scholarly journals Greenhouse Gases from Agriculture

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
M. Zaman ◽  
K. Kleineidam ◽  
L. Bakken ◽  
J. Berendt ◽  
C. Bracken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Animal Excreta

AbstractThe rapidly changing global climate due to increased emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) is leading to an increased occurrence of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. The three major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The major natural sources of CO2 include ocean–atmosphere exchange, respiration of animals, soils (microbial respiration) and plants, and volcanic eruption; while the anthropogenic sources include burning of fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, and oil), deforestation, and the cultivation of land that increases the decomposition of soil organic matter and crop and animal residues. Natural sources of CH4 emission include wetlands, termite activities, and oceans. Paddy fields used for rice production, livestock production systems (enteric emission from ruminants), landfills, and the production and use of fossil fuels are the main anthropogenic sources of CH4. Nitrous oxide, in addition to being a major GHG, is also an ozone-depleting gas. N2O is emitted by natural processes from oceans and terrestrial ecosystems. Anthropogenic N2O emissions occur mostly through agricultural and other land-use activities and are associated with the intensification of agricultural and other human activities such as increased use of synthetic fertiliser (119.4 million tonnes of N worldwide in 2019), inefficient use of irrigation water, deposition of animal excreta (urine and dung) from grazing animals, excessive and inefficient application of farm effluents and animal manure to croplands and pastures, and management practices that enhance soil organic N mineralisation and C decomposition. Agriculture could act as a source and a sink of GHGs. Besides direct sources, GHGs also come from various indirect sources, including upstream and downstream emissions in agricultural systems and ammonia (NH3) deposition from fertiliser and animal manure.

Advances on Nitrous Oxide Emission from Grassland Ecosystem

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 3897-3900
Author(s):  
Jing Ding ◽  
Yu Lou Yang ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Qing Shan Zhao ◽  
Jun Jie Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Grassland Ecosystem ◽  
Production Mechanism

Grassland ecosystem is the main terrestrial ecosystem. It has become one of the seriously destroyed terrestrial ecosystems, and grassland greenhouse gases emission has a great influence on the global climate change. Nitrous oxide (N2O) in atmosphere is a member of greenhouse gases, and it plays an important role in circulation of nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystem and constitutes a key method for nitrogen output. Based on domestic and foreign references, the aim was to overview the production mechanism and major influential factors of N2O in soil from grassland ecosystem. The major influential factors were soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic matter, grazing and reclamation. Finally, the paper concluded that N2O emission from grassland ecosystem was the result of the interaction of many factors.

Nitrous Oxide: Trends and Global Mass Balance Over the Last 3000 Years

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A.K. Khalil ◽  
R.A. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Slow Increase

We analyzed ice cores from both northern and southern polar regions to determine the concentrations of nitrous oxide in the pre-industrial and ancient atmospheres from about 150 years to 3000 yearsB.P.We found that the pre-industrial concentration of nitrous oxide remained constant over the period we studied and that the average atmospheric concentration was 285 ± 1 ppb volume (90% confidence limits), representing about 2100 Tg (2100 × 1012g) of N20 in the atmosphere, whereas the average concentration in 1984 was about 307 ppb volume or 2260 Tg. This is a change of 22 ppb volume (160 Tg), or about 8%, between pre-industrial and present times. Now the rate of change is between 0.7 and 0.9 ppb volume/year or 5 and 6.5 Tg/year, which is a slow increase of about 0.3% per year. The changes observed are probably caused by increasing use of fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil, and perhaps to a lesser extent by the use of nitrogen fertilizers in recent years. The atmospheric lifetime of N2O is probably between 100 and 150 years. The pre-industrial concentrations, present levels, and a lifetime of 100 years are consistent with natural sources, mostly soils and oceans, of about 22 Tg/year and the present anthropogenic sources of about 8.7 Tg/year. In the next 50 years we expect nitrous oxide levels to reach 360–390 ppb volume, or about 16–25% more than present.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of Strategies to Reduce NH3 Emissions from Slurries in European Agriculture and Consequences for Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1633
Author(s):  
Christoph Emmerling ◽  
Andreas Krein ◽  
Jürgen Junk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
The Impact

