetically determined.

scholarly journals Adenovirus Vectors Target Several Cell Subtypes of Mammalian Inner Ear In Vivo

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilai Shu ◽  
Yong Tao ◽  
Wenyan Li ◽  
Jun Shen ◽  
Zhengmin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Auditory Hair Cells ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Adenovirus Vectors

Mammalian inner ear harbors diverse cell types that are essential for hearing and balance. Adenovirus is one of the major vectors to deliver genes into the inner ear for functional studies and hair cell regeneration. To identify adenovirus vectors that target specific cell subtypes in the inner ear, we studied three adenovirus vectors, carrying a reporter gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) from two vendors or with a genome editing gene Cre recombinase (Cre), by injection into postnatal days 0 (P0) and 4 (P4) mouse cochlea through scala media by cochleostomy in vivo. We found three adenovirus vectors transduced mouse inner ear cells with different specificities and expression levels, depending on the type of adenoviral vectors and the age of mice. The most frequently targeted region was the cochlear sensory epithelium, including auditory hair cells and supporting cells. Adenovirus with GFP transduced utricular supporting cells as well. This study shows that adenovirus vectors are capable of efficiently and specifically transducing different cell types in the mammalian inner ear and provides useful tools to study inner ear gene function and to evaluate gene therapy to treat hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction.

scholarly journals Virus-infection in cochlear supporting cells induces audiosensory receptor hair cell death by TRAIL-induced necroptosis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260443
Author(s):  
Yushi Hayashi ◽  
Hidenori Suzuki ◽  
Wataru Nakajima ◽  
Ikuno Uehara ◽  
Atsuko Tanimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hair Cells ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Cochlear Hair Cells ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Macrophage Depletion ◽  
Cochlear Supporting Cells ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Although sensorineural hearing loss (SHL) is relatively common, its cause has not been identified in most cases. Previous studies have suggested that viral infection is a major cause of SHL, especially sudden SHL, but the system that protects against pathogens in the inner ear, which is isolated by the blood-labyrinthine barrier, remains poorly understood. We recently showed that, as audiosensory receptor cells, cochlear hair cells (HCs) are protected by surrounding accessory supporting cells (SCs) and greater epithelial ridge (GER or Kölliker’s organ) cells (GERCs) against viral infections. Here, we found that virus-infected SCs and GERCs induce HC death via production of the tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Notably, the HCs expressed the TRAIL death receptors (DR) DR4 and DR5, and virus-induced HC death was suppressed by TRAIL-neutralizing antibodies. TRAIL-induced HC death was not caused by apoptosis, and was inhibited by necroptosis inhibitors. Moreover, corticosteroids, the only effective drug for SHL, inhibited the virus-induced transformation of SCs and GERCs into macrophage-like cells and HC death, while macrophage depletion also inhibited virus-induced HC death. These results reveal a novel mechanism underlying virus-induced HC death in the cochlear sensory epithelium and suggest a possible target for preventing virus-induced SHL.

scholarly journals Histological, Topographical and Ultrastructural Organization of Different Cells Lining the Olfactory Epithelium of Red Piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Ghosh ◽  
P. Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Ultrastructural Organization ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Pygocentrus Nattereri

Abstract The structural characterization of the olfactory epithelium in Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858 was studied with the help of light as well as scanning and transmission electron microscope. The oval shaped olfactory rosette consisted of 26–28 primary lamellae radiated from midline raphe. The olfactory epithelium of each lamella was well distributed by sensory and non-sensory epithelium. The sensory epithelium contained morphologically distinct ciliated and microvillous receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells. The non-sensory epithelium was made up of labyrinth cells, mucous cells and stratified epithelial cells. According to TEM investigation elongated rod emerging out from dendrite end of the receptor cells in the free space. The dendrite process of microvillous receptor cells contained microvilli. The supporting cells had lobular nucleus with clearly seen electron dense nucleolus. The apex of the ciliated non-sensory cells was broad and provided with plenty of kinocilia. Basal cells provided with oval nucleus and contained small number of secretory granules. The mucous cells were restricted to the non-sensory areas and the nuclei situated basally and filled with about two-third of the vesicles. The functional significance of various cells lining the olfactory epithelium was discussed with mode of life and living of fish concerned.

scholarly journals Expression and Localization of Ryanodine Receptors in the Frog Semicircular Canal

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Perin ◽  
Laura Botta ◽  
Simona Tritto ◽  
Umberto Laforenza
Keyword(s):  
Hair Cell ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Semicircular Canal ◽  
Ryanodine Receptors ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Vesicle Recycling ◽  
Ribbon Synapses

