Evaluation of rumen probe for continuous monitoring of rumen pH, temperature and pressure

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kaur ◽  
S. C. Garcia ◽  
A. Horadagoda ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Concordance Correlation ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
A Minor

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a commercially available wireless rumen probe by Kahne Limited (New Zealand) for continuous pH, temperature and pressure measurements under different ruminal conditions. In a 4 by 4 latin square design, rumen-fistulated sheep were fed diets comprising 0, 30 or 60% concentrate, with the rest of the diet being balanced for metabolisable energy and protein with maize silage and lucerne hay. Each experimental period was 10 days with the first 8 days for adaptation and the last 2 days for collection of rumen fluid samples. In the first experimental period, probes were left in the rumen of sheep for 10 days to observe drift in pH. In the other three periods, probes were repeatedly cleaned and recalibrated before each sampling period. Probes were set to read every 20 min while the samples of rumen fluid were withdrawn manually at 4-h intervals and pH recorded immediately. There was an upward drift in pH observed after 48 h of insertion of probes into the rumen. This study resulted in a minor level of agreement between the two methods as indicated by higher root mean prediction error (0.43 pH units), lower Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r = 0.46) and concordance correlation coefficient (0.46). In conclusion, these rumen probes need further advancement to be potentially used for continuous rumen pH measurements for research purposes.

Feeding time and sequence of forage rape and maize silage does not affect digestibility and rumen parameters in sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 318 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kaur ◽  
S. C. Garcia ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Rape

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of time and sequence of feeding forage rape in relation to maize silage on whole tract digestibility and rumen parameters. Three rumen-fistulated castrated male sheep (45 ± 1.2 kg) were individually housed in metabolic crates and fed a diet comprising 25% forage rape, 25% maize silage, 10% concentrate and 40% short rotation ryegrass. The experimental design was a 3 × 3 Latin-square design and treatments were: forage rape fed after maize silage in the morning; forage rape fed before maize silage in the morning; and forage rape fed after maize silage in the afternoon. As the three treatments were identical in composition, the first experimental period comprised a 15-day adaptation period whereas the other two periods had a 7-day adaptation, each followed by 6-day sampling periods for measurement of feed intake and faeces and urine output (day 1–5). Rumen fluid was collected at day 6 of each sampling period and analysed for pH and ammonia concentration. In a subsequent experiment in sacco rumen degradation characteristics of all feeds were measured by incubating nylon bags in the rumen of each sheep. Neither dry matter (DM) intake (mean = 21.2 g/kg liveweight.day) nor whole tract in vivo DM (mean = 0.74) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility coefficients (mean = 0.69) were different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Similarly, neither rumen pH (6.19 ± 0.2) nor ammonia levels (27.2 ± 4.5 mg/100 mL) were affected (P > 0.05) by time of feeding forage rape in relation to maize silage. The calculated efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was similar (P = 0.73) for all treatments [mean = 17 g/day of microbial nitrogen (N) per kg of apparently digested organic matter in the rumen], although the excretion of urinary N was relatively high for all treatments due to high N intake and high degradation of N in forage rape. In conclusion, this study has revealed no effects of time and sequence of feeding forage rape with maize silage on rumen parameters and efficiency of feed utilisation. These results suggest that farmers using these forages can allocate these to animals based on practical convenience.

