Cosmic Ray Measurements made during the Cruise of H.M.A.S. Wyatt Earp 1947-48

1948 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
DE Caro ◽  
PG Law ◽  
HD Rathgeber
Keyword(s):  
Total Content ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
Temperature Coefficients ◽  
Narrow Angle ◽  
Latitude Effect ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Antarctic

This paper describes the cosmic ray equipment used and the results obtained on the cruise of the Wyatt Earp between Melbourne, Australia, and the Antarctic Continent during the early part of 1948. Measurements of the total cosmic radiation over a narrow solid angle, the meson content over the same angle, and the total content over the full hemisphere were made. The difficulty of carrying out multiple correlations, when the independent variables are closely related, is discussed. The final correlation results show barometric coefficients of -0.144 per cent. per millibar (mb.) for the narrow angle total radiation, -0.114 for the meson content, and -0.192 for the total wide angle record. Long term temperature coefficients of -0.063 per cent. per degree C., -0.051 per cent. per degree C., and -0.012 per cent. per degree C., respectively, are obtained. The need to separate the daily and long-term temperature coefficients in regions where continental climates exist is shown. Daily temperature coefficients of 0.14 per cent. per degree C., 0.24 per cent. per degree C., and 0.16 per cent, per degree C. are obtained. It is found that no measurable latitude effect remains after pressure and temperature corrections have been made. The ratios of the total to meson content and the narrow angle intensity to wide angle intensity are independent of latitude south of Melbourne. A possible effect due to a magnetic disturbance on February 15 is noted, but later more severe storms did not produce any noticeable result. The results obtained are compared with those of other workers.

Cosmic Ray Measurements between Australia and Japan

1949 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 493
Author(s):  
PG Law ◽  
CD McKenzie ◽  
HD Rathgeber
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
Latitude Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Barometric Effect ◽  
Diurnal Period

Cosmic ray results obtained on a journey to and fro between Australia and Japan are described. The apparatus was that used previously on the H.M.A.S. Wyatt Earp(l), but since modified, and extended to record showers. A latitude effect of 20 per cent. was found for rays of vertical incidence. The difference between electron and meson components did not exceed the statistical errors of 2 per cent. For wide angle coincidence telescope measurements the latitude effect reduces to 13 per cent. Further it has been found that a latitude effect of some 10 per cent. exists for extensive showers of an average spread of 1 metre. An observed latitude effect of penetrating extensive showers falls, however, within the standard deviation of the measurements. The above results were not corrected for barometric and temperature effects nor for variations in height of the meson-producing layer. Evidence is presented of the existence of a semi-diurnal variation at the equator and at Kure of opposite phase to the barometric pressure variations and of about twice the coefficient of the normal barometric effect. The maximum of the diurnal period occurs at Kure at 2 hours local time and at the equator at 19 hours. A temporary increase of between 2 and 3 per cent. in cosmic rag intensity during the period July 29-31, 1948, is noted.

scholarly journals On the Long-Term Climate Memory in the Surface Air Temperature Records over Antarctica: A Nonnegligible Factor for Trend Evaluation

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (15) ◽  
pp. 5922-5934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiming Yuan ◽  
Minghu Ding ◽  
Yan Huang ◽  
Zuntao Fu ◽  
Elena Xoplaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
The West ◽  
Weather System ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Temperature Records ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract In this study, observed temperature records of 12 stations from Antarctica island, coastline, and continental areas are analyzed by means of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). After Monte Carlo significance tests, different long-term climate memory (LTM) behaviors are found: temperatures from coastal and island stations are characterized by significant long-term climate memory whereas temperatures over the Antarctic continent behave more like white noise, except for the Byrd station, which is located in the West Antarctica. It is argued that the emergence of LTM may be dominated by the interactions between local weather system and external slow-varying systems (ocean), and therefore the different LTM behaviors between temperatures over the Byrd station and that over other continental stations can be considered as a reflection of the different climatic environments between West and East Antarctica. By calculating the trend significance with the effect of LTM taken into account, and further comparing the results with those obtained from assumptions of autoregressive (AR) process and white noise, it is found that 1) most of the Antarctic stations do not show any significant trends over the past several decades, and 2) more rigorous trend evaluation can be obtained if the effect of LTM is considered. Therefore, it is emphasized that for air temperatures over Antarctica, especially for the Antarctica coastline, island, and the west continental areas, LTM is nonnegligible for trend evaluation.

