Phytochemical, Heavy Metals and Antimicrobial Study of the Leaves of Calopogonium Mucunoides

Background: In this study, the phytochemical, heavy metals, and antimicrobial characteristics of the leaves of Calopogonium mucunoides were investigated in other to determine its therapeutic potentials. The phytochemicals present in the leaves were extracted with n-hexane, methanol and ethyl acetate, and the extracts were used to investigate for the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity. The methanol extract was used to test for the concentration of five heavy metals.Results: The result of the phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids in various quantities. The heavy metals analysis result revealed the presence of lead (0.08 mg/kg) and iron (0.08 mg/kg) well below the acceptable limits set by the World Health Organization for heavy metals in plants, while cadmium, nickel and zinc were found to be below detectable limits. The extracts were tested against thirteen human pathogens (ten bacteria and three fungi) using the disk diffusion method. The extracts possessed a broad range of microbial activities, with the methanolic extract reportedly showing the highest zone of inhibition (31 mm) against Bacillus sp. while the n-hexane extract did not show any antimicrobial activity in the whole test organisms.Conclusion: The results obtained revealed that the leaves of C. mucunoides has some therapeutic values and could be exploited in the preparation of herbal drugs for the treatment of various ailments.

Respuesta al estrés hídrico y a la defoliación de la leguminosa forrajera Calopogonium mucunoides Desv según zona de procedencia

El principal recurso limitante en la sequía es el agua, en consecuencia, este recurso junto con otros factores edafoclimáticos afecta varios aspectos de crecimiento y desarrollo de los individuos. En este estudio, se evaluó la tolerancia al estrés hídrico y el crecimiento compensatorio de la leguminosa forrajera conocida como Calopo o Rabo de Iguana (Calopogonium mucunoides Desv) de dos procedencias; sometidas a defoliación y a déficit hídrico. En condiciones controladas de invernadero se realizó el experimento con arreglo factorial de ocho tratamientos con tres repeticiones. Los individuos de C. muconoides fueron sometidos a dos niveles de defoliación: plantas defoliadas cada quince días y plantas no defoliadas; así como dos niveles de régimen hídrico: plantas regadas cada dos días y planta regadas cada siete días; se usaron plantas procedentes de dos comunidades: Muy Muy y Rivas. Las variables evaluadas fueron biomasa aérea, biomasa de raíces, biomasa total, tasa de crecimiento relativo, potencial hídrico y conductancia estomática. Se utilizó un modelo lineal mixto ajustado por máxima verosimilitud restringida. Todos los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con el software estadístico R. Los resultados muestran una respuesta diferenciada y compleja en las características de producción de biomasa y fisiológicas de las procedencias de C. mucunoides ante el efecto combinado de la defoliación y el régimen hídrico. Las plantas defoliadas y de procedencia de Muy Muy presentaron un mayor crecimiento compensatorio en comparación a las plantas de Rivas. Hubo una disminución en el potencial hídrico y la conductancia estomática en plantas defoliadas y con estrés hídrico. En las condiciones de estudio la especie de C. mucunoides es tolerante a la defoliación y al estrés hídrico

Signal Grass Deferred Pastures Fertilized with Nitrogen or Intercropped with Calopo

This study aimed to evaluate the accumulation, structural characteristics, and chemical composition of deferred signal-grass pastures that were subjected to four treatments: without nitrogen fertilization, intercropped with calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides), and fertilized with urea N (50 kg ha−1 and 100 kg ha−1) for 2 years. The design was in randomized blocks, with two blocks and two repetitions of each treatment per block. There were effects of the interaction between treatment and year on green dry mass, forage accumulation, density of vegetative tillers, and crude protein content (simulated grazing). The effects of the treatments on the height, falling index, green dry mass/dead dry mass ratio, number of dead, live and total tillers, and crude protein content (direct cutting) were also observed. Signal-grass–calopo-intercropping ensured adequate mass and forage accumulation and crude protein content equivalent to those of fertilized pastures. In addition, the intercropped pasture showed a higher percentage of leaves and a higher crude protein content compared with those for the other treatments (simulated grazing). The green dry mass/dead dry mass ratio was highest in the intercropped pasture and was equivalent to only that of the pasture fertilized with a low dose of nitrogen. Therefore, signal-grass–calopo-intercropping may be recommended for deferment.

