Responses in cotton yields to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers in the Emerald Irrigation Area, central Queensland

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 661 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Hibberd ◽  
JH Ladewig ◽  
MN Hunter ◽  
GW Blight
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
N Fertilisers ◽  
Yield Responses

The poor growth of cotton in the Emerald Irrigation Area of central Queensland was investigated in fertiliser experiments from 1978 to 1980. The need for large amounts of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) fertilisers was demonstrated. In a glasshouse nutrient-omission experiment, N, P, potassium, sulfur (S), zinc, copper, manganese, boron (B) and molybdenum were tested for effects on cotton growth on the soil surface fraction (low in P and S) of a black cracking clay at Emerald. Plant growth indicated that P, N and S were extremely deficient. Other nutrients, except B, were marginally deficient. Slow growth was reflected in low shoot concentrations of N, P and S. In subsequent field experiments at 5 sites on 3 different soils, yield responses were only obtained to applications of P and N. Phosphorus at a rate of 40 kg/ha was required on a shallow, basaltic, dark cracking clay (Bug) soil. Yield responses to P were not obtained on an alluvial, dark cracking clay (AUg) or on a deep, basaltic, dark cracking clay (TbUg), but soil P concentrations were generally higher at these sites. For high value cotton crops where soil P analyses are low (i.e. <12 mg/kg bicarbonate-extractable P at 0-10 cm), high P fertiliser rates are recommended to maintain the soil P status. Nitrogen at a rate of 120 kg/ha produced heaviest yields on the Bug soil, but there were symptoms of N deficiency in plants early in the season. Irrigation frequency treatments produced no significant differences in yield.

scholarly journals Productive and Environmental Consequences of Sixteen Years of Unbalanced Fertilization with Nitrogen and Phosphorus—Trials in Poland with Oilseed Rape, Wheat, Maize and Barley

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1747
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rutkowska ◽  
Piotr Skowron
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
The Baltic

Two factorial field experiments were carried out between 2003 and 2018 in the Experimental Stations in Eastern and Western Poland using four crop rotations with winter oilseed rape, winter wheat, maize and spring barley. The initial value of phosphorus (P) in Grabów soil was 69.8 mg P·kg−1 soil and in Baborówko soil it was 111.3 mg P·kg−1 soil (Egner-Riehm Double-Lactate DL). P fertilizer was added annually at 39 kg P·ha−1 under winter oilseed rape, 35 kg P·ha−1 under maize and 31 kg P·ha−1 under wheat and barley using superphosphate and nitrogen (N), which was added at five levels (30–250 kg N·ha−1) per year as ammonium nitrate in addition to controls with no added fertilizer. Through the several years of the experiment, P fertilizer had no effect on crop N use efficiency (NUE) nor crop productivity. There was significant soil P mining particularly in the high-N fertilizer trials causing a reduction in the content of available soil P by up to 35%. This work recommends that, based on soil P analysis, P fertilizer should not be added to high-P soils. This practice may continue uninterrupted for several years (16 in this case) until the excess soil P has been reduced. This mechanism of removal of “legacy” P from soil has major implications in reducing runoff P into the Baltic Sea drainage area and other water bodies.

scholarly journals Pronounced surface stratification of soil phosphorus, potassium and sulfur under pastures upstream of a eutrophic wetland and estuarine system

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan H. Ryan ◽  
Mark Tibbett ◽  
Hans Lambers ◽  
David Bicknell ◽  
Phillip Brookes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Estuarine System ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Extractable Soil

High concentrations of nutrients in surface soil present a risk of nutrient movement into waterways through surface water pathways and leaching. Phosphorus (P) is of particular concern because of its role in aquatic system eutrophication. We measured nutrients under annual pastures on a beef farm and a dairy farm in the Peel–Harvey catchment, Western Australia. Soils were sampled in 10-mm increments to 100mm depth in March, June and September. Plant litter contained approximately 300–550mg kg–1 Colwell-extractable P. Extractable soil P was strongly stratified, being approximately 100–225mg kg–1 (dairy) and 50–110mg kg–1 (beef) in the top 10mm and <40mg kg–1 at 40–50mm depth. Total P and extractable potassium were also highly stratified, whereas sulfur was less strongly stratified. Shoot nutrient concentrations indicated that nitrogen was often limiting and sulfur was sometimes limiting for pasture growth: concentrations of P were often much greater than required for adequate growth (>4mg g–1). We conclude that high P concentrations at the soil surface and in litter and shoots are a source of risk for movement of P from farms into waterways in the Peel–Harvey catchment.