scholarly journals Antarctic climate variability at regional and continental scales over the last 2,000 years

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Stenni ◽  
Mark A. J. Curran ◽  
Nerilie J. Abram ◽  
Anais Orsi ◽  
Sentia Goursaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Group ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
West Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
West Antarctic ◽  
Temperature Reconstructions ◽  
Temperature Scaling ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Cooling Trend ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. Climate trends in the Antarctic region remain poorly characterised, owing to the brevity and scarcity of direct climate observations and the large magnitude of interannual to decadal-scale climate variability. Here, within the framework of the PAGES Antarctica 2k working group, we build an enlarged database of ice core water stable isotope records from Antarctica, consisting of 112 records. We produce both unweighted and weighted isotopic (δ18O) composites and temperature reconstructions since 0 CE, binned at 5 and 10-year resolution, for 7 climatically-distinct regions covering the Antarctic continent. Following earlier work of the Antarctica 2k working group, we also produce composites and reconstructions for the broader regions of East Antarctica, West Antarctica, and the whole continent. We use three methods for our temperature reconstructions: i) a temperature scaling based on the δ18O-temperature relationship output from an ECHAM5-wiso model simulation nudged to ERA-interim atmospheric reanalyses from 1979 to 2013, and adjusted for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet region to borehole temperature data; ii) a temperature scaling of the isotopic normalized anomalies to the variance of the regional reanalysis temperature and iii) a composite-plus-scaling approach used in a previous continental scale reconstruction of Antarctic temperature since 1 CE but applied to the new Antarctic ice core database. Our new reconstructions confirm a significant cooling trend from 0 to 1900 CE across all Antarctic regions where records extend back into the 1st millennium, with the exception of the Wilkes Land coast and Weddell Sea coast regions. Within this long-term cooling trend from 0–1900 CE we find that the warmest period occurs between 300 and 1000 CE, and the coldest interval from 1200 to 1900 CE. Since 1900 CE, significant warming trends are identified for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the Dronning Maud Land coast and the Antarctic Peninsula regions, and these trends are robust across the distribution of records that contribute to the unweighted isotopic composites and also significant in the weighted temperature reconstructions. Only for the Antarctic Peninsula is this most recent century-scale trend unusual in the context of natural variability over the last 2000-years. However, projected warming of the Antarctic continent during the 21st Century may soon see significant and unusual warming develop across other parts of the Antarctic continent. The extended Antarctica 2k ice core isotope database developed by this working group opens up many avenues for developing a deeper understanding of the response of Antarctic climate to natural and anthropogenic climate forcings. The first long-term quantification of regional climate in Antarctica presented herein is a basis for data-model comparison and assessments of past, present and future driving factors of Antarctic climate.

LATITUDE EFFECT OF THE COSMIC RAY NUCLEON AND MESON COMPONENTS AT SEA LEVEL FROM THE ARCTIC TO THE ANTARCTIC

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 968-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Rose ◽  
K. B. Fenton ◽  
J. Katzman ◽  
J. A. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Geomagnetic Equator ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Latitude Effect ◽  
Nucleonic Component ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Eccentric Dipole

Results are presented of cosmic ray measurements taken at sea level during 1954–55 from the Arctic to the Antarctic. The equipment consisted of a neutron monitor and a meson telescope. Latitude effects of 1.77 for the nucleonic component and 1.15 for the meson component were measured. The longitude effect at the equator was much less than expected on the basis of the geomagnetic eccentric dipole and the longitude effect at intermediate northern latitudes shows that the longitude of the effective eccentric dipole is considerably west of that of the geomagnetic eccentric dipole. In a previous paper by the same authors, the positions of the equatorial minima were combined with other published cosmic ray measurements to calculate a new cosmic ray geomagnetic equator. In this paper new coordinates are derived on the assumption that these equatorial coordinates apply to a new eccentric dipole, and, therefore, that the equatorial coordinates may be extended to high latitudes. When the complete results are plotted on these coordinates, it is found that an eccentric dipole representation of the earth's magnetic field is inconsistent with the combined observations at all latitudes.

