scholarly journals Guest Editorial: Global Warming and Population Health

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Shilu Tong
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Guest Editorial ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
International Panel ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Since the industrial revolution, the contribution of anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases to the global environment has significantly increased. Greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), are accumulating in the atmosphere. These trends are largely attributed to human activities, primarily fossil-fuel combustion, some industrial processes, for example cement production and mining, changes in land use, and agricultural practices. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), made up of more than 2,500 of the world's leading scientists, has recently concluded that human activity might have already begun to change the global climate, and in the absence of efforts to reduce greenhouse gases, the concentrations of these gases are expected to increase significantly throughout the next century (IPCC, 1996).

1. What is climate change?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mark Maslin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel

‘What is climate change?’ discusses what climate change is. Climate change is no longer just a scientific concern, but encompasses economics, sociology, geopolitics, national and local politics, law, and health just to name a few. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) play an important role in moderating past global climate. Why they have been rising since before the Industrial Revolution, and why are they now considered dangerous pollutants? Which countries have produced the most anthropogenic GHGs and how is this changing with rapid economic development? It is important here to consider the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and how it regularly collates and assesses the most recent evidence for climate change.

Sustainable Development of China’s Cement and Concrete Industry

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 600-603
Author(s):  
Xin Wei Ma
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Cement And Concrete

China's cement and concrete industry is still in rapid development period. Cement production and application consumes amount of mineral resources and fuels. A mass of greenhouse gases are released. Resource consuming and greenhouse gases releasing has a direct impact on resource depletion and global climate change. By using new technologies to reduce consumption of cement and concrete is of importance for conserving resources, reducing emissions and achieve the sustainable development of the industry.

scholarly journals Gas chromatography and photoacoustic spectroscopy for the assessment of soil greenhouse gases emissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo da Silveira Nicoloso ◽  
Cimélio Bayer ◽  
Genuir Luis Denega ◽  
Paulo Armando Victória de Oliveira ◽  
Martha Mayumi Higarashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Ghg Fluxes

Assessments of soil carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are critical for determination of the agricultural practices' potential to mitigate global warming. This study evaluated the photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) for the assessment of soil greenhouse gases (GHG) fluxes in comparison to the standard gas chromatography (GC) method. Two long-term experiments with different tillage and cropping systems over a Paleudult were evaluated using static chambers. PAS measurements of CO2 and N2O concentrations showed good relationship and linearity (R2=0.98 and 0.94, respectively) with GC results. However, CH4 measurements were significantly affected by air sample moisture which interfered on CH4 detection by PAS. Overestimation of CO2 and N2O concentrations in air samples determined by PAS (14.6 and 18.7%, respectively) were also related to sampling moisture. CO2 and N2O fluxes showed good agreement between methods (R2=0.96 and 0.95, respectively), though PAS overestimated fluxes by 18.6 and 13.6% in relation to GC results, respectively. PAS showed good sensitivity and was able to detect CO2 and N2O fluxes as low as 332mg CO2 m-2 h-1 and 21µg N2O m-2 h-1. PAS analyzer should be detailed calibrated to reduce humidity interference on CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations measurements avoiding overestimation or erroneous determination of soil GHG fluxes.

scholarly journals Quasi real-time electromagnetic and greenhouse gases monitoring station at Seymour - Marambio Island, Antarctica

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Solano ◽  
Carlos Alberto Vargas ◽  
Adriana Maria Gulisano
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Regional Tectonic ◽  
Electromagnetic Signals ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

A new permanent geophysical station was installed in the Seymour-Marambio Island, Antarctica, for monitoring electromagnetic, CO2, and CH4 gas signals. Those signals require specialized low noise instruments and the survey shall be carried out in places far away from cultural noise, such as populated human settlements. The most suitable place would be near the Earth's poles, where noise is the lowest possible. To measure these variables, the Geophysical Instrumentation Laboratory (Laboratorio de Instrumentación Geofísica - LIG) of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, in a partnership with the Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA) under the Argentinean National Antarctic Direction (Dirección Nacional del Antártico - DNA), deployed the COCOAonMEAT project, oriented to design, built and install a low-cost station with time synchronization via GPS and data transmission in almost real-time. Since January 2020, the project monitors continuously (24/7) seven variables: three magnetic components, two electric dipoles, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. Due to operative facilities and its low electromagnetic noise, the place chosen for its installation was the Argentinean Marambio Scientific Base in the Antarctic Peninsula, with the Multidisciplinary Antarctic Laboratory's collaboration (Laboratorio Multidisciplinario Antártico en la Base Marambio - LAMBI). This station provides valuable information on electromagnetic signals and greenhouse gases related to regional tectonic activity and local perturbations associated with global climate change.