The intensification of livestock production, to accommodate rising human population, has led to a higher emission of ammonia into the environment. For the reduction of ammonia emissions, different management steps have been reported in most EU countries. Some authors, however, have criticized such individual measures, because attempts to abate the emission of ammonia may lead to significant increases in either methane, nitrous oxide, or carbon dioxide. In this study, we carried out a meta-analysis of experimental European data published in peer-reviewed journals to evaluate the impact of major agricultural management practices on ammonia emissions, including the pollution swapping effect. The result of our meta-analysis showed that for the treatment, storage, and application stages, only slurry acidification was effective for the reduction of ammonia emissions (−69%), and had no pollution swapping effect with other greenhouse gases, like nitrous oxide (−21%), methane (−86%), and carbon dioxide (−15%). All other management strategies, like biological treatment, separation strategies, different storage types, the concealing of the liquid slurry with different materials, and variable field applications were effective to varying degrees for the abatement of ammonia emission, but also resulted in the increased emission of at least one other greenhouse gas. The strategies focusing on the decrease of ammonia emissions neglected the consequences of the emissions of other greenhouse gases. We recommend a combination of treatment technologies, like acidification and soil incorporation, and/or embracing emerging technologies, such as microbial inhibitors and slow release fertilizers.

scholarly journals Nitrous Oxide: Trends and Global Mass Balance Over the Last 3000 Years

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A.K. Khalil ◽  
R.A. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Slow Increase

We analyzed ice cores from both northern and southern polar regions to determine the concentrations of nitrous oxide in the pre-industrial and ancient atmospheres from about 150 years to 3000 yearsB.P.We found that the pre-industrial concentration of nitrous oxide remained constant over the period we studied and that the average atmospheric concentration was 285 ± 1 ppb volume (90% confidence limits), representing about 2100 Tg (2100 × 1012g) of N20 in the atmosphere, whereas the average concentration in 1984 was about 307 ppb volume or 2260 Tg. This is a change of 22 ppb volume (160 Tg), or about 8%, between pre-industrial and present times. Now the rate of change is between 0.7 and 0.9 ppb volume/year or 5 and 6.5 Tg/year, which is a slow increase of about 0.3% per year. The changes observed are probably caused by increasing use of fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil, and perhaps to a lesser extent by the use of nitrogen fertilizers in recent years. The atmospheric lifetime of N2O is probably between 100 and 150 years. The pre-industrial concentrations, present levels, and a lifetime of 100 years are consistent with natural sources, mostly soils and oceans, of about 22 Tg/year and the present anthropogenic sources of about 8.7 Tg/year. In the next 50 years we expect nitrous oxide levels to reach 360–390 ppb volume, or about 16–25% more than present.

scholarly journals A computational investigation into nickel-bis(diselenolene) complexes as potential catalysts for reduction of H+ to H2

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Briana T.A. Boychuk ◽  
Eric A.C. Bushnell
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Hydrogen Electrode ◽  
Gibbs Energies

As a result of burning fossil fuels, levels of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere are increasing at an alarming rate. Such an increase in greenhouse gases threatens our planet due to global climate change. To reduce the production of greenhouse gases, we must switch from fossil fuels to alternative fuels for energy. The most viable alternative energy source involves the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy via the photocatalytic splitting of water to form molecular hydrogen. In the present work, the Ni-bis(1,2-diamine-diselenolene) and Ni-bis(1,2-dicyano-diselenolene) complexes were studied using density functional theory (DFT). From the results, it was found that the 1,2-diamine-diselenolene and 1,2-dicyano-diselenolene nickel complexes catalyze the formation of H2(g) with overall reaction Gibbs energies of +8.7 kJ mol–1 and +8.4 kJ mol–1, respectively, in a dilute aqueous environment versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). Although both are able to catalyze the HER through a marginally endergonic reaction, the most thermodynamically favourable pathways differed between the complexes. In particular, the most thermodynamically favourable pathway for the formation of H2 by CNOx involves an EECC mechanism, whereas for NH2Ox, the most thermodynamically favourable pathway occurs via an ECCE mechanism. From the results presented, the choice of substituent on the alkene backbone significantly affects the reduction potential and reaction Gibbs energies of protonation. The considerably more positive reduction potential for the CN complexes may offer a solution to the problems experimentally observed for the production of H2.