PSVII-14 Feeding carbohydrases to grazing beef cattle under different nutritional strategies on dry season: Ruminal fermentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 449-450
Author(s):  
Anderson Acosta ◽  
Guilherme S Vasconcellos ◽  
Alexandre Perdigão ◽  
Victor Valério de Carvalho ◽  
Tiago S Acedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Beta Glucanase ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Nutritional Strategy ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Abstract The aim with this trial was to evaluate two nutritional plans with the addition of carbohydrases enzyme blend (CEB) on ruminal fermentation of grazing Nellore bulls in dry season. Five rumen cannulated Nellore steers (BW = 350 kg) were used. Animals were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence in a 5×5 Latin square experiment with 15 d-periods (10 d to diet adaptation and 5 d for data collection), following a completely randomized design, being the treatments: mineral-proteic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico 35; PS) offered at 0,1% BW (0 or 4.75 g/animal/day of CEB) or mineral-protein-energetic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico-Energético 25; PES) offered at 0.3% BW (0, 4.75 or 9.50 g/animal/day of CEB). The CEB was mainly composed by beta-glucanase and xylanase enzymes (Ronozyme® VP and Ronozyme® WX). Both enzymes and supplements were provided by DSM Nutritional Products Brasil S.A. Rumen fluid samples were collected on the last day of each experimental period before (0), and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after supplements were offered. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Steers fed PSE had greater (P ≤ 0.041) rumen concentration of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and lower (P = 0.028) acetate to propionate ratio in comparison with animals fed PS. Rumen acetate concentrations were 61.6 and 58.8 mmol/L and rumen propionate concentrations were 15.2 and 13.7 mmol/L for animals under the PSE and PS, respectively. A quadratic effect (P = 0.048) for carbohydrases enzyme blend was observed in NH3-N ruminal concentration of PES animals, where 4.75 g/day level presented the lower concentrations compared to control (24.13 vs. 32.20 mg/dL). Furthermore, rumen concentrations of acetate (P = 0.002) and propionate (P = 0.021) linearly increased with enzymes inclusion for PSE plan. PSE nutritional strategy positively influence ruminal fermentation of Nellore steers in dry season and its effects can be enhanced with CEB inclusion of 4.75 g/day.

scholarly journals 79 Effect of source and dietary concentration of trace minerals on serum mineral status, ruminal pH, and ruminal volatile fatty acids in lactating Holstein dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 71-71
Author(s):  
Nicole T Briggs ◽  
Bayissa Hatew ◽  
Michael A Steele
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Mineral Status ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Dietary Concentration

Abstract Inorganic sources of trace minerals are commonly supplemented in dairy cow diets; however, there has been an increase in the supplementation of minerals complexed with organic compounds. These organic trace minerals are thought to have greater bioavailability which may enhance rumen fermentation and absorption. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary concentration and source of supplemental trace minerals on serum trace mineral status and rumen fermentation. Six lactating Holstein cows were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square design with a 23-day adaptation and 5-day experimental period. Cows were fed the same basal diet daily except for the difference in source [organic (ORG) versus inorganic (INO)] and concentration (50%, 100%, and 200% based on NRC recommendations) of trace mineral supplemented. During the experimental period feed intake and blood were collected daily. Rumen fluid was collected on the final two days of the experimental period. Data was analyzed with PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Dry matter intake (18.1 ± 0.70 kg), serum mineral concentrations (Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn), and rumen pH (6.5 ± 0.64) did not differ among the treatments. However, serum concentration of Co was higher in 200% ORG compared to 50% and 100% INO and 50% ORG. Ruminal concentration of acetate was higher in 50% and 100% ORG compared to 200% ORG. Butyrate ruminal concentration was higher at 50% ORG compared to 200% ORG. Ruminal propionate concentration was higher in 50% INO and 50% ORG compared to 100% INO and 200% ORG. These findings demonstrate serum trace mineral status and ruminal pH are not tightly controlled by the source of trace minerals when supplemented at 50%, 100% and 200% of the NRC recommendations, however rumen fermentation may be affected by the dietary concentration of trace minerals in the diet.

scholarly journals PSVII-11 Monensin and supplementation level effects on ruminal parameters and in-situ disappearance of steers receiving bermudagrass

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 299-299
Author(s):  
Jhone de Sousa ◽  
Joao Vendramini ◽  
Philipe Moriel ◽  
Hiran da Silva ◽  
Joao Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Ph

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of monensin and supplementation level on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in situ disappearance and ruminal parameters. The experiment was conducted in Ona, FL. Treatments were the factorial arrangement of 2 supplementation levels [0.4 (low) or 4 kg/d (high)] and 2 monensin levels (20 mg/kg of the DM intake or no monensin) distributed in a latin square design. Four rumen-cannulated steers were used with 10-d adaptation and 3-d incubation and collection periods. Samples were incubated in the rumen with nylon bags and analyzed for DM, CP, and NDF disappearance. Rumen fluid was collected for 3 d during the incubation period and analyzed for pH, ammonia, propionate, lactate, and butyrate. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of monensin on potential DM, CP, and NDF disappearance; however, greater supplementation level increased (P < 0.03) potential DM disappearance (64 vs. 61%) and NDF disappearance (60 vs. 57%). Steers receiving greater supplementation level had greater (P = 0.01) total DMI (1.4 vs. 1.0% BW) but there was no difference in forage DMI (P = 0.72, mean = 1.0 ± 0.1% BW). There was a monensin × supplementation level interaction on ruminal propionate concentration. The interaction occurred because there was no effect (P = 0.64) of monensin with low supplementation (mean = 12 ± 1.2 mol/100 mol); however, monensin increased propionate on high supplementation from 15 to 19 mol/100 mol. There was an increase (P < 0.05) in ruminal ammonia (from 1.9 to 4.4 mg/100 ml) and lactate (from 60 to 64 mol/100 mol) from low to high supplementation. Rumen pH and butyrate were not affected by monensin or supplementation (P > 0.12). Monensin did not change forage disappearance parameters but increased ruminal propionate production in steers receiving greater amount of concentrate.