scholarly journals A Voyage Towards the South Pole

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-377
Keyword(s):  
David Lewis ◽  
South Pole ◽  
The South ◽  
Palmer Station ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Term Objective ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Lewis A

Dr. David Lewis, a Fellow of this Institute and occasional contributor to the Journal, arrived at Palmer Station in the Antarctic, under jury rig, on 29 January having left Sydney on 20 October 1972 and stopped twenty-four hours at Stewart Island, N.Z., on the way. His long-term objective is to circumnavigate the Antarctic Continent, single-handed. He was twice capsized, in the course of which his gloves disappeared which resulted in badly frost-bitten fingers. After two months day and night in insulated boots, the warmth in the U.S. base when he arrived made his feet balloon and crack.

scholarly journals A New Monthly Pressure Dataset Poleward of 60°S since 1957

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 3865-3874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan L. Fogt ◽  
Logan N. Clark ◽  
Julien P. Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Marked Improvement ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Kriging Interpolation ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Circulation Changes

This study presents a new monthly pressure dataset poleward of 60°S, from 1957 to 2016, based on a kriging interpolation from observed pressure anomalies across the Antarctic continent. Overall, the reconstruction performs well when evaluated against ERA-Interim. In comparison to other reanalyses, the reconstruction has interannual variability after 1970 similar to products that span the entire twentieth century and is a marked improvement on the first-generation reanalysis products. The reconstruction also produces weaker pressure trends than the reanalysis products evaluated here, which are consistent with observations. However, the skill of the reconstruction is weaker in the South Pacific and therefore does not improve the understanding of long-term pressure variability and trends in this region, where circulation changes have been key drivers of climate variability in West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula.

scholarly journals A debris-covered glacier at Kerguelen (49°S, 69°E) over the past 15 000 years

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Joanna Charton ◽  
Vincent Jomelli ◽  
Irene Schimmelpfennig ◽  
Deborah Verfaillie ◽  
Vincent Favier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Precipitation Changes ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Exposure Ages

Abstract Debris-covered glaciers constitute a large part of the world's cryosphere. However, little is known about their long-term response to multi-millennial climate variability, in particular in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we provide first insights into the response of a debris-covered glacier to multi-millennial climate variability in the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Archipelago, which can be compared to that of recently investigated debris-free glaciers. We focus on the Gentil Glacier and present 13 new 36Cl cosmic-ray exposure ages from moraine boulders. The Gentil Glacier experienced at least two glacial advances: the first one during the Late Glacial (19.0–11.6 ka) at ~14.3 ka and the second one during the Late Holocene at ~2.6 ka. Both debris-covered and debris-free glaciers advanced broadly synchronously during the Late Glacial, most probably during the Antarctic Cold Reversal event (14.5–12.9 ka). This suggests that both glacier types at Kerguelen were sensitive to abrupt temperature changes recorded in Antarctic ice cores, associated with increased moisture. However, during the Late Holocene, the advance at ~2.6 ka was not observed in other glaciers and seems to be an original feature of the debris-covered Gentil Glacier, related to either distinct dynamics or to distinct sensitivity to precipitation changes.

scholarly journals Antarctic climate variability on regional and continental scales over the last 2000 years

