Feeding time and sequence of forage rape and maize silage does not affect digestibility and rumen parameters in sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 318 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kaur ◽  
S. C. Garcia ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Rape

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of time and sequence of feeding forage rape in relation to maize silage on whole tract digestibility and rumen parameters. Three rumen-fistulated castrated male sheep (45 ± 1.2 kg) were individually housed in metabolic crates and fed a diet comprising 25% forage rape, 25% maize silage, 10% concentrate and 40% short rotation ryegrass. The experimental design was a 3 × 3 Latin-square design and treatments were: forage rape fed after maize silage in the morning; forage rape fed before maize silage in the morning; and forage rape fed after maize silage in the afternoon. As the three treatments were identical in composition, the first experimental period comprised a 15-day adaptation period whereas the other two periods had a 7-day adaptation, each followed by 6-day sampling periods for measurement of feed intake and faeces and urine output (day 1–5). Rumen fluid was collected at day 6 of each sampling period and analysed for pH and ammonia concentration. In a subsequent experiment in sacco rumen degradation characteristics of all feeds were measured by incubating nylon bags in the rumen of each sheep. Neither dry matter (DM) intake (mean = 21.2 g/kg liveweight.day) nor whole tract in vivo DM (mean = 0.74) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility coefficients (mean = 0.69) were different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Similarly, neither rumen pH (6.19 ± 0.2) nor ammonia levels (27.2 ± 4.5 mg/100 mL) were affected (P > 0.05) by time of feeding forage rape in relation to maize silage. The calculated efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was similar (P = 0.73) for all treatments [mean = 17 g/day of microbial nitrogen (N) per kg of apparently digested organic matter in the rumen], although the excretion of urinary N was relatively high for all treatments due to high N intake and high degradation of N in forage rape. In conclusion, this study has revealed no effects of time and sequence of feeding forage rape with maize silage on rumen parameters and efficiency of feed utilisation. These results suggest that farmers using these forages can allocate these to animals based on practical convenience.

EFFECT OF FORMALDEHYDE TREATMENT OF SOYBEAN MEAL ON RATES OF PROTEIN DEGRADATION AND MICROBIAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN THE BOVINE RUMEN

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. MAHADEVAN ◽  
R. M. TEATHER ◽  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
F. D. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Bovine Rumen ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Highly Correlated

Four rumen-fistulated cows were fed concentrate:corn silage (40: 60) diets in a 4 × 4 latin square design experiment. The diets differed in the soybean meal or soybean meal treated with 0.1, 0.3 or 0.6% (wt/wt) formaldehyde. Rumen contents were collected hourly from 0900 h to 1600 h with an additional sample at half an hour after the 1100 h feeding on 3 days in the second week of each 2-wk experimental period. The maximum ammonia concentration in rumen contents decreased with increasing levels of formaldehyde used to treat the soybean meal. From 1130 to 1200 h the rates of ammonia appearance in the rumen contents were different (P < 0.05) for all four diets. Treatment of soybean meal with between 0.1 and 0.3% (wt/wt) formaldehyde reduced its in vitro degradation by rumen protease by about 50% compared with the untreated control. The rates of in vivo ammonia appearance and in vitro proteolysis were highly correlated (r = 0.966, P < 0.01) between 1130 h and 1200 h. These rates of rumen ammonia appearance reflected the in vivo rate of proteolysis. Both bacterial and protozoal protein content decreased significantly at the higher levels of formaldehyde treatment. There was a negative correlation (r = − 0.63, P < 0.01) between protozoal and bacterial protein. Key words: Formaldehyde, soybean meal, bovine, rumen, degradation, protease

Evaluation of rumen probe for continuous monitoring of rumen pH, temperature and pressure

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kaur ◽  
S. C. Garcia ◽  
A. Horadagoda ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Concordance Correlation ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
A Minor