1. What is climate change?

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Maslin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
United Nations Framework Convention ◽  
Profound Influence

‘What is climate change?’ examines the role of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in moderating past global climate; why they have been rising since the industrial revolution; and why they are now considered dangerous pollutants. It considers which countries have produced the most GHGs and how this is changing with rapid global development. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change regularly collates and assesses the most recent key research and evidence for climate change. Its assessments have a profound influence on the negotiators of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). As more carbon is emitted into the atmosphere the effects of climate change will increase, which will threaten and challenge human society.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gases from Agriculture

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
M. Zaman ◽  
K. Kleineidam ◽  
L. Bakken ◽  
J. Berendt ◽  
C. Bracken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Animal Excreta

AbstractThe rapidly changing global climate due to increased emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) is leading to an increased occurrence of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. The three major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The major natural sources of CO2 include ocean–atmosphere exchange, respiration of animals, soils (microbial respiration) and plants, and volcanic eruption; while the anthropogenic sources include burning of fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, and oil), deforestation, and the cultivation of land that increases the decomposition of soil organic matter and crop and animal residues. Natural sources of CH4 emission include wetlands, termite activities, and oceans. Paddy fields used for rice production, livestock production systems (enteric emission from ruminants), landfills, and the production and use of fossil fuels are the main anthropogenic sources of CH4. Nitrous oxide, in addition to being a major GHG, is also an ozone-depleting gas. N2O is emitted by natural processes from oceans and terrestrial ecosystems. Anthropogenic N2O emissions occur mostly through agricultural and other land-use activities and are associated with the intensification of agricultural and other human activities such as increased use of synthetic fertiliser (119.4 million tonnes of N worldwide in 2019), inefficient use of irrigation water, deposition of animal excreta (urine and dung) from grazing animals, excessive and inefficient application of farm effluents and animal manure to croplands and pastures, and management practices that enhance soil organic N mineralisation and C decomposition. Agriculture could act as a source and a sink of GHGs. Besides direct sources, GHGs also come from various indirect sources, including upstream and downstream emissions in agricultural systems and ammonia (NH3) deposition from fertiliser and animal manure.

scholarly journals Stable Isotopes in Greenhouse Gases from Soil: A Review of Theory and Application

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-cong Zhu ◽  
Dong-rui Di ◽  
Ming-guo Ma ◽  
Wei-yu Shi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Greenhouse gases emitted from soil play a crucial role in the atmospheric environment and global climate change. The theory and technique of detecting stable isotopes in the atmosphere has been widely used to an investigate greenhouse gases from soil. In this paper, we review the current literature on greenhouse gases emitted from soil, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). We attempt to synthesize recent advances in the theory and application of stable isotopes in greenhouse gases from soil and discuss future research needs and directions.

Review: emission and absorption of greenhouse gases by soils. Ecological problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-34
Author(s):  
Y.A. Fedorov ◽  
◽  
V.V. Sukhorukov ◽  
R.G. Trubnik ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Climate Studies ◽  
Natural And Anthropogenic Factors

