Chloride Partitioning in Leaves of Salt-Stressed Sorghum, Maize, Wheat and Barley

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Boursier ◽  
J Lynch ◽  
A Lauchli ◽  
E Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Chloride distribution in the blade, sheath and midrib of leaves was determined for several grasses in salinised field plots and in nutrient solutions at various NaCl levels in the greenhouse. Chloride preferentially accumulated in the sheaths relative to the blades in all grass species and varieties examined when Cl- concentrations were expressed on a dry weight basis, although to varying degrees. Substantial levels of Cl- sheath partitioning were obtained only for sorghum when Cl- con- centrations were expressed on a fresh weight basis. Partitioning of Cl- in sorghum leaves was found to be ion specific and resulted from a combination of the ability of sheath tissue to accumulate Cl- to high concentrations and blade tissue to regulate Cl- concentrations at moderate levels.

Influence of different mixing ratios on in-vessel co-composting of sewage sludge with horse stable straw bedding waste: maturity and process evaluation

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1164-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. C. Wong ◽  
Ammaiyappan Selvam ◽  
Zhenyong Zhao ◽  
S. M. Yu ◽  
Alex C. W. Law ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Curing Period ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Decomposition Efficiency

Composting sewage sludge alone would reduce the decomposition efficiency due to free limited porosity in sludge. To alleviate this, the use of horse stable straw bedding waste (HSB) was evaluated as a co-composting material with sewage sludge in a 10 tonnes day−1 in-vessel composter for a period of 7 days before curing in a static aeration pile. Sludge was mixed with HSB at 1 : 1.5 (HSL) and 1 : 2.9 (LSL) on a fresh weight basis. After a composting period of 56 days, both mixing ratios demonstrated to be feasible with LSL having a better organic decomposition and a shorter time to reach maturity. The overall decomposition rates were 52.0 and 58.9% (dry weight basis) for HSL and LSL, respectively. In both treatments, temperature in the in-vessel composters could reach 65°C, which was sufficient to remove the pathogens. Although both products were free of pathogens, HSL exhibited a higher ammoniacal nitrogen contents but a lower seed germination index than that of LSL indicating a higher phytotoxicity and a longer curing period would be required. It can be concluded that HSB provided a better composting conditions at a mixing ratio of 1 : 2.9

scholarly journals Evaluation of Oxalate Concentration in the U.S. Spinach Germplasm Collection

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1690-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beiquan Mou
Keyword(s):  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Oxalate Concentration ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The U.S

The entire USDA spinach (Spinacia oleracea) germplasm collection (338 accessions) and 11 commercial cultivars were screened for oxalate concentration. There were significant differences in oxalate concentration among the genotypes evaluated, ranging from 5.3% to 11.6% on a dry weight basis. The low-oxalate genotypes identified in our experiments are all S. oleracea. None of the two S. tetrandra and four S. turkestanica accessions screened had low levels of oxalate. Two accessions from Syria, PI 445782 (cultivar name Shami) and PI 445784 (cultivar name Baladi), consistently had low oxalate concentration. When expressed on a fresh weight basis, oxalate concentration may be affected by the moisture content of the plant. Oxalate concentration had little correlation with leaf types (flat or savoy) and leaf weight per plant. With the genetic variation and sources of low oxalate concentration found, breeding of spinach for a low level of oxalate seems feasible.

Effect of Varieties on the Composition of Dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) — Note

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Sahari ◽  
M. Barzegar ◽  
R. Radfar
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Atomic Spectroscopy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera L ◽  
The Mean

Thirty-four date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties, from start of Tamr stage of maturity, were analyzed for moisture, protein, lipid and ash. The mean percent of moisture, protein, lipid and ash were 29.35, 3.3, 0.42 and 2.25 g/100 g (fresh weight basis), respectively. Predominant sugars were fructose (12.62—43.31 g/100 g) and glucose (16.41—54.23 g/100 g, fresh weight basis). Sucrose was not practically detected in most varieties (excepting in Zark variety). Mineral elements such as Na, Mg, K and Ca were determined by ICP atomic spectroscopy and their amounts were in the range of 4.46—47.74, 18.44—79.35, 203.61—982.97 and 23.24—73.85 mg/100 g (dry weight basis), respectively. These results were generally in agreement with those reported previously for some other varieties grown in the other dates producing countries. A few differences will be related to date variety, agro-climatic and environmental conditions.

CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF THE MATURE SUGAR BEET ROOT TO DEFOLIATION BY FROST AND KNIFE

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 777-792
Author(s):  
D. J. Wort ◽  
G. A. White
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Invert Sugar ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total N ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Beet Root ◽  
Sugar Beet Root ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Increased Activity

The tops of mature field-grown sugar beets were frozen or removed by knife and the leaves allowed to regrow, or removed by knife and all regrowth continuously removed, for a period of 16 days. Sample roots were dug from the ground one, four, eight, 12, and 16 days after the original defoliation, and dry weight, sucrose, invert sugar, starch dextrin, total nitrogen, and insoluble nitrogen determined. The activity of catalase, phosphorylase, phosphatase, beta-amylase, and invertase was measured. Compared with untreated plants, all treatments affected in a similar way the substances or activities measured, with the exception of phosphatase and catalase activity. Dry weight decreased, and percentage sucrose based on fresh weight, fell steadily, and was 2.89 below that of controls on the 16th day. Ou a dry weight basis the sucrose percentage of roots of defoliated plants did not differ significantly from that of roots of untreated plants. It is suggested that the continued fall in sucrose percentage on a fresh weight basis is the result of continued absorption of soil water. Invert sugar was higher in treated plants and increased with time. Changes in starch dextrin content were small. The total N content of the various plants showed no significant differences. Insoluble N was not altered in a recognizable pattern. The activity of catalase and phosphorylase was lower in treated plants, while phosphatase and invertase showed increased activity. Beta-amylase activity was low in all roots.

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: XIV. THE EFFECT OF RUST INFECTION ON THE NUCLEIC ACID CONTENT OF WHEAT LEAVES

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1531-1540 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Quick ◽  
Michael Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Host Parasite

The increase in respiration in rust-infected leaves of Little Club wheat was followed and paralleled by an increase in RNA per gram dry weight. The massive increase in dry weight of infected leaves in the later stages of rust development (9–12 days after inoculation) sometimes obscured the increase in RNA when RNA was expressed on a dry weight but not when it was expressed on a fresh weight basis. There was no increase in RNA in rust-infected Khapli. Rust infection had no effect on DNA per gram dry weight in Little Club or Khapli, but DNA per gram fresh weight increased slightly (15%) in Little Club, indicating the synthesis of fungal DNA. Infection had little effect on the protein content of Little Club but markedly lowered that of Khapli. The results are discussed in relation to earlier cytochemical determinations of DNA and RNA in infected tissue.

Yield Performance of Calocybe indica on Different Agricultural Subatrate

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Pinkal Patel ◽  
Ratna Trivedi
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Paddy Straw ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Calocybe Indica

The Milky mushroom, Calocybe Indica was cultivated on different agricultural substrate, paddy straw, wheat straw, sugarcane trace and mango dry leaves. The spawning was done by sterilization of all the four substrate. The bags were kept in mushroom growing room with the maintenance of temperature and humidity 30̊ c-35̊ c and 70-80 % respectively. The minimum days requires for completion of spawn run (18.4 days), primordial formation (25.2 days) and days for first harvest (32.4 days) was first observed on cultivation with Paddy straw.  The maximum yield on fresh weight basis and biological efficiency (134.86 %) was also found to be as the same treatment with the Paddy straw as a substrate. The biological efficiency of wheat straw was at par with Sugarcane trace as substrate which was 85.07 % and 85.02 % respectively.

Nitrogen metabolism of Picea glauca. II. Diurnal changes of free amino acids, amides, and guanidino compounds in roots, buds, and leaves during the onset of dormancy of white spruce saplings

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 921-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Guanidino Compounds

In late August during the onset of dormancy in spruce, seasonal levels of soluble nitrogen, rich in arginine, were high. On a fresh weight basis, diurnal levels of total soluble nitrogen and most component amino acids in roots, buds, and leaves showed maxima, one at sunrise and another in the afternoon or near sunset.Arginine and glutamine in the different plant parts contributed 44 to 83% to the alcohol-soluble nitrogen. In buds and leaves, percentage of arginine remained high and decreased slightly at midday, whereas in roots a continual drop occurred. In all organs examined, changes in glutamine reflected the double maxima of total soluble nitrogen and were greatest in roots.On a fresh weight basis, most amino acids accumulated at sunrise and near sunset; however a few especially in leaves, increased at midday, e.g. glutamic and aspartic acid, lysine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and serine.Comparison of levels of free guanidino compounds in different organs showed remarkable out-of-phase patterns. Levels of these compounds are known from 14C-arginine studies to be closely related to the metabolism of arginine.