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a commercially available wireless rumen probe by Kahne Limited (New Zealand) for continuous pH, temperature and pressure measurements under different ruminal conditions. In a 4 by 4 latin square design, rumen-fistulated sheep were fed diets comprising 0, 30 or 60% concentrate, with the rest of the diet being balanced for metabolisable energy and protein with maize silage and lucerne hay. Each experimental period was 10 days with the first 8 days for adaptation and the last 2 days for collection of rumen fluid samples. In the first experimental period, probes were left in the rumen of sheep for 10 days to observe drift in pH. In the other three periods, probes were repeatedly cleaned and recalibrated before each sampling period. Probes were set to read every 20 min while the samples of rumen fluid were withdrawn manually at 4-h intervals and pH recorded immediately. There was an upward drift in pH observed after 48 h of insertion of probes into the rumen. This study resulted in a minor level of agreement between the two methods as indicated by higher root mean prediction error (0.43 pH units), lower Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r = 0.46) and concordance correlation coefficient (0.46). In conclusion, these rumen probes need further advancement to be potentially used for continuous rumen pH measurements for research purposes.

scholarly journals PSI-28 Effect of supplementation with low-moisture, sugarcane molasses-based block on intake and ruminal volatile fatty acid profile on steers fed low quality forage

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
Andresa L Feliciano ◽  
Sérgio A G Pereira-Junior ◽  
Yury Granja-Salcedo ◽  
Livia Maria Sampaio Ferraz Sepini de Souza Grilo ◽  
Luís Felipe Arelaro Artioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Sugarcane Molasses ◽  
Block Based ◽  
Protein Block ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract We evaluated the effects of supplementation of molasses based on low moisture molasses (LMB) on steers fed low quality forage in DM intake and ruminal VFA. Six rumen cannulated Nellore steers (23 months, 350 ± 10 kg) were distributed in a 3 × 3 double Latin square design. The treatments were composed of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu ad libtum as an exclusive source of bulks (93.65% DM, 3.97% CP and 81.76% NDF) and supplements: complete mineral blend with urea [UR, (urea, salt, mineral-vitamin premix)], a commercial protein supplement [PS, (corn grain, soybean meal, urea, salt, and mineral- vitamin premix)] or protein block based on low-moisture cooked sugarcane molasses [LMB, (cane molasses, cottonseed meal, soybean oil, urea, salt and mineral-vitamin premix)]. Before subsequent feeding, samples of orts were collected to monitor the daily intake. After 14-d adaptation period, rumen fluid samples were collected in each experimental period at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 h after feeding, to evaluate concentrations of VFA, which was determined by gas chromatography. The data were analyzed using Software R, with measures repeated in time for VFA and having as fixed effect the treatments and as animal random effect, period, Latin square and error. The intake of hay (P = 0.024), total DM (g/day, P = 0.001), NDF (P = 0.027) and supplement (P &lt; 0.001) was higher for animals supplemented with PS. The total VFA and acetate ratio were not affected by the treatment (P &gt; 0.05). The propionate ratio was higher for LMB (P = 0.016). The butyrate ratio (P = 0.005), valerate (P = 0.010) and A:P ratio (P = 0.017) was higher when the animals were supplemented with PS. The results indicate that the use of LMB improves propionate ratio and decrease the acetate:propionate ratio for steers fed low quality forage.

scholarly journals PSIX-10 The replacement of corn by soybean molasses improves ruminal environment of feedlot sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 396-396
Author(s):  
Sérgio A G Pereira-Junior ◽  
Juliana A Torrecilhas ◽  
Edivilson S Castro-Filho ◽  
Rayanne Viana Costa ◽  
João Pedro A Bertoco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Orthogonal Contrasts ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Male Sheep

Abstract The goal of this study was to assess the effects of increasing levels of soybean molasses (SM) on ruminal parameters of feedlot sheep. Nine crossbred ruminally-cannulated male sheep (73.3 ± 2.5 kg BW) were randomly distributed in a triple 3 × 3 Latin square design. The treatments consisted of isonitrogenous (18% CP) and isoenergetic (2.7 Mcal/kg) diets, containing 0, 15 or 30% SM (DM basis). After 14 d of adaptation period, rumen fluid samples were collected in each experimental period, at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h after feeding, to evaluate ruminal pH, NH3-N and VFA concentrations. The pH was measured immediately after rumen fluid sampling, and NH3-N concentrations were determined with micro-Kjeldahl apparatus. The concentration of VFA was assessed by gas chromatography. Data were evaluated using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with repeated measures over time. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of SM inclusions, as well as the contrast Control × SM treatments. There was no interaction of time of sampling × treatment for all variables evaluated (P &gt; 0.05). The inclusion of SM increased linearly (P = 0.02) the ruminal pH (5.92 to 5.21 – 0 and 30%, respectively), and decreased linearly (P = 0.006) the NH3-N concentration (32.19 to 21.78 mg/dL – 0 and 30%, respectively). The addition of SM did not alter most of VFA, with exception for valeric acid (quadratic, P = 0.05), with the higher value observed in 15% SM-fed animals (1.33 mMol/L). However, when the percentage of each VFA was evaluated, the inclusion of SM increased linearly the butyric acid (P = 0.05), from 14.1 to 16.9%. The results indicate that the inclusion of soybean molasses at up to 30% (DM basis) improves the ruminal fermentation of diets in feedlot crossbred sheep.