Abundance of Associated Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Pioneer Plants in Affected Area by Mount Merapi Eruption

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with mutualism symbiosis with plants are associated with the Fabaceae family's pioneer plants. This study aims to determine the percentage of AMF in the roots and the AMF spore's abundance in the rhizosphere of pioneer plants Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. and Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp in Mount Merapi National Park after the 2010 eruption. The methods used for root infection analysis were slide methods and root staining, while spore analysis was wet sieving methods. The results showed the highest percentage of AMF infection in C. mucunoides root was found in an area with moderate damage. The highest percentage of AMF infection in V. unguiculata was found in an area with minor damage. The highest number of spores in the two plants' rhizosphere soil was found in an area with minor damage with an average of 10.4 and 9. The levels of damage by Mount Merapi's eruption did not significantly affect the percentage of AMF infection and the number of spores. Glomus dominates all study sites in both plants. Soil organic carbon is one of the abiotic factors correlated with the number of spores in rhizosphere soil.

Growth of Legume Cover Crops under Cassava and Its Effect on Soil Properties

Background: Low soil organic carbon is a constraint to cassava tuber formation. Some legume cover crops could be an alternative to provide organic matter on the cassava field as a source of soil organic carbon. The study was aimed to evaluate the growth of some legume cover crops under cassava and their effects on soil properties. Methods: During September 2017-July 2018 legume cover crops (Calopogonium mucunoides, Centrosema pubescens, Pueraria javanica and the mixed) were planted under cassava variety of Mangu and UJ-5. The land coverage by the legume cover crops was measured monthly from 2 to 10 months after planting. Cassava growth was observed weekly from 8 to 32 weeks after planting. Soil properties were analyzed before planting and at harvesting of cassava. Result: Pueraria javanica was tolerant toward cassava shading. The land coverage was linearly increased along with the growth of cassava. At the end of cassava growth, the land area coverage by this legume cover crop was 98.08%. It produced more organic matter and could maintain soil moisture content than other legume cover crops. P. javanica could consider being a suitable legume cover crop under cassava to improve soil quality.

Diversité floristique, structure et distribution des groupements végétaux des parcours d’accueil des transhumants dans la Basse et Moyenne Vallée de l’Ouémé au Bénin

La perte de la biodiversité végétale, liée à la dégradation des parcours est l’un des défis pour les pays d’accueil des transhumants. La présente étude visait à analyser les caractéristiques structurales et la diversité floristique des groupements végétaux dans la Basse et Moyenne Vallée de l’Ouémé (BMVO). Les données phytosociologiques, collectées dans 113 relevés selon la méthode de Braun-Blanquet (1932), ont été soumises à une DCA avec le logiciel R 3.3.2. Ainsi, 173 espèces regroupées dans 127 genres et 45 familles ont été recensées. Au total, 4 groupements végétaux ont été identifiés : les groupements GI à Andropogon gayanus var squamulatus et Mitragyna inermis ; GII à Paspalum notatum et Aeollanthus pubescens ; GIII à Panicum maximum et Calopogonium mucunoides et le groupement végétal GIV à Tridax procumbens et Daniellia oliveri. La diversité floristique est liée à la topographie, la nature du sol et son humidité, et l’intensité d’exploitation des terres. Les thérophytes et les phanérophytes ont été les plus abondants dans tous les groupements. Par contre, les hémicryptophytes ont été plus dominants dans le groupement GI. Les espèces à large distribution et à distribution continentale ont été plus abondantes et dominantes dans tous les groupements. Cette recherche servira de base pour l’analyse de la dynamique de la végétation des terres de parcours de la BMVO. Mots clés : Parcours, facteurs écologiques, types biologiques, types phytogéographiques, Bénin.

Green Synthesis ZnO/TiO2 for High Recyclability Rapid Sunlight Photodegradation Textile Dyes Applications

Composite ZnO/TiO2 have been successfully synthesized by green synthesis method with various calcination temperature 500oC, 600oC, 700oC, and 800oC (TiO2 concentrations: 2.5 g and 5 g) for photocatalyst application. In this study, Calopogonium mucunoides leaf extract was used as reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized composites were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The XRD spectra shows the hexagonal phase with wurtzite structure of ZnO and anatase for TiO2. The best degradation performance is 98.26% (only 10 min) for ZnO/TiO2 (5 g) with calcination temperature is 800oC. This is due to the highest distance between two optical phonon mode Δ(LO-TO) and lowest attenuating and propagating constant. The composite ZnO/TiO2 shows high potentials photodegradation of organic dyes with the high stable recyclability up to 5 cycles (> 95%) only for every 15 minutes. High potentials for applicability with the concept environmentally friendly principles and stability for circular chemistry, and efficiency of use the energy and chemicals.