Effect of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus on the yield, growth and nutrient status of ixodia daisy (Ixodia achillaeioides ssp. alata)

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Maier ◽  
G Barth ◽  
M Bennell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Yield Responses

The effect of annual applications of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) on the yield, growth and nutrient status of Ixodia daisy (Ixodia achillaeioides ssp. alata) grown on a silty loam, was investigated in field experiments conducted during 1989-91 in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. The experimental design was a randomised block with 3 replications. The N and K treatments, at annual rates up to 200 kg N/ha and 150 kg K/ha, were applied as 2 equal side-dressings. The P treatments, at rates up to 200 kg/ha, were broadcast as 1 annual application. To assess plant nutrient status we sampled the fifth leaf below the growing terminal of 50 stems in October and whole stems at harvest. As rate of applied N increased, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in total biomass harvested, number of 3040 and 41-50 cm stems, total number of marketable stems, plant height and width. Annual N application rates of 75-110 kg/ha were required for 95% of maximum biomass yield and number of marketable stems. The application of K did not significantly (P>0.05) affect yield or plant growth. First and second order interactions between N, K and year were not significant. Plant growth and yield responses to P applied as superphosphate were inconsistent and the interaction between P and year was not significant (P>0.05). Coefficients of determination (r2) for relationships between N, K and P concentrations in the fifth leaf samples v. total biomass yield and total stem number, were in the range 0.13-0.52 for the combined 1990 and 1991 data. Based on sensitivity, reproducibility and occurrence of the Piper-Steenbjerg effect, we concluded that N, K or P concentrations in the fifth leaf sampled in October, or in whole stems at harvest, were not reliable indicators of the nutrient status of Ixodia daisy. The application of N and P did not affect the concentration of minor or micronutrients in the fifth leaf. In contrast, the application of K increased calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) concentrations by 14.3, 33.3 and 12.2%, respectively. For a high density planting (13,000 plants) we estimated that for N, P and K, 69.4, 6.2 and 83.2 kg/ha, respectively, are removed in marketable stems. The application of P increased extractable-P concentrations in the surface (0-15 cm) soil from 22 to 73 mg/kg. We suggest that for surface (0-15 cm) soils, extractable-P and extractable-K concentrations in the ranges 15-95 and 210-260 mg/kg, respectively, are adequate and indicate that a yield response to the application of these nutrients in fertiliser may not occur.

Factors affecting yield and fertilizer response of sugar beet in Iran

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-316
Author(s):  
E. W. Bolle-Jones ◽  
F. Sanei
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Yield Responses

SummaryField experiments were conducted in four provinces of Iran in which sugar-beet yield responses to added nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were correlated with soil test values and number of irrigations.Although significant yield responses to fertilizer application were obtained in all four provinces, extremely few significant relationships were established between soil test values and yield response.Average crop yield was favourably influenced by the number of irrigations applied in Fare and Khorasan, by organic carbon status in Esfahan and Khorasan and adversely affected by increased soil conductivity in Esfahan and Khorasan. These results were taken to imply an inadequate number of irrigations in Fars and Khorasan. The high calcium carbonate status found in Fars soil adversely affected the level of average yield.Response to nitrogen fertilizer declined in Fars and Khorasan as the leaf nitrogen exceeded 3·15 and 4·0% respectively. Response to phosphate fertilizer declined in West Azerbaijan and Khorasan when leaf phosphorus exceeded 0·4%.

Response of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum cv. Russet Burbank) to band-placed and broadcast high cadmium phosphorus fertiliser on heavily cropped krasnozems in north-western Tasmania

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
LA Sparrow ◽  
KSR Chapman ◽  
D Parsley ◽  
PR Hardman ◽  
B Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Tuber Size Distribution ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Phosphorus Fertiliser ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
North Western

Four field experiments were conducted to examine the yield response and cadmium (Cd) concentration of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) grown with banded or broadcast phosphorus (P) fertiliser at rates up to 240 kg P/ha. The Cd content of the triple superphosphate (TSP) was 151 mg/kg. All 4 sites were on intensively cropped, high P-fixing krasnozem soils in north-western Tasmania, with concentrations of Colwell-extractable P ranging from 112 to 210 mg/kg. All sites showed economic yield responses to banded P, but broadcast P was much less effective except at the site where the response to banded P was least. Yield responses came mostly through increased tuber number, but at 1 site the tubers were also bigger. There was no effect of P on tuber size distribution or specific gravity. Increasing rates of banded TSP increased tuber Cd concentrations by 50-300% at the 3 sites where they were measured; broadcast TSP had little effect. Tubers from the site with pH 6.0 had much higher Cd concentrations than those from the sites with pH 6.5 and 6.6. Petiole Cd concentrations were about 5 times greater than tuber concentrations.