scholarly journals Feeding behavior of lambs fed castor mealom farelo de mamona

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hellenn Cardoso Oliveira ◽  
Rasmo Garcia ◽  
Vitor Visintin Silva de Almeida ◽  
Aline Cardoso Oliveira ◽  
Aureliano José Vieira Pires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Castor Meal

The experiment aimed to evaluate the feeding behavior of Santa Inês lambs fed diets containing different levels of detoxified castor meal in the concentrate. Twenty-four sheep with an average body weight of 18.5± 2.26 kg, at four months of age, were distributed in a randomized complete design with four treatment and six replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of castor meal (0, 33, 67, and 100%) replacing soybean meal. Animals underwent a 15-day adaptation period and an experimental period of 84 days. The diet was composed of 60% sugarcane silage and 40% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. Animal behavior (idle, rumination, and feeding activities) were observed visually for two 24-h periods with 5-min intervals, and recorded. The number of rumination chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud per day were counted using a digital stopwatch. Dry matter (DM) intake was not affected by inclusion of castor meal in the concentrate, averaging 884.02 g day?1. The feeding activity was not affected by addition of castor meal. Rumination time increased linearly, whereas the idle and rumination times decreased linearly with addition of castor meal. Feeding time, expressed in min per kg of DM and NDF, was not influenced by the inclusion of the meal in the diet, averaging 373.3 and 880.0 min, respectively. The number of chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud were not changed by inclusion of castor meal in the diet. Feed efficiency, expressed in grams DM and NDF per hour, was not influenced by castor meal inclusion in the diet. Rumination efficiency expressed in g DM h?1 decreased, but was not affected when expressed in g NDF h?1. Total replacement of soybean meal by castor meal in the concentrate does not affect the feeding time or feed efficiency of feedlot sheep, but leads to a small reduction of their rumination efficiency. Thus, we recommend the inclusion of castor meal in sheep diets at the levels tested in this study.

PSVII-14 Feeding carbohydrases to grazing beef cattle under different nutritional strategies on dry season: Ruminal fermentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 449-450
Author(s):  
Anderson Acosta ◽  
Guilherme S Vasconcellos ◽  
Alexandre Perdigão ◽  
Victor Valério de Carvalho ◽  
Tiago S Acedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Beta Glucanase ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Nutritional Strategy ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Abstract The aim with this trial was to evaluate two nutritional plans with the addition of carbohydrases enzyme blend (CEB) on ruminal fermentation of grazing Nellore bulls in dry season. Five rumen cannulated Nellore steers (BW = 350 kg) were used. Animals were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence in a 5×5 Latin square experiment with 15 d-periods (10 d to diet adaptation and 5 d for data collection), following a completely randomized design, being the treatments: mineral-proteic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico 35; PS) offered at 0,1% BW (0 or 4.75 g/animal/day of CEB) or mineral-protein-energetic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico-Energético 25; PES) offered at 0.3% BW (0, 4.75 or 9.50 g/animal/day of CEB). The CEB was mainly composed by beta-glucanase and xylanase enzymes (Ronozyme® VP and Ronozyme® WX). Both enzymes and supplements were provided by DSM Nutritional Products Brasil S.A. Rumen fluid samples were collected on the last day of each experimental period before (0), and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after supplements were offered. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Steers fed PSE had greater (P ≤ 0.041) rumen concentration of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and lower (P = 0.028) acetate to propionate ratio in comparison with animals fed PS. Rumen acetate concentrations were 61.6 and 58.8 mmol/L and rumen propionate concentrations were 15.2 and 13.7 mmol/L for animals under the PSE and PS, respectively. A quadratic effect (P = 0.048) for carbohydrases enzyme blend was observed in NH3-N ruminal concentration of PES animals, where 4.75 g/day level presented the lower concentrations compared to control (24.13 vs. 32.20 mg/dL). Furthermore, rumen concentrations of acetate (P = 0.002) and propionate (P = 0.021) linearly increased with enzymes inclusion for PSE plan. PSE nutritional strategy positively influence ruminal fermentation of Nellore steers in dry season and its effects can be enhanced with CEB inclusion of 4.75 g/day.