Rice polishings as an alternative to sugar cane molasses as a supplement with urea to low-quality forage diets for ruminants

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cardenas Garcia ◽  
C. J. Newbold ◽  
H. Galbraith ◽  
J. H. Topps ◽  
X. B. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Cane Molasses ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Protein Supply

AbstractThe effect of including 14 g urea with either 75 g dry matter (DM) from sugar cane molasses (UM) or Colombian rice polishings (RP) at three levels, 68 (RP1), 137 (RP2) or 203 (RP3) g DM on grass hay DM intake and on rumen fermentation was investigated. An incomplete Latin-square design was used and each experimental period was divided into 12 days for adaptation to each diet followed by 9 days in metabolism cages when all measurements were made using five adult sheep.Pooled mean values for rumen metabolites (five samples per day) were calculated. Rumen pH was not affected by the nature of the supplements. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (UM 92·8, RP1 84·2, RP2 86·4, and RP3 84·0 (s.e.d. 3·4) mmol/l) and lactate (UM 2·0, RP1 1/6, RP2 1/7, RP3 1/8 (s.e.d. 0·014) mmol/l) (UM v. RP, P < 0·05 and P < 0·10 respectively) were lower when RP were given, while concentration of branched and longer chain VFA (26·5, 34·0, 31·1 and 33·5 (s.e.d. 1·6) mmol/mol total VFA, UM v. RP, P < 0·01) and ammonia (98, 131, 141, 137 (s.e.d. 16·1) mg/l, UM v. RP, P < 0·05) were increased. Numbers of rumen protozoa (1·6, 3·2, 2·7, 3·3 (s.e.d. 0·75) × 105 per ml, UM v. RP, P < 0·20) tended to be higher 2 h after feeding when RP rather than UM were given. However, hay DM intake (1050, 960, 960, 880 (s.e.d. 45·3) g/day, UM v. RP, P < 0·05), and microbial protein supply (11·7, 9·3,11·1,10·8 (s.e.d. 0·59) g N per day, UM v. RP, P < 0·05), estimated from urinary purine excretion were reduced by feeding RP instead of UM.At the levels of inclusion tested RP did not increase the efficiency of rumen fermentation and were not as effective a supplement with urea as was molasses for a low-quality forage diet.

Effect of level of dietary potassium on the absorption and excretion of calcium and magnesium by lactating cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Fisher ◽  
N. Dinn ◽  
R. M. Tait ◽  
J. A. Shelford
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Urine Output ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
High K ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Low K

This study was undertaken with the objective of providing more basic information on the absorption and excretion of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) by lactating cows when high levels of potassium (K) are fed. Employing potassium carbonate as the source of supplemental K, total mixed rations were formulated to contain 1.6 (low), 3.1 (medium) and 4.6% (high) K. The three rations were fed to 15 Holstein cows in mid-lactation in a 3 × 3 Latin square experiment replicated five times. The experimental periods were 21 d in length. Blood, rumen and milk samples were obtained during the 2nd and 3rd wk of each experimental period and two cows from each treatment group were subjected to total collection procedures for feces and urine during the last 4 d of each experimental period. Dry matter intake was 23.0, 23.8 and 22.3 kg d−1 for the cows fed the low, medium and high K diets, respectively. Milk yield was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the high compared to the low and medium K diets. Level of K in the diet did not influence the fat and protein content of the milk but Ca content was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the medium and high K diets compared with those fed the low K diet. Plasma K levels were 15.0, 15.7 and 16.2 mg dL−1 while plasma Mg levels were 2.35a, 2.25ab and 2.17b mg dL−1 for cows on the low, medium and high K diets, respectively. The acetate to propionate ratio in the rumen fluid was wider (P < 0.05) for the cows fed the medium and high K diets compared with those fed the low K diet. The apparent absorption of Mg but not Ca was reduced with increasing levels of K in the diet. Both water consumption and urine output were greater (P < 0.05) for the cows fed the medium and high K diet compared with those fed the low K diet. The concentration of Ca and Mg in the urine dropped markedly and total excretion of Ca and Mg was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the medium and high K diets compared with those fed the low K diet. It was concluded from the results of this study that high K levels in the diet interfere with absorption of Mg but not Ca. However, K did appear to interfere with the utilization of Ca as indicated by the lower amount of Ca in the milk and urine. Increasing K levels in the diet increased water consumption and urine output which has major implications for waste management. Key words: Lactating cows, excess potassium, calcium, magnesium