Global What? Control Possibilities of CO2 and Other Greenhouse Gases

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Springer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Ice Caps

Global what? is a frequent response by those who first hear of the potential for global warming, global climate change, and global catastrophe, potentially brought on by excessive greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere. The principal greenhouse gas, CO2, is joined by methane, N2O, and other trace gases in absorbing infrared radiation, which would otherwise escape into space, a process thought to be responsible for gradual increase in temperature that will melt ice caps and raise ocean levels. This paper discusses control possibilities that could be considered once there is agreement that CO2 must be controlled. Many of the responses to the energy crisis of 1974 are applicable for CO2 control. A variety of technologies, energy sources, and ideas are offered that, in combination, could be the basis for a global energy policy. Conversion and replacement of coal, oil, and eventually natural gas fired electric power plants with other energy sources such as nuclear, solar, wind, tidal, and geothermal, could significantly reduce CO2 emissions. There are, however, no good alternatives to fossil fuels used in transportation that significantly reduce CO2 emissions. Of all the fossil fuels, natural gas has the least CO2 production. Electric vehicles and hydrogen-fueled engines are future possibilities, but the electricity for the electric cars and for making hydrogen must be from nonfossil fuel driven generators. Conservation, efficiency, and tax incentives are other parts of a control strategy, once the amount of control considered necessary is established. Renewed interest in nonfossil fuel energy sources and their research and development is obviously needed.

scholarly journals Contribution of natural and anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere from the territory of Russia to global climate change in the 21st century

2019 ◽  
Vol 488 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
S. N. Denisov ◽  
A. V. Eliseev ◽  
I. I. Mokhov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Co2 Absorption ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
The Impact

Obtained the estimates of the contribution of anthropogenic and natural GHG emissions into the atmosphere from the territory of Russia to global climate change under various scenarios of anthropogenic impact in the 21st century. Accounting for changes in climatic conditions can strongly influence the indicators of the impact of various greenhouse gas emissions on the climate system, especially at large time horizons. Moreover, depending on the planning horizon, the role of the natural fluxes of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere from terrestrial ecosystems may change. Currently, terrestrial ecosystems in the Russian regions affect global temperature in both directions: absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere contributes to slowing its growth, and emitting CH4 into the atmosphere accelerates warming. The net effect of the natural fluxes of these greenhouse gases from the Russian regions in modern conditions helps to slow down warming. This net effect is increasing in the first half of the 21st century, and after reaching a maximum (depending on the anthropogenic emission scenario) decreases by the end of the century under all the considered anthropogenic impact scenarios due to an increase in natural CH4 emissions and a decrease in CO2 absorption by terrestrial ecosystems.

scholarly journals Review on Materials Used for Enhancing the Efficiency of Solar Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
Anil Dhawan ◽  
S Faheem Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Current State ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Alternative Energy Resources ◽  
Working Efficiency

Global resources are limited and mindless use of them will finally lead to a scarcity. The need of the hour is to find the alternative energy resources which are abundant in nature and which deviate us from using fossils fuels. Solar Energy has gained a significant popularity in the past few decades as it is clean, meaning it does not release greenhouse gases and other harmful pollutants. It is also an abundant source of energy as it is available till the existence of the planet. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and cannot be replenished for thousands of years. Another drawback of fossil fuels is that they emit greenhouse gases and contribute to global climate change. Solar energy is an important technology for many reasons and has become a popular topic as many scientists around the world are working to increase the photo-electron conversion efficiency with minimum production cost. Diversified approaches have been undertaken to enhance the efficiency of solar cell. This paper will review the current state of art on photovoltaic cells (PVCs) in context to the materials used for fabrication, their possible cost and their working efficiency. This paper will also undertake the challenges that came across during the whole process and their possible solutions.

scholarly journals Guest Editorial: Global Warming and Population Health

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Shilu Tong
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Guest Editorial ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
International Panel ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Since the industrial revolution, the contribution of anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases to the global environment has significantly increased. Greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), are accumulating in the atmosphere. These trends are largely attributed to human activities, primarily fossil-fuel combustion, some industrial processes, for example cement production and mining, changes in land use, and agricultural practices. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), made up of more than 2,500 of the world's leading scientists, has recently concluded that human activity might have already begun to change the global climate, and in the absence of efforts to reduce greenhouse gases, the concentrations of these gases are expected to increase significantly throughout the next century (IPCC, 1996).

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