scholarly journals 79 Effect of source and dietary concentration of trace minerals on serum mineral status, ruminal pH, and ruminal volatile fatty acids in lactating Holstein dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 71-71
Author(s):  
Nicole T Briggs ◽  
Bayissa Hatew ◽  
Michael A Steele
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Mineral Status ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Dietary Concentration

Abstract Inorganic sources of trace minerals are commonly supplemented in dairy cow diets; however, there has been an increase in the supplementation of minerals complexed with organic compounds. These organic trace minerals are thought to have greater bioavailability which may enhance rumen fermentation and absorption. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary concentration and source of supplemental trace minerals on serum trace mineral status and rumen fermentation. Six lactating Holstein cows were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square design with a 23-day adaptation and 5-day experimental period. Cows were fed the same basal diet daily except for the difference in source [organic (ORG) versus inorganic (INO)] and concentration (50%, 100%, and 200% based on NRC recommendations) of trace mineral supplemented. During the experimental period feed intake and blood were collected daily. Rumen fluid was collected on the final two days of the experimental period. Data was analyzed with PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Dry matter intake (18.1 ± 0.70 kg), serum mineral concentrations (Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn), and rumen pH (6.5 ± 0.64) did not differ among the treatments. However, serum concentration of Co was higher in 200% ORG compared to 50% and 100% INO and 50% ORG. Ruminal concentration of acetate was higher in 50% and 100% ORG compared to 200% ORG. Butyrate ruminal concentration was higher at 50% ORG compared to 200% ORG. Ruminal propionate concentration was higher in 50% INO and 50% ORG compared to 100% INO and 200% ORG. These findings demonstrate serum trace mineral status and ruminal pH are not tightly controlled by the source of trace minerals when supplemented at 50%, 100% and 200% of the NRC recommendations, however rumen fermentation may be affected by the dietary concentration of trace minerals in the diet.

scholarly journals Effect of breed and pasture type on methane emissions from weaned lambs offered fresh forage

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 1128-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. FRASER ◽  
H. R. FLEMING ◽  
V. J. THEOBALD ◽  
J. M. MOORBY
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Simple Body ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARYTo investigate the extent to which enteric methane (CH4) emissions from growing lambs are explained by simple body weight and diet characteristics, a 2 × 2 Latin square changeover design experiment was carried out using two sheep breeds and two fresh pasture types. Weaned lambs of two contrasting breed types were used: Welsh Mountain (WM, a small, hardy hill breed) and Welsh Mule × Texel (TexX, prime lamb) (n = 8 per breed). The lambs were zero-grazed on material cut from recently reseeded perennial ryegrass and extensively managed permanent pasture. In each experimental period, individual ad libitum dry matter intake (DMI) was determined indoors following an adaptation period of 2 weeks, and CH4 emissions were measured individually in open-circuit respiration chambers over a period of 3 days. Although total daily CH4 emissions were lower for the WM lambs than for the TexX lambs (13·3 v. 15·7 g/day, respectively) when offered fresh forage, the yield of CH4 per unit DMI was similar for the two breed types (16·4 v. 17·7 g CH4/kg DMI). Total output of CH4 per day was higher when lambs were offered ryegrass compared with permanent pasture (16·1 v. 12·9 g/day, respectively), which was probably driven by differences in DMI (986 v. 732 g/day). Methane emissions per unit DMI (16·4 v. 17·7 g CH4/kg DMI) and proportion of gross energy intake excreted as CH4 (0·052 v. 0·056 MJ/MJ) were both higher on the permanent pasture. No forage × breed type interactions were identified. The results indicate that forage type had a greater impact than breed type on CH4 emissions from growing weaned lambs. It can be concluded that when calculating CH4 emissions for inventory purposes, it is more important to know what forages growing lambs are consuming than to know what breeds they are.