Explorasi dan Studi Komposisi Botani Gulma di Perkebunan Karet PTPN IX Kebun Getas sebagai Pakan Ternak Ruminansia

Weed is one of the plants that grow around rubber plantations that have the potential to provide forage for ruminant feed. This study aimed to explore the environmental conditions and identify the botanical composition of weeds under the shade of rubber trees in immature plants (IP) at PTPN IX, Getas Farm, Semarang, Central Java. Exploratory research was conducted to identify the botanical composition of weeds in three IP groups, such as 1-2, 3-4, and 5-6 years old. The composition of the weeds’ botany was divided based on the plants’ morphology into grass, legume, forbs, and browse. The environmental conditions data were analyzed using the ANOVA method and followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The botanical composition data were tabulated using a summed dominance ratio (SDR). The results showed the light intensity, wind speed, environment temperature, and weed botanical composition decreased as the rubber plants ages. The composition of rubber plantation weeds on IP 1-2 years old consisted of 32 species (5 kinds of grass, 4 legumes, 21 forbs, and 2 browse). The composition of weeds on IP 3-4 years old consisted of 15 species (8 kinds of grass, 2 legumes, and 5 forbs), while IP 5-6 years old consisted of 6 species (4 kinds of grass, 1 legume, and 1 forb). The dominant weeds of each IP were Calopogonium mucunoides, Cyrtococcum acrescens, and Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum, respectively. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the area of IP 1-2 years old rubber plantation weeds has the highest botanical composition and potential as ruminant feed. Keywords: Environmental conditions; Immature plants; Rubber plantation; Weed Abstrak Gulma merupakan salah satu tanaman yang tumbuh di sekitar tanaman perkebunan karet yang berpotensi sebagai penyedia hijauan pakan ternak ruminansia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kondisi lingkunganpertumbuhan gulma dan mengidentifikasi komposisi botani di bawah naungan pohon karet pada tanaman belum menghasilkan (TBM), di PTPN IX, Kebun Getas. Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksploratif terhadap kondisi lingkungan dan identifikasi komposisi botani gulma pada 3 kelompok TBM yaitu umur 1-2; 3-4; dan 5-6 tahun. Komposisi botani gulma dibagi berdasarkan morfologi tanaman yaitu rumput, legum, forb, dan browse. Data kondisi lingkungan kelompok TBM dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dan diuji lanjut menggunakan Duncant’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Data dominasi komposisi botani ditabulasi menggunakan summed dominance ratio (SDR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan intensitas cahaya, kecepatan angin, suhu lingkungan, dan komposisi botani gulma menurun seiring bertambahnya umur tanaman karet. Komposisi gulma perkebunan karet pada TBM 1-2 terdapat 32 spesies meliputi 5 rumput, 4 legum, 21 forb, dan 2 browse; TBM 3-4 terdapat 15 spesies meliputi 8 rumput, 2 legum, dan 5 forb, sedangkan TBM 5-6 terdapat 6 spesies meliputi 4 rumput, 1 legum, dan 1 forb. Gulma yang mendominasi masing-masing TBM yaitu Calopogonium mucunoides, Cyrtococcum acrescens dan Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan gulma perkebunan karet lahan TBM 1–2 memiliki komposisi botani dan potensi tertinggi sebagai pakan ternak ruminansia. Kata kunci: Gulma; Kondisi lingkungan; Perkebunan Karet; TBM

Evaluation of Microbial Loads and Physico-Chemicals of Cassava Mill Effluent Simulated Soil

Evaluation of microbial loads and physico-chemicals of cassava mill effluent simulated soil was carried out using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques. This was to determine the effect of cassava mill effluent (CME) on rhizosphere microbial loads, physicochemical properties, nitrogenous salt and heavy metals. The results showed that CME effect on the physicochemical determinants (pH, Ca, Mg, K) and heavy metal determinant (Fe, Zn, Co, Ni, Pb and Mn) was concentration dependents. The nitrogenous salts (NO3, NH4+ and NO2) levels progressively increased with no significant differences (p>0.05 ANOVA). The microbial isolates were: Saccharomyces sp, Mucorindicus, Fusarium sp and Gliocladium sp for the fungal group. The bacterial group were Chromobacterium sp, Corynebacterium sp, Bacillus sp, Acinetobacter sp and Escherichia coli while the nitrogen-fixing bacterial group were Azotobacter sp., Azospirillum sp., Frankia sp., Bradyrhizobium sp., Hebaspirillum sp., Cyanobacteria (or blue green algae), Anabaena sp, Nostoc sp., Clostridium sp. and Rhizobium sp. There was no significant differences (p>0.05) in the rhizosphere microbial load across the concentration gradient at the CME-simulated plot phyto-remediated by Centrosema pubesscens and Calopogonium mucunoides. Agricultural wastes such as cassava mill effluent should be properly treated before discharging to the environment in other to prevent the loss of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and total heterotrophic bacterial genera that could be of immense importance to man.

