Nitrogen fixation and symbiosis-induced accumulation of mineral nutrients by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alphonsus K. Belane ◽  
Flora Pule-Meulenberg ◽  
Thabo I. Makhubedu ◽  
Felix D. Dakora
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Symbiotic Efficiency ◽  
Total N ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Rhizobial Symbiosis ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Mineral Accumulation

Little information currently exists on the relationship between rhizobial symbiosis and mineral accumulation in nodulated legumes. The aim of this study was to measure fixed nitrogen (N) in whole plants and in young fully expanded trifoliate leaves of cowpea genotypes, and to relate this to mineral accumulation in the leaves. The data revealed marked differences between high and low N2-fixing genotypes, with the former consistently showing greater %N, plant or leaf total N, and amount of N fixed compared with the latter. There was a 2.0–3.8-fold difference in amount of N fixed at whole-plant level between high- and low-fixing cowpea genotypes at Taung, South Africa, and 2.4–4.0-fold at Manga, Ghana. Furthermore, the genotypes with high N2 fixation consistently exhibited greater concentration and content of minerals (e.g. P, K, Mg, S, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B) in their trifoliate leaves, whereas those that recorded low N2 fixation accumulated lesser amounts of mineral nutrients in leaves. In a nodulation assay, we found that rhizobial isolates TUT53b2vu and TUT33b4vu, which exhibited higher symbiotic efficiency (measured here as nodule number, nodule fresh weight, and plant dry matter yield), also elicited greater mineral accumulation in cowpea shoots, while strains with low N2-fixing ability induced limited mineral accumulation. These results, together with a correlation analysis, show that, at least in nodulated cowpea, there is a strong relationship between N2-fixing efficiency and mineral accumulation, two traits that could be exploited in breeding programs for improved human nutrition and health.

scholarly journals Effects of Supplemental Cations on Growth and Nitrogen Accumulation in Canna indica L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manutsawan Manokieng ◽  
◽  
Arunothai Jampeetong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Nitrate Removal ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Canna Indica ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Stimulate Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Mineral Accumulation

Abstract The effects of supplemental cations on growth, nitrogen, and mineral accumulation were assessed in Canna indica L. Similar sized 45 days-old plants were grown on a nutrient solution modified from Hoagland and Arnon (1950). The different cations were added to generate 6 treatments (n=4): (i) control (no cation added), (ii) 2.5 mM K+, (iii) 2.5 mM Ca2+, (iv) 75 mM Na+, (v) 1.25 mM K+ + 1.25 mM Ca2+ and (vi) 2.5 mM Ca2+ + 75 mM Na+, respectively. An experiment was carried out in the greenhouse for 49 days. The study found that supplemental K+ and K++ Ca2+ increased plant growth and total biomass. The highest SER was found in plants receiving supplemental K+. In contrast, SERs, leaf areas, and total biomass decreased in Na+ or Na++Ca2+ supplemented plants. The accumulated NO3- concentration (at the whole plant level) was also highest in the plants with supplemental K+ and K++Ca2+. The total nitrogen accumulation was higher in the K+, Ca2+, and K++Ca2+ supplemented plants than in the control plants. The results suggest that supplemental cations particularly K+ can enhance plant growth and nitrogen accumulation in C. indica. Therefore, cation supplementation could be an alternative technique to stimulate plant growth and improve nitrate removal in constructed wetlands. Keywords: Constructed wetland, Nitrate removal, Potassium, Tropical wetland plants

EFFECT OF SEEDING DATE ON YIELDS AND QUALITY OF GREEN FORAGE CROPS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1045-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
J. B. SANDERSON ◽  
P. R. NARASIMHALU
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Total N ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Whole Plants

Forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.), rape (B. napus L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and Chinese cabbage (B. campestris sensulato L.) × stubble turnip (B. rapa L.) hybrid were seeded at monthly intervals between late-May and late-August over 3 yr. Kale was harvested in early November while rape, radish, and turnip hybrid were targeted for harvest 60–70 d after seeding. The dry matter yield of kale declined as the seeding dates were delayed. The primary growth of rape, radish and turnip hybrid was the same for May, June and July seedings, but seeding in August lowered the yields by 25–38%. The in vitro dry matter disappearance was high, ranging from 850 to 920 g kg−1. The total N concentration of whole plant tissue, leaves, stem + petioles, and roots and S-methylcysteine sulphoxide (SMCO) concentration of whole plants increased as the seeding date was delayed. We concluded that kale should be planted by mid-June for high yields. Fodder rape, radish, and turnip hybrid had similar yields with seeding from spring until mid-July. In vitro dry matter disappearance and N concentrations were high for all species.Key words: Brassica oleracea, B. napus, B. rapa, Raphanus sativus, chemical composition, digestibility

scholarly journals Nitrogen Requirements of Drip-irrigated Processing Tomatoes

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1988-1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Hartz ◽  
Thomas G. Bottoms
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Total N ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Biomass N ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Processing Tomatoes