Effect of level of dietary potassium on the absorption and excretion of calcium and magnesium by lactating cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Fisher ◽  
N. Dinn ◽  
R. M. Tait ◽  
J. A. Shelford
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Urine Output ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
High K ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Low K

This study was undertaken with the objective of providing more basic information on the absorption and excretion of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) by lactating cows when high levels of potassium (K) are fed. Employing potassium carbonate as the source of supplemental K, total mixed rations were formulated to contain 1.6 (low), 3.1 (medium) and 4.6% (high) K. The three rations were fed to 15 Holstein cows in mid-lactation in a 3 × 3 Latin square experiment replicated five times. The experimental periods were 21 d in length. Blood, rumen and milk samples were obtained during the 2nd and 3rd wk of each experimental period and two cows from each treatment group were subjected to total collection procedures for feces and urine during the last 4 d of each experimental period. Dry matter intake was 23.0, 23.8 and 22.3 kg d−1 for the cows fed the low, medium and high K diets, respectively. Milk yield was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the high compared to the low and medium K diets. Level of K in the diet did not influence the fat and protein content of the milk but Ca content was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the medium and high K diets compared with those fed the low K diet. Plasma K levels were 15.0, 15.7 and 16.2 mg dL−1 while plasma Mg levels were 2.35a, 2.25ab and 2.17b mg dL−1 for cows on the low, medium and high K diets, respectively. The acetate to propionate ratio in the rumen fluid was wider (P < 0.05) for the cows fed the medium and high K diets compared with those fed the low K diet. The apparent absorption of Mg but not Ca was reduced with increasing levels of K in the diet. Both water consumption and urine output were greater (P < 0.05) for the cows fed the medium and high K diet compared with those fed the low K diet. The concentration of Ca and Mg in the urine dropped markedly and total excretion of Ca and Mg was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the medium and high K diets compared with those fed the low K diet. It was concluded from the results of this study that high K levels in the diet interfere with absorption of Mg but not Ca. However, K did appear to interfere with the utilization of Ca as indicated by the lower amount of Ca in the milk and urine. Increasing K levels in the diet increased water consumption and urine output which has major implications for waste management. Key words: Lactating cows, excess potassium, calcium, magnesium

scholarly journals Effect of supplemental rumen-protected lysine, methionine or both added to diet of lactating dairy cows on milk fatty acids profile

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Křížová ◽  
Jiří Třináctý ◽  
Jarmila Svobodová ◽  
Michal Richter ◽  
Vladimír Černý ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplemental lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) or both added to diet of dairy cows in the form of rumen-protected (RP) tablets on changes in milk fatty acids (FA) profile. The trial was carried out on four lactating Holstein cows in the form of Latin square design and was divided into 4 periods of 14 d (10-d preliminary period and a 4-d experimental period). The four treatments were as follows: C – control without amino acids (AA) supplementation, L – supplement of RP Lys, M – supplement of RP Met and ML – supplement of RP Met and Lys. Cows were fed on a diet based on maize silage, lucerne hay and supplemental mixture. Milk yield in ML (34.18 kg/d) was higher than in L or M (32.46 kg and 32.13 kg, respectively, P < 0.05) and tended to be higher than in C (33.33 kg/d, P > 0.05). Protein yield in ML (1054 g / d) was higher than that found in C, L or M (990, 998 or 968 g / d, respectively, P < 0.05). Milk fat content and yield in C and ML was higher in comparison to L and M (P < 0.05). Content of short-chain FA (C 4:0–C 12:0) was not affected by the treatment except of L that was lower than in C (P < 0.05). Content of medium-chain FA in M was lower compared to C, L or ML (P < 0.05). The content of long-chain FA in M was significantly higher than in other groups (P < 0.05). The total content of SFA in M was lower than in C or ML (P < 0.05) and tended to be lower than in L. Contents of UFA, MUFA and PUFA in M were higher than in C and ML (P < 0.05).

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