A comparison of preharvest and postharvest ethylene production and respiration rates of saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) fruit during development

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332
Author(s):  
Suzy Y Rogiers ◽  
N Richard Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Maturity Class

Changes in respiration and ethylene production rates of nine maturity classes of saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia, Nutt.) fruit after harvest were compared with those of fruit maturing and ripening on the plant. During ripening on the plant, ethylene production increased on a whole-fruit and fresh-weight basis, while respiration increased substantially on a whole-fruit basis but remained constant on a fresh-weight basis. Fruit harvested at the greenish yellow to pink stages (maturity classes four and five, respectively) increased their ethylene production until 15-20 h after harvest, and this was coincident with ripening to maturity class seven and thus a color change to red. Ethylene production then declined over the next 15 h. Respiration rates of harvested immature, mature, and ripe fruits declined over 5 days, except for a relatively brief 8-12% rise starting 15-20 h after harvest. This brief increase in respiration was characteristic of fruit of all maturity classes, likely reflecting a wound response associated with harvest rather than a ripening-induced change in metabolism. Continuous treatment of attached or detached fruit with propylene or ethylene in an open airflow system did not induce an increase in respiration earlier, relative to control fruit. The respiratory response of saskatoon fruit during postharvest ripening was thus very different from that of fruit that ripened on the plant. Thus, the increase in respiration associated with ripening could only be demonstrated on a whole-fruit basis if fruit remained on the plant. Preharvest and postharvest changes in ethylene production during ripening also differed but were both consistent with climacteric ripening.Key words: Amelanchier alnifolia, ethylene, ripening, saskatoon fruit.

scholarly journals Macro and Micro Elemental Analysis of Anethum Sowa L. (Dill) Stem By X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Moshfekus Saleh-e-in ◽  
Abida Sultana ◽  
M Abul Hossain ◽  
Mainul Ahsan ◽  
Sudhangshu Kumar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Concentration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Micro Elements ◽  
Anethum Sowa ◽  
Proximate Analyses

Anethum sowa L. (Dill) stem portions were analyzed for its macro and micro elemental concentration by XRF spectrometry collected from different places of Bangladesh. The plants were collected when those were 35 cm in height i.e. within 40-45 days of sowing. Results of proximate analyses showed that the stem parts contained highest level of moisture (93.67), ash (1.62) and dry matter (30.77%) on fresh weight basis (g/100g). The highest level of mineral contents were Ca(478.50±6.22), K(336.65±3.26), Cl(153.92±3.26), Na(114.86±1.38), S(96.65±1.76), Mg(63.96±1.15), P(49.41±0.74), Al(41.75±0.71), Fe(34.57±1.33), Si(31.03±0.18), Ni (11.98±0.22) and Ti (3.75±0.28) in mg/100g on fresh weight basis. Cu, Sr, Rb, Zn, Ba and Zr were present in small amount and Y, Cu and Mn were present in trace amount. However, the toxic elements like Co, Pb, As and Hg were not found in the present study. Presence of higher amounts of mineral contents in the stem parts could potentially be consumed as supplement as human diets or livestock feed as well as pharmaceutical preparation. Key words: Anethum sowa L., XRF spectrometry, Dill, Condiment, Macro and micro elements, Elemental composition.     doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2238   Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4), 483-494, 2008

scholarly journals Water Stress and Storage-protein Degradation during Germination of Impatiens Seed

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrassa Khademi ◽  
David S. Koranski ◽  
David J. Hannapel ◽  
Allen D. Knapp ◽  
Richard J. Gladon
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Soluble Protein Fraction ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
And Storage

Water uptake by impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook. f. cv. Super Elfin Coral) seeds was measured as an increase in fresh weight every 24 hours during 144 hours of germination. Seeds absorbed most of the water required for germination within 3 hours of imbibition and germinated at 60% to 67% moisture on a dry-weight basis. Germination started at 48 hours and was complete by 96 hours at 25C. Water stress of -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, and -0.6 MPa, induced by polyethylene glycol 8000, reduced germination by 13%, 49%, 91%, and 100%, respectively, at 96 hours. Under the same water-stress conditions, increases in fresh weight were inhibited by 53%, 89%, 107%, and 106%, respectively. Three distinct groups of storage proteins were present in dry seed; their estimated molecular weights were 1) 35, 33, and 31 kDa; 2) 26, 23, and 21 kDa; and 3) two bands <14 kDa. Major depletion of storage proteins coincided with the completion of germination. Water potentials that inhibited germination also inhibited degradation of storage proteins. During germination under optimum conditions, the soluble protein fraction increased, coinciding with a decrease in the insoluble fraction.

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