Structural vulnerability of New Zealand soils

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Hewitt ◽  
T. G. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Structural Vulnerability ◽  
Phosphate Retention ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Physical Degradation ◽  
The Impact

Some New Zealand soils withstand intensive cultivation and support continuing high production and yet maintain essential soil physical qualities of infiltration, aggregation, and aeration. In other soils, essential soil qualities deteriorate rapidly under the impact of even moderately intensive management practices. Our objective was to estimate the inherent susceptibility of New Zealand soils to physical degradation by focusing on structural vulnerability. We took a deductive approach by reviewing the available information on the structural stability and physical degradation of New Zealand soils. We identified 4 soil attributes that are well represented in the national soils database and are most likely to control structural vulnerability: (i) stabilising short-range-order oxy-hydroxides of aluminium and iron as estimated by phosphate retention, (ii) total organic carbon content, (iii) clay content, and (iv) wetness. The 4 attributes were standardised and transformed and a simple structural vulnerability index (SV) was devised. We determined SV for all mineral soils in the national soils database. The results provide a ranking of soil groups according to their structural vulnerability. We concluded that the index may be used as a first approximation rating of the structural vulnerability of New Zealand soils to aid resource management.

Linking Land Use Capability classes and APSIM to estimate pasture growth for regional land use planning

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Vogeler ◽  
Rogerio Cichota ◽  
Josef Beautrais
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Pastoral Systems ◽  
System Models ◽  
Farm System ◽  
The Impact

Investigation of land-use and management changes at regional scales require the linkage of farm-system models with land-resource information, which for pastoral systems includes forage supply. The New Zealand Land Resource Inventory (NZLRI) and associated Land Use Capability (LUC) database include estimates of the potential stock-carrying capacity across the country, which can be used to derive estimates of average annual pasture yields. Farm system models and decision support tools, however, require information on the seasonal patterns of pasture growth. To generate such pasture growth curves (PGCs), the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) was used, with generic soil profiles based on descriptions of LUC classes, to generate PGCs for three regions of New Zealand. Simulated annual pasture yields were similar to the estimates of annual potential pasture yield in the NZLRI spatial database, and they provided information on inter-annual variability. Simulated PGCs generally agreed well with measured long-term patterns of seasonal pasture growth. The approach can be used to obtain spatially discrete estimates of seasonal pasture growth patterns across New Zealand for use in farm system models and for assessing the impact of management practices and climate change on the regional sustainability.

scholarly journals Characterization and Classification of Major Mango-growing Soils in Arid Part of Ananthapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Agropedology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Srinivasan ◽  
◽  
R. Vasundhara ◽  
M. Lalitha ◽  
B. Kalaiselvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Granite Gneiss ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
High Base ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Four typical pedons representing major mango growing soils, developed from granite gneiss parent material were studied for their morphological, physical and chemical properties. The soils were moderately shallow (50-75 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) in depth, loamy sand to sandy clay loam in texture, sub-angular blocky in structure, reddish brown to dark red in colour, slightly acidic to moderately alkaline in reaction, non-saline, very low to high in organic carbon content (0.09 to 1.29%), low AWC (3.36 to 7.80%), low to medium in cation exchange capacity (2.90 to 19.36 cmol (p+) kg-1) and high base saturation (78 to 98%). The soils also had high amounts of coarse fragments in P1 and P2 and high clay content in P4 and P2. Among the exchangeable cations, calcium was found to be high in most of the soils, followed by magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Based on the soil characteristics, the mango growing soils were classified as Typic Haplargids and Typic Paleargids in subgroup level. Varying soil and site characters i.e., poor rainfall, shallow soil depths, excess gravel contents, low AWC, poor nutrient status and severe soil erosion are limiting the growth and development of mango plantation. Developing site-specific soils based suitable management practices can improve the productivity of mango crops.

scholarly journals The Impact of Earthquakes on Apartment Owners and Renters in Te Whanganui-a-Tara (Wellington) Aotearoa New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6818
Author(s):  
Denise Blake ◽  
Julia S. Becker ◽  
Darrin Hodgetts ◽  
Kenneth J. Elwood
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Central Concern ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Evacuation Plans ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake ◽  
The Impact

Apartment dwelling is on the increase in many cities in Aotearoa New Zealand, including those in earthquake-prone regions. Hence it is important that people working in disaster management and housing improve their understanding on how the living situations of apartment dwellers influence their disaster management practices. This knowledge is crucial for efforts to promote safety and preparedness. This paper explores what enables and constrains apartment dwellers in their ability to prepare for an earthquake. Eighteen people were interviewed who resided in Te Whanganui-a-Tara (Wellington) two years after the 2016 7.8 magnitude (Mw) Kaikōura earthquake. Of central concern was people’s ability to prepare for disasters and access knowledge about building and structural safety and how this knowledge mattered to what apartment dwellers were able to prepare for. We found that the agency to prepare was dependent on whether people owned or rented their dwellings. We report on participant accounts of dealing with body corporations, landlords, emergency kits, other emergency items, and evacuation plans.