Build-up in soil available P and yield response of spring wheat to seed-placed P in a 24-year study in the Brown Soil zone

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
F. Selles
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Available P ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Soil Available P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Responses

Producers in western Canada have applied phosphorus (P) fertilizer to annual crops for many years. This has increased soil available P and gradually decreased the expected yield response to P fertilization, but yield responses to small amounts of P placed with the seed are still reported regardless of soil available P levels. Controlled growth chamber studies suggest that the P responses should be most apparent during cool, wet springs. This 24-yr field study compared the yields of two fallow–spring wheat–spring wheat (F–W–W) systems, one fertilized with N and P each crop year, and the other fertilized with only N. The study, which was part of a long-term crop rotation experiment, was conducted on an Orthic Brown Chernozemic loam at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Bicarbonate-extractable P (Olsen P) in the 0- to 15-cm depth in spring of the treatment receiving no P remained relatively constant (about 19 kg ha−1) throughout the study, while P fertilizer application at 6.5 kg ha−1 yr−1 increased extractable soil P by about 0.9 kg ha−1 yr−1. However, this increase in available P has not reduced yield responses to seed-placed P over the years. Regression analysis showed that yield response to P on fallow soil was positively related to temperature between emergence and the three-leaf stage and to precipitation at dough stage, but negatively related to precipitation near seeding time. For wheat grown on stubble, response to P was negatively related to temperature between 10 and 16 June (i.e., about the three- to four-leaf stage) and positively to precipitation received at anthesis stage. We concluded that, although available P in prairie soils has probably increased in recent years, producers can still expect to receive a 10% yield increase when small amounts of P are applied with the seed.Key words: Crop rotations, bicarbonate-extractable P, Olsen P, temperature effects, effect of precipitation

Nitrogen and phosphorus fertility management for desi and kabuli chickpea

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fran L. Walley ◽  
Steve Kyei-Boahen ◽  
Garry Hnatowich ◽  
Craig Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
P Accumulation ◽  
P Application ◽  
Yield Responses

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a relatively new crop in Saskatchewan and acreage has undergone a rapid expansion during the past decade. However, uncertainty remains regarding growth and yield responses of this grain legume to N and P fertilization under the semiarid environment of Saskatchewan. Field experiments were conducted at various locations in Saskatchewan to investigate chick pea response to starter N (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg N ha-1) and P (0, 20 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1) using desi cv. Myles and kabuli cv. Sanford. Starter N was side banded (2.5 cm to the side and 4 cm below the seed) and the P was placed in the seed row or side banded. Starter N promoted early vegetative growth of both desi and kabuli chickpea, but kabuli seed yield was unaffected by N application. Application of 30 or 45 kg N ha-1 enhanced desi yield by as much as 221 kg ha-1. Starter N reduced N2 fixation by kabuli chickpea whereas N2 fixation by desi apparently was not as sensitive to inorganic N. Phosphorus (40 kg P2O5 ha-1) enhanced chickpea vegetative growth, although only desi seed yield was significantly enhanced (121 kg ha-1). Shoot N and P accumulation in both chickpea types generally increased with P application, but N2 fixation was unaffected. The results suggest that although N and P application had no effect on kabuli seed yield, desi yields may be optimized by the application of low rates of starter N (i.e., 30 kg N ha-1) and P (20 kg P2O5 ha-1). Key words: Chickpea, nitrogen, phosphorus, N2 fixation

scholarly journals Winter Wheat Straw Decomposition under Different Nitrogen Fertilizers

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Gabriela Mühlbachová ◽  
Pavel Růžek ◽  
Helena Kusá ◽  
Radek Vavera ◽  
Martin Káš
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Rainy Weather ◽  
N Fertilisers

