Quantitative reduction of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride as a measure of viability in cereal seeds

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (58) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Harty ◽  
LG Paleg ◽  
D Aspinall
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
Dehydrogenase Enzyme ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Extracting Solvent

The reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) to a coloured formazan derivative by dehydrogenase enzyme systems in viable seeds has been examined. TTC reduction occurs in dry but not wetmilled tissue and the coloured product could be extracted by any of several organic solvents. This formazan product was estimated spectrophotometrically at 480 nm. The influence of fineness of grinding the tissue, TTC concentration, period of treatment, sample size, vacuum infiltration of the milled tissue with TTC and of extracting solvent were examined and a standard procedure is suggested. Using this procedure, a close correlation between seed viability and TTC reduction was demonstrated. The advantages of this method over the widely used topographical method for estimating seed viability with TTC are discussed.

scholarly journals Stratification Improves Seed Germination of Five Native Wildflower Species

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 899-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlma B. Bratcher ◽  
John M. Dole ◽  
Janet C. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Purple Coneflower ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Seeds Germination

The germination responses of wild blue indigo [Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br.], purple coneflower [Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.], Maximilian sunflower (Helianthus maximiliani Schrad.), spike goldenrod (Solidago petiolaris Ait.), and Missouri ironweed (Vernonia missurica Raf.) seeds after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks of stratification at 5C were investigated. Seed viability was determined using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining and germination based on the percentage of viable seeds. Germination percentage (GP) increased in all five species as weeks of stratification increased. Days to first germination and germination range (days from first to last germinating seed) decreased with increasing weeks of stratification, but the effect beyond 4 to 6 weeks was minimal. The number of weeks of stratification for maximum GP was 4 for purple coneflower, 6 for Maximilian sunflower, 8 for Missouri ironweed, and 10 for wild blue indigo and spike goldenrod.

scholarly journals Tetrazolium test for evaluating triticale seed viability

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Ribeiro de Souza ◽  
Osvaldo de Castro Ohlson ◽  
Melícia Ingredi Araújo Gavazza ◽  
Maristela Panobianco
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Preconditioning Method ◽  
Ttc Test ◽  
Paper Towels ◽  
Tetrazolium Test ◽  
Glass Beaker

Freshly harvested triticale seeds are usually dormant, making the immediate evaluation of the physiological potential of seed lots difficult. We evaluated different triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) test methods for rapidly determining the viability of four seed lots of x.Triticosecale Wittmack cultivar IPR111. The test variables were: Preconditioning, (i) placing whole seeds between moistened paper towels or (ii) directly soaking the seeds in water, both procedures being conducted at 20 ºC for 18 hours; Post-conditioning seed preparation, (i) longitudinal bisection of the seed through the embryo with one half being stained and the other discarded or (ii) longitudinal bisection with both halves being stained; Staining for three and four hours, in the dark, with 0.1%, 0.5% or 1.0% (w/v) TTC according to the preconditioning method described above, (i) both halves of each seed were placed on filter paper moistened with TTC and maintained at 40 ºC or (ii) one half of each seed was immersed in 5 mL of TTC solution in a 100 mL glass beaker at 30 ºC. The best results were obtained by preconditioning seeds between moistened paper towels at 20 ºC for 18 hours and staining on filter paper with 1.0% (w/v) TTC for three hours at 40 ºC.

scholarly journals Quick Test with Tetrazolium Chloride on Coffee Seed Viability

1969 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 370-376
Author(s):  
José R. Mondoñedo
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
Test Solution ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Coffee Seed

The germinative capacity of coffee seeds may be evaluated within 2 days by using the following procedure: 1. The parchment is removed from a representative sample of coffee seeds and the seeds are soaked in water for an hour or more. Soaking for 24 hours is recommended for older and drier seeds. 2. The silverskin then is rubbed off, the seed rinsed, and kept in water ready for sectioning. 3. With a sharp blade, the seed is sectioned longitudinally through the embryo (slicing off a small portion of the cotyledons and radicle) which is imbedded in the endosperm but visible from the dorsal side. 4. The part with the larger section of the embryo is fully immersed for 16 to 24 hours in the TZ test solution (0.5 to 1.0 percent 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride in distilled water, adjusted to pH 5 to 7). 5. After immersion, the seed sections are rinsed and the embryo and endosperm examined carefully. Uniform red pigmentation on the embryo and endosperm indicates healthy viable seed. Pink or mottled coloration indicates weak seed of doubtful germinative capacity. White or no color change indicates dead seed. 6. Reading of results may be delayed several days by rinsing the treated seeds with water and storing them underwater at 8° to 10° C. It is recommended that more tests be conducted to determine more accurately the relationship between TZ test results and actual germination tests, especially those borderline cases exhibiting pink or mottled coloration. An easier method of exposing the uninjured whole embryo to the test solution could help in these cases. It also may be worth looking into a much longer duration of soaking before sectioning as this affects speed of reaction to the test, especially on older and drier seeds.