scholarly journals PSIX-20 Mechanisms of Programmed Nutrition in finishing cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 424-424
Author(s):  
Amanda P Schiff ◽  
Kyle McLeod ◽  
James L Klotz ◽  
Vaughn Holder ◽  
David L Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Mean Differences

Abstract Programmed Nutrition Beef Program (Alltech Inc.) is a supplement that could reduce the use of feed additives such as Monensin and Tylosin in feedlots. The objective of this study was to examine changes in rumen fermentation when feeding Monensin/Tylosin and Programmed Nutrition. Eight steers (BW = 363 ± 22 kg) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment in a 2 x 2 factorial treatment structure where animals were fed a high-concentrate diet at 2.0 x NEm. Treatments were Control (C; conventional trace mineral supplement), Control + Monensin + Tylosin (MT), Programmed Nutrition (PN; Programmed Nutrition Beef Finisher), or Programmed Nutrition + Monensin + Tylosin (PNMT), incorporated daily to the diet at 75 g/day. Rumen pH was measured continuously for 48 h, rumen fluid was collected every 2 h for 48 h and analyzed for VFA. Dietary digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance were determined by collection of total urine and fecal output for 7 days, and indirect calorimetry for 48 h. Protein turnover was determined via 15N-glycine end-product method. The experiment was analyzed as a replicated Latin square design with mixed models of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc.). Mean differences were analyzed using LSD, rumen VFA and pH data were analyzed using repeated measures. There were no differences between treatments in DMI, ADG, dry matter digestibility and rumen pH. Addition of MT to the diet lowered fecal N output (P = 0.0092), ruminal valerate concentration (P = 0.0125) and molar proportion (P = 0.0235). When PN was fed in combination with MT it decreased ADF digestibility (P = 0.0342), protein turnover (P = 0.0211), protein synthesis (P = 0.0362) and protein degradation (P = 0.0292). Although no differences in ADG and dry matter digestibility were observed, significant metabolic changes occurred when supplementing PN with or without MT.

318 Effect of Initial Providing Time of Oat Hay on Performance, Health, Behavior and Rumen Fermentation in Calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 173-174
Author(s):  
Tianyu Chen ◽  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Zhijun Cao
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Basic Diet ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Abnormal Behaviors ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract To determine the appropriate time to feed hay to calves, 210 healthy Holstein calves at d 2 were randomly divided into 3 groups: feeding basic diet (starter) without hay (CON), inclusion of oat hay from the second week (H2) or fourth week (H4) in addition to the basic diet. All calves were weaned on d 56 and raised in the same hutches until the end of the experiment (d 70). Calf starter intake and fecal score were recorded daily throughout the experimental period. Body weight, body size, blood and rumen fluid samples were collected every 2 weeks before weaning and once a week after weaning. Inclusion of oat hay in the basic diet (H2 and H4) resulted in increased body weight (P &lt; 0.01) and average daily gain (P &lt; 0.01) throughout the experiment when compared to the basic diet (CON) only. Calves fed oat hay from 2 weeks of life had the highest starter intake (P &lt; 0.01), average daily gain (P &lt; 0.01) in the pre- and post-weaning periods. Body length and heart girth was similar between treatments. The H2 calves had lower diarrhea frequency (P &lt; 0.05) and diarrhea days (P &lt; 0.05) during the post-weaning period. Compared to the CON calves, inclusion of hay increased the rumen pH (P &lt; 0.01), while decreasing the NH3-N (P &lt; 0.01) and tend to decrease the total VFA (P &lt; 0.06) during the entire trial. Calves in H2 treatment spent more time ruminating (P &lt; 0.01), but less time standing (P &lt; 0.05), eating starter (P &lt; 0.01) and engaging in abnormal behaviors (P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, calves supplemented with oat hay improved growth rate and rumen fermentation when compared with calves fed only starter, and adding hay from 2 weeks of calves life may be the best choice for the farm to have the greatest growth and health performance.