As growers of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) adopt drip irrigation, plant vigor and fruit yield typically increase, suggesting a need for re-evaluation of established nitrogen (N) fertilization practices. Trials were conducted in California in 2007–2008 to evaluate growth and N uptake dynamics of drip-irrigated processing tomatoes across N fertigation regimes ranging from deficient to excessive. Whole plants were collected at 2-week intervals for determination of biomass and N content, recently matured whole leaves for total N and petioles for NO3-N. Additionally, six commercial fields were sampled at 3- to 4-week intervals to document N uptake and crop N status under conditions representative of the industry. A seasonal N rate of ≈200 kg·ha−1 appeared adequate to maximize fruit yield across the range of field conditions encountered. The four highest-yielding fields (143 Mg·ha−1 mean fresh fruit mass) averaged 14 Mg·ha−1 of above-ground biomass with fruit representing 62%; these fields averaged 296 kg·ha−1 biomass N, of which 71% was in fruit. The rate of biomass development and N uptake peaked during the period between early fruit setting and early red fruit development (a period of ≈6 weeks) during which N uptake averaged 4 to 5 kg·ha−1·d−1. Leaf N concentration was highly correlated with whole plant N (r2 = 0.83) and provided a reliable indicator of plant N sufficiency throughout the season. Petiole NO3-N did not reliably discriminate between crops with adequate or deficient N availability; current petiole NO3-N sufficiency guidelines are unrealistically high.

Study of Vidanga on Krimi Roga w.s.r. to Round Worms

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhilasha . ◽  
Vijay Shankar Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Embelia Ribes ◽  
Worm Infestation ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Face ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Recurrent Nature ◽  
Weak Resistance

Krimi have been considered a major public health problem through out the world (WHO, 1967 Wandan, 1983 McLaren, 1984). In our country this problem is equally significant. It effects the children more frequently than adult (CCRAS 1987). Krimi hamper growth and development of a person, create malnutritional condition and decrease immunity thus the effective solution of this problem is necessary. Of all the herbs used in treating worm infestation, Vidanga is the best. So, Vidanga was selected for the present study. Whole plant of Embelia ribes Linn. were used as materials, as whole plants are used as medicine. Acharya Charaka describe Krimiroga in Vimanasthana. In most of patients, who are suffering from worm infestation have an Vivarnata (discolouration) on the face. “Vivarnata” had been described by Acharya Charaka under the Lakshana of Purishaja Krimi and it has been also described in Rasavaha Srotodusti Lakshana. Krimis robe the digestive nutritive assets through the intestinal wall, which we are making with high effort. So the deficiency of Rasa Dhatu create. According to Dhatu Poshana Nyaya if the Rasa Dhatu is not sufficient then other Dhatu can’t form properly and ultimate weak resistance and poor immunity develops and it is one cause of recurrent nature of disease. Prakriti Vighata and Nidana Parivarjana eradicate Krimiroga from the base.

Differential responses of the sunn4 and rdn1-1 super-nodulation mutants of Medicago truncatula to elevated atmospheric CO2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunfa Qiao ◽  
Shujie Miao ◽  
Jian Jin ◽  
Ulrike Mathesius ◽  
Caixian Tang
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Total N ◽  
Autoregulation Of Nodulation ◽  
Nodulation Mutants ◽  
Fixation Capacity

Abstract Background and Aims Nitrogen fixation in legumes requires tight control of carbon and nitrogen balance. Thus, legumes control nodule numbers via an autoregulation mechanism. ‘Autoregulation of nodulation’ mutants super-nodulate and are thought to be carbon-limited due to the high carbon-sink strength of excessive nodules. This study aimed to examine the effect of increasing carbon supply on the performance of super-nodulation mutants. Methods We compared the responses of Medicago truncatula super-nodulation mutants (sunn-4 and rdn1-1) and wild type to five CO2 levels (300-850 μmol mol -1). Nodule formation and N2 fixation were assessed in soil-grown plants at 18 and 42 days after sowing. Key results Shoot and root biomass, nodule number and biomass, nitrogenase activity and fixed-N per plant of all genotypes increased with increasing CO2 concentration and reached the maximum around 700 μmol mol -1. While the sunn-4 mutant showed strong growth-retardation compared to wild-type plants, elevated CO2 increased shoot biomass and total N content of rdn1-1 mutant up to two-fold. This was accompanied by a four-fold increase in nitrogen fixation capacity in the rdn1-1 mutant. Conclusions These results suggest that the super-nodulation phenotype per se did not limit growth. The additional nitrogen fixation capacity of the rdn1-1 mutant may enhance the benefit of elevated CO2 on plant growth and N2 fixation.

Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Resistance to Selected ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy L. Sprague ◽  
Edward W. Stoller ◽  
Loyd M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level

Five biotypes of common cocklebur that were not controlled with acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides were tested in greenhouse and laboratory studies to determine the magnitude of resistance and cross-resistance to four ALS-inhibiting herbicides. In vivo inhibition of ALS was also evaluated. Based on phytotoxicity, all five ALS-resistant biotypes of common cocklebur were > 390 times more resistant than the susceptible biotype to imazethapyr. However, only four of these biotypes were also resistant to another imidazolinone, imazaquin. Two biotypes were cross-resistant to the sulfonylurea, chlorimuron, and the triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide, NAF-75. One biotype demonstrated intermediate susceptibility to imazaquin, chlorimuron, and NAF-75. In all cases, the resistance exhibited at the whole plant level was associated with an insensitive ALS.