Variable Seed Viability of Mile-a-Minute Weed (Devil's Tearthumb,Persicaria perfoliata)

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Smith ◽  
Judith Hough-Goldstein ◽  
Ellen C. Lake
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Persicaria Perfoliata ◽  
Polygonum Perfoliatum ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Apply Physical ◽  
Do So

AbstractMile-a-minute weed or devil's tearthumb (Polygonum perfoliatum, syn. =Persicaria perfoliata) is an invasive annual vine in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States that reproduces solely through seeds. Our study aimed to identify how mile-a-minute seed viability is affected by time of year and the maturity of the fruit surrounding the achene. Full-sized immature (green) and mature (blue) fruits were collected from five field sites every 2 wk over a 3 mo period, and seed viability was assessed using a triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TZ) assay. At the onset of seed production in mid-August, 35% of seeds from immature fruits were viable. This percentage increased steadily, peaking at 84% in late September before declining at some sites around the time of the first frost. In contrast nearly all seeds with mature fruits (96%) were viable at all collection dates. Thus land managers who apply physical or chemical control methods for mile-a-minute weed should do so before the onset of any seed production and not simply before fruit maturation. If it is necessary to apply control methods after fruit set, it should be done as early in the season as possible.

Regulation of Germination of Seed of Anigozanthos manglesii

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Sukhvibul ◽  
JA Considine
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Chilling Response

Germination of seed of Anigozanthos (Haemodoraceae) species is usually low and unreliable which hinders the propagation of sexually generated progeny, impedes plant breeding activities and their use in horticulture. This study was undertaken to investigate the basis of these germination problems. Seeds of cultivated Anigozanthos manglesii D. Don. were shown to possess two mechanisms for regulating seed germination, both of which were external to the embryo. Embryos germinated freely on excision and culture on nutrient agar. This first barrier is a physico-chemical barrier and can be eliminated by a brief treatment with 5 M KOH and less effectively by physical abrasion with 50% H2SO4 or 0.7% NaOCl. Release of this barrier was correlated with permeability to fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and this proved to be a more useful indicator of seed viability than 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). The other barrier was physiological and could be eliminated by treatment with GA3 or KNO3. Treatment of A. viridis Endl., A. humilis Lindley and A. flavidus DC. with KOH or H2SO4 with or without GA(3) elicited a small, a nil or negative response showing that mechanisms of control of germination may differ between taxa. Observations on the effects of temperature and duration of storage suggest mechanisms which may be significant in natural systems: moist stratification at 5°C caused reduced germination but sustained viability (as assessed by FDA) while dry seed stored at room temperature, showed increased germination with increasing duration of storage. The chilling response may indicate the capacity to initiate secondary dormancy under unfavourable germination conditions.

scholarly journals Seed quality testing study in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Axay Bhuker ◽  
V. S. Mor ◽  
S. S. Jakhar ◽  
Puneeth Raj M. S.
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Germination Test ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Quality Testing ◽  
Vigour Index

Present study was conducted on four genotypes of quinoa to find out optimum temperature and method for germination test at Department of Seed Science and Technology, CCS HAU, Hisar during 2019-20. The result of this study revealed that at 25oC temperature average germination was 22.47 per cent while it was 13.31 per cent at 20oC temperature. Similarly seedling lengths were 9.69 and 7.58cm and seedling vigour index-I were 229.54 and 103.07 at 20 and 25oC respectively. Between the methods, Top of Paper (TP) recorded 19.78 % germination while Between Paper (BP) recorded 16.00 % germination. Similarly, 8.51 and 8.77cm seedling lengths and 157.83 and 174.78 vigour index-I were observed in Top of Paper and Between Paper methods respectively. Poor germination was recorded in all four genotypes (Maximum 42%) which was confirmed by conducting tetrazolium test. It is concluded from the study that 25 oC temperature and both Top of Paper and Between Paper methods can be used for germination test in quinoa crop. For radical emergence test, 250C temperature for 60 hours should be used and for seed viability test, the seeds should soaked into 1.0% percent tetrazolium solution (2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) for 20 hours at 30oC.