Several experiments suggest an important role for store-released Ca2+in hair cell organs: drugs targeting IP3and ryanodine (RyRs) receptors affect release from hair cells, and stores are thought to be involved in vesicle recycling at ribbon synapses. In this work we investigated the semicircular canal distribution of RyRs by immunofluorescence, using slice preparations of the sensory epithelium (to distinguish cell types) and flat mounts of the simpler nonsensory regions. RyRs were present in hair cells, mostly in supranuclear spots, but not in supporting cells; as regards nonsensory regions, they were also localized in dark cells and cells from the ductus. No labeling was found in nerve terminals, although nerve branches could be observed in proximity to hair cell RyR spots. The differential expression of RyR isoforms was studied by RT-PCR and immunoblotting, showing the presence of RyRαin both ampulla and canal arm and RyRβin the ampulla only.

scholarly journals The Olfactory Mucosa of the Sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean E Kratzing
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Free Edge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Olfactory Mucosa ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Receptor Cells

The olfactory mucosa of the sheep was studied by light and electron microscopy. The epithelium conforms to the general vertebrate pattern and consists of olfactory receptor cells, supporting, and basal cells. The free edge of the epithelium is made up of long microvilli from the supporting cells and olfactory rods of the receptor cells, each carrying 40-50 cilia. All cell types contain large dark granules which may be the site of olfactory pigment. The basement membrane is not visible in light microscopy and is fine and discontinuous in electron microscopy. Bowman's glands are simple, tubular, mucus-secreting glands in the lamina propria. Their cells contain basal granules resembling those in the epithelial cells. The lamina propria also contains bundles of fine, unmyelinated, olfactory nerve fibres which are the proximal continuations of the receptor cells.

Immunolocalization of Receptor and Chemoreceptor Modules in the Sheep Vomeronasal Organ

2018 ◽  
Vol 205 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Dalia Ibrahim 
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Vomeronasal Organ ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Neuronal Marker ◽  
Pgp 9.5 ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Vomeronasal Receptor ◽  
Transduction Mechanisms ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Accessory Olfactory System

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is the peripheral receptor organ of the accessory olfactory system, which is responsible for both sexual and innate behaviors. The degree of neuronal differentiation and maturation of the vomeronasal receptor cells together with the verification of the presence of the solitary chemoreceptor cells (SCCs) in the VNO of Corriedale sheep were assessed using immunofluorescence. A protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), which is a neuronal marker recognized to be expressed in most neurons of vertebrate species, an olfactory marker protein (OMP) that is precise for mature olfactory receptor cells, and lastly phospholipase C-β2 (PLC-β2), a marker in the signal transduction pathway of SCCs, were all tested. The cell bodies and dendrites of almost all receptor cells in the sensory epithelium were strongly positive for PGP 9.5 and to a lesser extent for OMP. In the nonsensory wall, all cells were negative for both PGP 9.5 and OMP; however, some positive PGP 9.5 immunoreactive fibers were identified. For PLC-β2, only 1 basally situated SCC could be identified in the sensory epithelium. A higher number was demonstrated in the nonsensory wall. Corriedale sheep possess matured, fully differentiated vomeronasal receptor cells in their sensory wall, suggesting an appropriate pheromone perception. Additionally, the VNO in sheep may participate in the usual transduction mechanisms, though it is seemingly not a chemoreceptor organ.

scholarly journals Receptor Ca current and Ca-gated K current in tonic electroreceptors of the marine catfish Plotosus.

1989 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Sugawara ◽  
S Obara
Keyword(s):  
Outward Current ◽  
Input Resistance ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
Sensory Epithelium ◽  
Ca Current ◽  
Ionic Selectivity ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Inward Currents ◽  
K Current

The tonic electroreceptors of the marine catfish Plotosus consist of a cluster of ampullae of sensory epithelia, each of which is an isolated receptor unit that is attached to the distant skin with only a long duct. The single-cell layered sensory epithelium has pear-shaped receptor cells interspersed with thin processes of supporting cells. The apical border of the receptor cells is joined to the supporting cells with junctional complexes. Single ampullae were excised and electrically isolated by an air gap. Receptor responses were recorded as epithelial current under voltage clamp, and postsynaptic potentials (PSP) were recorded externally from the afferent nerve in the presence of tetrodotoxin. The ampulla showed a DC potential of -19.2 +/- 6.5 mV (mean +/- SD, n = 18), and an input resistance of 697 +/- 263 K omega (n = 21). Positive voltage steps evoked inward currents with two peaks and a positive dip, associated with PSPs. The apical membrane proved to be inactive. The inward current was ascribed to Ca current, and the positive dip to Ca-gated transient K current, bot in the basal membrane of receptor cells. The Ca channels proved to have ionic selectivity in the order of Sr2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Ba2+, and presumably they also passed outward current nonselectively. Double-pulse experiments further revealed a current-dependent inactivation for a part of the Ca current.

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