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1609-1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Stenni ◽  
Mark A. J. Curran ◽  
Nerilie J. Abram ◽  
Anais Orsi ◽  
Sentia Goursaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Group ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
West Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
West Antarctic ◽  
Temperature Reconstructions ◽  
Temperature Scaling ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Cooling Trend ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. Climate trends in the Antarctic region remain poorly characterized, owing to the brevity and scarcity of direct climate observations and the large magnitude of interannual to decadal-scale climate variability. Here, within the framework of the PAGES Antarctica2k working group, we build an enlarged database of ice core water stable isotope records from Antarctica, consisting of 112 records. We produce both unweighted and weighted isotopic (δ18O) composites and temperature reconstructions since 0 CE, binned at 5- and 10-year resolution, for seven climatically distinct regions covering the Antarctic continent. Following earlier work of the Antarctica2k working group, we also produce composites and reconstructions for the broader regions of East Antarctica, West Antarctica and the whole continent. We use three methods for our temperature reconstructions: (i) a temperature scaling based on the δ18O–temperature relationship output from an ECHAM5-wiso model simulation nudged to ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalyses from 1979 to 2013, and adjusted for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet region to borehole temperature data, (ii) a temperature scaling of the isotopic normalized anomalies to the variance of the regional reanalysis temperature and (iii) a composite-plus-scaling approach used in a previous continent-scale reconstruction of Antarctic temperature since 1 CE but applied to the new Antarctic ice core database. Our new reconstructions confirm a significant cooling trend from 0 to 1900 CE across all Antarctic regions where records extend back into the 1st millennium, with the exception of the Wilkes Land coast and Weddell Sea coast regions. Within this long-term cooling trend from 0 to 1900 CE, we find that the warmest period occurs between 300 and 1000 CE, and the coldest interval occurs from 1200 to 1900 CE. Since 1900 CE, significant warming trends are identified for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the Dronning Maud Land coast and the Antarctic Peninsula regions, and these trends are robust across the distribution of records that contribute to the unweighted isotopic composites and also significant in the weighted temperature reconstructions. Only for the Antarctic Peninsula is this most recent century-scale trend unusual in the context of natural variability over the last 2000 years. However, projected warming of the Antarctic continent during the 21st century may soon see significant and unusual warming develop across other parts of the Antarctic continent. The extended Antarctica2k ice core isotope database developed by this working group opens up many avenues for developing a deeper understanding of the response of Antarctic climate to natural and anthropogenic climate forcings. The first long-term quantification of regional climate in Antarctica presented herein is a basis for data–model comparison and assessments of past, present and future driving factors of Antarctic climate.

Site Identification and Sample Analysis with ExoMars Mission mock-up instruments on a Martian analogue site on Mt. Etna

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaia de Palma ◽  
Anouk Ehreiser ◽  
Patrycja Lakomiec ◽  
Leander Schlarmann
Keyword(s):  
Raman Laser ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
Laser Spectrometer ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Mt Etna ◽  
Site Identification

<p>The landing site of the ExoMars 2022 mission is Oxia Planum, a basin rich in hydrated minerals located between Mawrth and Ares Vallis. Its clay-rich deposits of Noachian age have been covered by volcanic outflows, that have only recently started to erode away. This makes it more likely that biochemical markers have been preserved as they were shielded from long-term cosmic ray exposure.</p> <p>Martian analogue sites are valuable testing-grounds for both instrumentation and scientific analysis. During the EuroMoonMars Etna campaign, mockups of ExoMars instruments were used to perform scientific analysis on a Martian Analogue site on Mt. Etna.</p> <p>Satellite images are used to identify sites of interest on the slopes of Mt. Etna, mimicking the use of images and data from the MRO CTX, HiRISE, MEX HRSC and the CRISM spectrometer, to characterise the surface of Oxia Planum during the ExoMars Mission.</p> <p>On the ground, Panoramic imaging and wide-angle photographs are used to select sites for close-up study with a mock-up of the Pancam instrument. Pancam is a set of two wide angle cameras for multi-spectral stereoscopic panoramic imaging, and a high resolution camera for colour imaging.</p> <p>On selected sites, geological and biogeochemical markers are identified and characterized using Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy, mimicking ExoMars’ onboard instruments RLS (Raman Laser spectrometer), and CLUPI (Close-up imager).</p>

Introductory remarks

1977 ◽  
Vol 279 (963) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Orkney Islands ◽  
British Antarctic Survey ◽  
International Geophysical Year ◽  
South Orkney Islands ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
International Geophysical ◽  
Long Term Studies

It is now only 80 years since man first set foot on the Antarctic Continent. Thereafter there were sporadic expeditions from various nations, which were mainly exploratory in the geographical sense although scientific studies were increasingly included. Even so, the area was so vast (13.5 x 10 6 km 2 ; 5 1/4 million square miles), the expeditions so intermittent, widely dispersed and of such short duration (at most two years), that there could be no continuity of observation. Apart from the steady occupation by Argentina since 1904 of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition’s station in the South Orkney Islands, long-term studies began with a naval operation in 1943, the forerunner of the British Antarctic Survey, and have continued to this day. But really it was not until the International Geophysical Year in 1957/8 that a broad based scientific attack on the continent was made. At that time 12 countries maintained 44 stations, both around the perimeter and in the interior of the continent; today the number is 27.

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