Abstract: Soils are a source and sink of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Since the volumes of concentration and flux can be large, accurate quantitative estimates are needed to obtain the data on global GHG fluxes required for forecasting global changes and climate studies. This review shows the role of soils as one of the important sources and regulators of the content of CH4, CO2, N2O in the troposphere, and also presents the main methods for monitoring greenhouse gases. The influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the emission and absorption of CH4, CO2, N2O by the soil cover has been analyzed. Original diagrams are presented showing the global fluxes of CH4, CO2, N2O by various ecosystems, including the pedosphere. The estimation of methane emission and distribution of its content in the main types of soils of the Rostov region is carried out. The mechanisms of CH4, CO2, N2O generation in soils and their possible influence on the calcium-carbonate balance, which plays an important role in the regulation of biogeochemical processes in the pedosphere, are considered. The performed analysis and generalization of research data on various types of soils makes it possible to shed light not only on their contribution to the global methane emission, but also to approach the understanding of processes and parameters that are important from the point of view of agrochemistry, such as, in fact, carbonate-calcium equilibrium and redox potential in modern soils. An inventory of sources and an assessment of the inter-reservoir gas mass transfer in the pedosphere - atmosphere system allows one to start developing a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that will help curb the rate of global climate change.

scholarly journals The greenhouse gas project of ESA’s climate change initiative (GHG-CCI): overview, achievements and future plans

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-7/W3 ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Buchwitz ◽  
M. Reuter ◽  
O. Schneising ◽  
H. Boesch ◽  
I. Aben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Change Initiative ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Future Plans

The GHG-CCI project (<a href="http://www.esa-ghg-cci.org/"target="_blank">http://www.esa-ghg-cci.org/</a>) is one of several projects of the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI). The goal of the CCI is to generate and deliver data sets of various satellite-derived Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) in line with GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) requirements. The “ECV Greenhouse Gases” (ECV GHG) is the global distribution of important climate relevant gases – namely atmospheric CO2 and CH4 - with a quality sufficient to obtain information on regional CO2 and CH4 sources and sinks. The main goal of GHG-CCI is to generate long-term highly accurate and precise time series of global near-surface-sensitive satellite observations of CO2 and CH4, i.e., XCO2 and XCH4, starting with the launch of ESA’s ENVISAT satellite. These products are currently retrieved from SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT (2002-2012) and TANSO-FTS/GOSAT (2009-today) nadir mode observations in the near-infrared/shortwave-infrared spectral region. In addition, other sensors (e.g., IASI and MIPAS) and viewing modes (e.g., SCIAMACHY solar occultation) are also considered and in the future also data from other satellites. The GHG-CCI data products and related documentation are freely available via the GHG-CCI website and yearly updates are foreseen. Here we present an overview about the latest data set (Climate Research Data Package No. 2 (CRDP#2)) and summarize key findings from using satellite CO2 and CH4 retrievals to improve our understanding of the natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks of these important atmospheric greenhouse gases. We also shortly mention ongoing activities related to validation and initial user assessment of CRDP#2 and future plans.

scholarly journals Analysis of the methodology for determining CO2 emissions on the territory of the Russian Federation in respect to the ferrous metallurgy

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 721-730
Author(s):  
L. M. Simonyan
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Ferrous Metallurgy ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
National Development ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Blast Furnace Coke ◽  
The Russian Federation

Nowadays there are different points of view about the cause of global climate change. The current warming, according to one version, is related to the greenhouse effect, i.e. with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide, CO2) in the atmosphere. It is believed that the uncontrolled growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may lead to negative consequences. The position of  UNFCCC and IPCC proposing accounting of greenhouse gases is of recommendatory nature. In particular, an inventory of greenhouse gases can be produced, taking into account the particularities of national development. The main objective of the greenhouse gas inventory is defining reserves to reduce them. Main anthropogenic sources of CO2formation in the Russian Federation are reviewed. Comparative indicators of CO2emissions in different sectors of production are provided. The methodology for greenhouse gases in Russia is considered, in particular with respect to the steel industry. The analysis has shown that official methods to assess CO2emissions into the atmosphere are mainly Base and Sectoral approaches and Level 2 method. Detailed approach and Level 3 method are used for a limited number of metallurgical processing. Part of the CO2emissions from ferrous metallurgy, in particular the emissions from the production of blast furnace coke, is accounted in the energy sector. According to the inventory estimation, total anthropogenic CO2emissions on the territory of RF have decreased and amounted in 2015 75  % from the level of 1990: compared to 1990, the CO2emissions of the steel industry also decreased. Estimated share of the ferrous metallurgy in anthropogenic emissions of CO2compared to 1990 (4.0  %) has increased and amounted to 4.8  % in 2015.

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