Effect of the concentration of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) algae in the drinking water on water intake by cattle and the proportion of algae bypassing the rumen

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Panjaitan ◽  
S. P. Quigley ◽  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Freshwater Microalgae ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain

Spirulina, a freshwater microalgae, has previously been shown to increase the efficiency of microbial protein production in cattle fed hay with a low crude protein content. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of increasing the concentration of Spirulina in the drinking water on the intake of water and the amount of water containing Spirulina bypassing the rumen of cattle. Five rumen-cannulated steers were given a fixed amount of pangola grass hay (14 g DM/kg W.day–1) and water containing 0, 1, 2, 2.7 and 3.5% (w/w) Spirulina in an incomplete Latin square design. Water intake by the control steers (0% Spirulina) was 29.7 and 49.3 g/kg W for the first drinking event after it was made available and over 24 h, respectively. For steers receiving the algae, intake of water plus Spirulina increased linearly (P < 0.01) from 42.7 to 60.2 g/kg W during the first drinking event, as the concentration of Spirulina in the drinking water increased, but over 24 h was not affected by Spirulina concentration and averaged 74.4 g/kg W. The bypass of water through the rumen, as determined using chromium-EDTA as a marker, averaged 20.5 ± 1.2% and was not affected by the concentration of Spirulina in the drinking water. Increasing inclusion of Spirulina was associated with a decrease in rumen pH, an increase in urea concentration in blood serum, and an increase in ammonia-N concentration, propionate and branched-chain fatty acids, and a decrease in butyrate proportions in rumen fluid. Spirulina inclusion in the drinking water increased water intake and may provide a potential safe and inexpensive alternative to urea for extensively grazed ruminants.

scholarly journals Ruminal parameters and nitrogen balance in sheep fed diets containing residue from the extraction of tamarind pulp

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 3411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Juliano Valério Geron ◽  
Jocilaine Garcia ◽  
Fabiana Gomes Costa ◽  
Sílvia Cristina de Aguiar ◽  
Edimar Barbosa Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
Male Sheep

<p>This study measured the ruminal parameters, feed intake, fecal and urinary N production, and N balance (NB) in sheep fed increasing levels of residue from the extraction of tamarind pulp (RETP) on a 0.0%, 5.0%, 10.0%, and 15.0% dry matter (DM) basis. Four mixed-breed male sheep weighing 40.38 ± 2.10 kg of body weight were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The animals were allocated to metabolism cages and fed twice a day. Each experimental period lasted 20 days. The pH and concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in ruminal fluid were measured. Nitrogen intake (NI), fecal N (FN), urinary N (UN), absorbed N (AN), and NB were expressed in g·day-1, percentage of consumed nitrogen (CN), and g·kg-1 of metabolic weight (g·(kg0.75)-1. Statistical analysis of these variables was performed by evaluating the variance and regression at 5% probability. The levels of RETP did not alter (p&gt;0.05) the pH level or NH3-N concentration in the rumen fluid, but a quadratic behavior for the same values after feeding (p&lt;0.05) was observed. The inclusion of RETP in the diet did not change (p&gt;0.05) NI, UN, the AN in g·day-1 and g·(kg0.75)-1, NB in g·day-1 and g·(kg0.75)-1, or the percentage of CN. However, the AN as a percentage of CN showed a linear effect (p&lt;0.05) with the inclusion of RETP in experimental diets. For FN in g·day-1 and g·(kg0.75) -1, no difference was observed (p&gt;0.05) with the inclusion of RETP, but for FN expressed as a percentage of CN, a linear increase (p&lt;0.05) was observed with the inclusion of RETP. Thus, we concluded that diets with up to 15.0% RETP do not alter the pH and NH3-N in ruminal fluid, NI, UN, or NB. In addition, the inclusion of 15.0% RETP has a laxative affect. </p>

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