The climate changes and increased drought frequency still more frequent in recent periods bring challenges to management with wheat straw remaining in the field after harvest and to its decomposition. The field experiment carried out in 2017–2019 in the Czech Republic aimed to evaluate winter wheat straw decomposition under different organic and mineral nitrogen fertilizing (urea, pig slurry and digestate with and without inhibitors of nitrification (IN)). Treatment Straw 1 with fertilizers was incorporated in soil each year the first day of experiment. The Straw 2 was placed on soil surface at the same day as Straw 1 and incorporated together with fertilizers after 3 weeks. The Straw 1 decomposition in N treatments varied between 25.8–40.1% and in controls between 21.5–33.1% in 2017–2019. The Straw 2 decomposition varied between 26.3–51.3% in N treatments and in controls between 22.4–40.6%. Higher straw decomposition in 2019 was related to more rainy weather. The drought observed mainly in 2018 led to the decrease of straw decomposition and to the highest contents of residual mineral nitrogen in soils. The limited efficiency of N fertilisers on straw decomposition under drought showed a necessity of revision of current strategy of N treatments and reduction of N doses adequately according the actual weather conditions.

Interactions of surface drying and subsurface nutrients affecting plant growth on acidic soil profiles from an old pasture

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton ◽  
JR Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Reconstituted Soil ◽  
Subsurface Layers ◽  
Surface Drying

Previous studies on soils from old pastures in southern New South Wales have demonstrated that nutrients have accumulated at the soil surface, but that the 40-100-mm depth layer in many profiles has become strongly acidic (e.g. pH 4.7), and high in extractable aluminium. Poor growth of subterranean clover has occurred on such soils during dry periods and may be associated with poor root growth in the acidic, nutrient-poor subsurface layers. Possible nutritional causes of these observations were investigated using reconstituted soil profiles. The root and shoot growth of subterranean clover, wheat, oats and lucerne were compared in unamended profiles and in profiles amended by applying nutrients or calcium carbonate (lime) to correct the more obvious deficiencies of the subsurface layers. Subterranean clover grew well as long as the surface soil remained moist, so that plants could utilise the nutrients potentially available within it. When the surface (0-40 mm) was allowed to dry but the subsurface layers remained moist, growth was poor unless phosphate was applied to the moist layer. Subsurface application of lime alone was ineffective. Nitrogen application increased clover growth in the presence of added phosphate or surface moisture, but nitrogen alone did little to alleviate the effects of surface drought. Wheat, and to a lesser extent oats, responded to subsurface lime when the surface was moist, and both responded to subsurface phosphate when the surface was dry. Lucerne responded to subsurface phosphate similarly to subterranean clover but the response was more than doubled in the presence of additional borate and lime. Lime without borate was not effective. When the surface was maintained moist, liming both the surface (0-40 mm) and subsurface layers improved the response over liming the subsurface layer only. The results suggest that declining fertility and productivity in old pastures developed on acid soils may not be rectified by liming alone, but that cultivation, ripping or drilling of phosphate, and in some cases addition of borate, may be required to improve the penetration of nutrients, particularly phosphorus, to greater depth.

The critical concentration of manganese in field-grown wheat

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Graham ◽  
WJ Davies ◽  
JS Ascher
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Unreliable Method ◽  
Chlorophyll A Fluorescence Transients ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Fluorescence Transients ◽  
Wheat Tissues

The critical concentration of manganese (Mn) in wheat tissues for optimal growth was determined from field experiments. In the youngest emerged blade showing a ligule (YEB), the critical concentration was 11 � 1 8g g-1 (DW). The critical concentrations for older blades and whole tops were: next leaf below YEB, 13 � 1 8g g-1 DW; older leaves, 16 � 1 8g g-1 DW; whole tops, 12 � 1 8g g-1 DW. The older blades were less sensitive determinants of the growth response and are not recommended tissues for analysis. Diagnosis using whole tops was less sensitive than with YEB, but analysis of whole tops may give an integrated picture of Mn deficiency where availability varies rapidly with time. The critical concentration of 11 � 1 8g g-1 in the YEB for growth is also the critical level for the appearance in that leaf of normal chlorophyll a fluorescence transients. The Fo/Fv ratio, a parameter of the leaf fluorescence transients, correlated well with the Mn concentration in the leaf and may prove suitable for the diagnosis of Mn deficiency in field-grown wheat. The critical level of Mn was the same for two genotypes differing in their ability to tolerate Mn deficiency in the soil. Grain yield responses and other relevant data collected over three years are presented. Analysis of grain was shown to be an unreliable method of diagnosing an earlier Mn deficiency in the crop.

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