scholarly journals Growth and yield performances of rice (Oryza sativa var. nerica) after exposure to biosynthesized nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ikhajiagbe ◽  
F. A. Igiebor ◽  
M. C. Ogwu
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Ag Nps ◽  
Viable Seeds

Abstract Background Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a common staple food in Nigeria. However, cultivation is impaired by heavy metal contamination, particularly iron (Fe). This study aimed to investigate the impacts of biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) in enhancing the growth and yield components of rice sown in ferruginous soil. Viable seeds of O. sativa var. nerica were sown in ferruginous and non-ferruginous soils. After four weeks, the plants were exposed to foliar sprays of biosynthesized NPs from silver nitrate, using extracts of leaves of Carica papaya, Vernonia amygdalina, Moringa oleifera, and Azadirachta indica; and the flowers of Hibiscus sabderiffa, following standard procedure. The originally prepared stock solution was diluted to give 5, 15, and 30% concentrations of each synthesized NP. Results Results showed that soil ferrugenicity impeded the growth and yield of rice. Azadirachta-synthesized NPs was better enhanced in the ferruginous soils, which might be due to Fe interaction and activities. Moreover, there was increased antioxidant activity in the ferruginous rice compared to the non-ferruginous rice, thus it is evidence that ferrugenicity is a major source of physiological stress for the rice plant. Conclusion The study provided evidence that Ag-NPs can enhance plant yield by huge proportions in ferruginous soil, a condition (ferrugenicity) that was hitherto inimical to yield disposition of rice.

scholarly journals Potential Fertilization Capacity of Two Grapevine Varieties: Effects on Agricultural Production in Designation of Origin Areas in the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
J. Antonio Cortiñas Rodríguez ◽  
María Fernández-González ◽  
Estefanía González-Fernández ◽  
Rosa A. Vázquez-Ruiz ◽  
F. Javier Rodríguez-Rajo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airborne Pollen ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Fertilization Capacity

In the present study, we analyzed the main parameters related with the potential fertilization ability of two grapevine varieties, Godello and Mencía, during the years 2017 and 2018. The research was carried out in two vineyards of the Galician winegrowing Designation of Origin areas of Ribeiro and Ribeira Sacra. Ten vines of each variety were selected for bunch and flower counting, pollen calculations, pollen viability studies by means of aceto-carmine (AC) stain and 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) methods, and the determination of their germination rate. In all vineyards the 50% fruitset was reached, except for Godello in Cenlle during 2017. The mean coulure value was higher for Godello (40.5%) than for Mencía (31%). Analyzing the pollen production per plant and airborne pollen levels, we observed important discordances between them, which can be due to the influence of weather conditions and be related with self-pollination processes. We found important differences on pollen viability depending on the applied method and variety, with higher values for the AC method than the TTC for both varieties in all study plots, and higher values for Mencía variety than Godello. Regarding germination rates, we observed a marked reduction in 2017 with respect to 2018, in all study sites and for both varieties. The analyzed parameters were useful to explain the different productive abilities of Godello and Mencía varieties in the two studied bioclimatic regions of Ribeiro and Ribeira Sacra.

A Histochemical Study of Dehydrogenase Activity in the Pectoralis Major Muscle of the Pigeon and certain other Vertebrate Skeletal Muscles

1958 ◽  
Vol s3-99 (48) ◽  
pp. 469-473
Author(s):  
J. C. GEORGE ◽  
K. S. SCARIA
Keyword(s):  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Pectoralis Major Muscle ◽  
Breast Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Oxidative Processes ◽  
The Individual

Certain dehydrogenases in the breast muscle of the pigeon and fowl and the leg muscle of the fowl and frog were studied histochemically by the use of 2:3:5: triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. The dehydrogenase activity was found to have a relationship with the colour and the mitochondrial content of the individual muscle fibres. In the pigeon breast muscle, however, the broad white fibres did not show the presence of any of the enzymes studied. It is therefore concluded that these fibres in the pigeon breast muscle are a unique system in which none of the oxidative processes concerned takes place; they cannot be considered as analogous to the white fibres of the other muscles studied.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document