Evaluation of dietary effect of cassava peel meal bio-improved with calopogonium mucunoides on nutrient retention and growth performance of broiler chickens

Due to skepticism that follows the use of cassava peel meal, it has been advocated that its nutritive value for poultry be improved. Thus an experiment was conducted to evaluate the dietary effect of cassava peel meal (CPM) improved by supplementing with Calopogonium mucunoides (CM) on apparent nutrient digestibility, growth, meat yield and internal organs of broiler chickens. The CPM was improved by mix-grinding 1000g of it with fresh and succulent leaves CM at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% levels, respectively and included in the diets. One hundred and forty-four (144), one day old Hubbard chicks were used. They were grouped into six treatments (T1-T6), replicated into three and with eight birds/replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatment 1 (T1) was the control diet without CPM, T2 contained unimproved CPM while T3 – T6 contained CPM mixed with 10, 20, 30 and 40% CM, respectively. Feed and water were offered ad libitum for 49 days. Results showed that CM improved the crude protein, ether extract and fibre content of CPM. Live weight and Feed: gain ratio were better (P<0.05) with improved CPM but negatively affected by unimproved CPM at the starter phase. Also at the starter phase feed intake was not altered significantly (P>0.05). At the finisher phase while the live weight was increased by 20-40% improved CPM, the feed intake was reduced (P<0.05). Best feed: gain ratio was recorded by 40% improved CM. Unimproved CPM reduced digestibility of dry matter, protein, ether extract and energy utilization; dressed percentage, the weight of breast, gizzard, kidney, pancreas and small intestine but increased bile volume and caeca size. Therefore, it is recommended that 40% C. muconoides could be used to improve cassava peel meal for inclusion in diets of broiler chickens A cause du scepticisme qui suit l'utilisation de la farine d'écorce de manioc, il a été préconisé que sa valeur nutritive pour la volaille soit améliorée. Ainsi, une expérience a été menée pour évaluer l'effet diététique de la farine d'écorce de manioc (le 'CPM') améliorée en complétant avec Calopogonium mucunoides (le 'CM') sur la digestibilité apparente des nutriments, la croissance, le rendement en viande et les organes internes des poulets de chair. Le 'CPM' a été amélioré en mélangeant 1000 g de celui-ci avec des feuilles fraîches et succulentes 'CM' à des niveaux de 0, 10, 20, 30 et 40% respectivement et inclus dans les régimes. Cent quarante- quatre (144) poussins Hubbard d'un jour ont été utilisés. Ils ont été regroupés en six traitements (T1-T6), répliqués en trois et avec huit oiseaux / répliques dans un plan complètement randomisé (le 'CRD'). Le traitement 1 (T1) était le régime témoin sans CPM, T2 contenait du CPM non amélioré tandis que T3-T6 contenait du CPM mélangé à 10, 20, 30 et 40% de 'CM', respectivement. Des aliments et de l'eau ont été offerts à volonté pendant 49 jours. Les résultats ont montré que le 'CM' améliorait la teneur en protéines brutes, en extrait d'éther et en fibres du 'CPM'. Le poids vif et le rapport alimentation : gain étaient meilleurs (P <0,05) avec un 'CPM' amélioré, mais affectés négativement par un 'CPM' non amélioré lors de la phase de démarrage. De même, lors de la phase de démarrage, la prise alimentaire n'a pas été modifiée de manière significative (P> 0,05). Lors de la phase de finition, alors que le poids vif était augmenté de 20 à 40% de 'CPM' amélioré, la prise alimentaire était réduite (P <0,05). Le meilleur rapport alimentation : gain a été enregistré par une 'CM' améliorée de 40%. Le CPM non amélioré réduit la digestibilité de la matière sèche, des protéines, de l'extrait d'éther et de l'utilisation de l'énergie ; pourcentage habillé, le poids du sein, du gésier, des reins, du pancréas et de l'intestin grêle mais augmentation du volume de la bile et de la taille des caecas. Par conséquent, il est recommandé d'utiliser 40% de muconoides de C. pour améliorer la farine de pelure de manioc à inclure dans l'alimentation des poulets de chair.