Sucrose Transporter Gene AtSUC4 Responds to Drought Stress by Regulating the Sucrose Distribution and Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana

2013 ◽  
Vol 765-767 ◽  
pp. 2971-2975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Gong ◽  
Ming Li Liu ◽  
Li Jun Zhang ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Che Wang
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Homozygous Mutation ◽  
Transporter Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sucrose Transporters ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Stress Tolerance ◽  
Plant Level

Sucrose transporters (SUCs or SUTs) are considered as the important carriers and responsible for the loading, unloading and distribution of sucrose, but at present there is no report that SUCs are involved in sucrose distribution and metabolism under drought stress at the whole-plant level. AtSUC4, as the unique member of SUT4-clade inArabidopsis thaliana, may be important for plant stress tolerance. Here, by analyzing two homozygous mutation lines ofAtSUC4(Atsuc4-1andAtsuc4-2), we found drought stress induced higher sucrose, lower fructose and glucose contents in shoots, and lower sucrose, higher fructose and glucose contents in roots of these mutants compared with the wild-type (WT), leading to an imbalance of sucrose distribution, fructose and glucose (sucrose metabolites) accumulation changes at the whole-plant level. Thus we believe thatAtSUC4regulates sucrose distribution and metabolism in response to drought stress.

scholarly journals New insight into how thigmomorphogenesis affects Epipremnum aureum plant development

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adalberto Di Benedetto ◽  
Claudio Galmarini ◽  
Jorge Tognetti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Climbing Plants ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Epipremnum Aureum ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Plant Level

ABSTRACT Climbing Epipremnum aureum plants develop larger leaves than unsupported, hanging plants. This effect may be regarded, in part, as a thigmomorphogenic response, but gravimorphogenetic effect may also be involved, since polar auxin transport is known to be negatively affected in plants with horizontal or hanging stems, which may result in an altered hormone balance at the whole plant level. The present work was aimed at studying how exogenous auxins and cytokinins may influence growth of E. aureum rooted cuttings under different training systems. Rooted cuttings of E. aureum were cultivated either climbing on an upright wooden board or creeping on the glasshouse bench or hanging from a basket. All leaves of each plant were sprayed to run-off at sunset with four indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) doses 7 days after transplanting and one week later, with four benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations, rendering 16 hormone combination treatments. The application of IAA or BAP at 50 mg L-1 to creeping and hanging plants significantly promoted growth but, in climbing plants, a negative effect was generally observed. Changes in net assimilation and photosynthetic rates, together with modified allometric coefficients, accounted for these responses. The higher growth promotion by exogenous growth regulators observed in creeping or hanging plants compared to climbing plants, may be interpreted mostly as a gravimorphogenetic response.

scholarly journals Symbiotic capability of calopo rhizobia from an agrisoil with different crops in Pernambuco

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Altanys Silva Calheiros ◽  
Mario de Andrade Lira Junior ◽  
Débora Magalhães Soares ◽  
Márcia do Vale Barreto Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Symbiotic Efficiency ◽  
Total N ◽  
Calopogonium Mucunoides ◽  
Legume Symbiosis ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobium-legume symbiosis represents one of the most important nitrogen sources for plants and depends strongly on the symbiotic efficiency of the rhizobium strain. This study evaluated the symbiotic capacity of rhizobial isolates from calopo (CALOPOGONIUM MUCUNOIDES) taken from an agrisoil under BRACHIARIA DECUMBENS pasture, sabiá (MIMOSA CAESALPINIIFOLIA) plantations and Atlantic Forest areas of the Dry Forest Zone of Pernambuco. A total of 1,575 isolates were obtained from 398 groups. A single random isolate of each group was authenticated, in randomized blocks with two replications. Each plant was inoculated with 1 mL of a bacterial broth, containing an estimated population of 10(8) rhizobial cells mL-1. Forty-five days after inoculation, the plants were harvested, separated into shoots, roots and nodules, oven-dried to constant mass, and weighed. Next, the symbiotic capability was tested with 1.5 kg of an autoclaved sand:vermiculite (1:1) mixture in polyethylene bags. The treatments consisted of 122 authenticated isolates, selected based on the shoot dry matter, five uninoculated controls (treated with 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg ha-1 N) and a control inoculated with SEMIA 6152 (=BR1602), a strain of BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM The test was performed as described above. The shoot dry matter of the plants inoculated with the most effective isolates did not differ from that of plants treated with 150 kg ha-1 N. Shoot dry matter was positively correlated with all other variables. The proportion of effective isolates was highest among isolates from SABIÁ forests. There was great variation in nodule dry weight, as well as in N contents and total N.

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