scholarly journals Sorption capacity of phosphate in mineral soils: I Estimation of sorption capacity by means of sorption isotherms

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Raina Niskanen
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Langmuir Equation ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Sorption Data ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Extractable Al

The sorption capacity of phosphate in seven soil samples (clay content 1—70 %, organic carbon content 0.8—10.7 %, soil pH 4.2—5.3, oxalate-extractable Al 11—222 and Fe 11—202 mmol/kg soil) was studied by means of sorption isotherms. The soils were equilibrated, for two to seven days at +5 and +20°C, with solutions containing phosphate 0—10 mmol/l (0—200 mmol/kg soil) at a constant ionic strength of 0.01 . Prolongation of the reaction time increased the sorption of phosphate only partially. The rise in temperature, from +5 to +20°C, increased the sorption from higher phosphate concentrations. At +20°C, the sorption curves of three soils showed a sorption maximum of 4, 19 and 34 mmol/kg soil. The sorption data of six soils was in accordance with the Langmuir equation; the sorption maximum ranged from 15 to 119 mmol/kg soil, and were of the same magnitude as the maximums determined experimentally.

scholarly journals Mapping soil slaking index and assessing the impact of management in a mixed agricultural landscape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Jones ◽  
Patrick Filippi ◽  
Rémi Wittig ◽  
Mario Fajardo ◽  
Vanessa Pino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Leave One Out ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Soil aggregate stability is a useful indicator of soil physical health and can be used to monitor condition through time. A novel method to quantify soil aggregate stability, based on the relative increase in the footprint area of aggregates as they disintegrate when immersed in water, has been developed and can be performed using a smartphone application – SLAKES. In this study the SLAKES application was used to obtain slaking index (SI) values of topsoil samples (0 to 10 cm) at 158 sites to assess aggregate stability in a mixed agricultural landscape. A large range in SI values of 0 to 7.3 was observed. Soil properties and land use were found to be correlated with observed SI values. Soils with clay content > 25 % and CEC : clay ratio > 0.5 had the highest observed SI values. Variation in SI for these soils was driven by OC content which fit a segmented exponential decay function. An OC threshold of 1.1 % was observed below which the most extreme SI values were observed. Soils under dryland and irrigated cropping had lower OC content and higher observed SI values compared to soils under perennial cover. These results suggest that farm managers can mitigate the effects of extreme slaking by implementing management practices to increase OC content, such as minimum tillage or cover-cropping. A regression-kriging method utilising a Cubist model with a suite of spatial covariates was used to map SI across the study area. Accurate predictions were produced with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) giving an LCCC of 0.85 and an RMSE of 1.1. Similar validation metrics were observed in an independent test set of samples consisting of 50 observations (LCCC = 0.82; RMSE = 1.1). The potential impact of implementing management practices that promote soil OC sequestration on SI values in the study area was explored by simulating how a 1 % increase in OC would impact SI values at observation points, and then mapping this across the study area. Overall, the maps produced in this study have the potential to guide management decisions by identifying areas that currently experience extreme slaking, and those areas that are expected to have a significant reduction in slaking by increasing OC content.

Why copper and zinc are ineffective in reducing soil urease activity in New Zealand dairy-grazed pasture soils

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal P. Adhikari ◽  
Surinder Saggar ◽  
James A. Hanly ◽  
Danilo F. Guinto ◽  
Matthew D. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Urease Activity ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Soil Urease ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cu And Zn

Micronutrients copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) have the potential to inhibit soil urease activity (UA) and reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions over long duration (8–12 weeks) but have not been tested for reducing NH3 losses from cattle urine deposited in dairy-grazed pasture soils. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and longevity of Cu and Zn in reducing soil UA, for the use of these metals to reduce NH3 emissions from deposited urine by grazing cattle. A series of experiments were conducted to (i) assess the relationship between inherent Cu and Zn status and soil UA of New Zealand dairy-grazed pasture soils, (ii) determine the impact of Cu and Zn addition to pasture soils on soil UA and (iii) investigate how soil organic carbon (C) and other C-related textural and mineralogical properties such as clay content and cation exchange capacity influence the effectiveness of added Cu and Zn in reducing urea hydrolysis. The results showed significant positive correlations of soil total C and total nitrogen (N) with soil UA. However, there were no significant negative correlations of soil UA with inherent Cu and Zn levels. Similarly, addition of Cu and Zn to soil did not significantly reduce soil UA. However, when Cu was added to two different soil supernatants there was a significant reduction in hydrolysis of urea applied at 120 and 600 mg urea-N kg–1 soil. Additions of Zn achieved negligible or small reductions in urea hydrolysis after 120 and 600 mg urea-N kg–1 soil applications to soil supernatants. This result suggests that Cu can inhibit soil UA and urea hydrolysis in soil supernatants with potentially low C, clay and cation exchangeable base contents. However, the interaction of bioavailable Cu with labile soil organic C and clay particles leads to its inactivation, resulting in ineffectiveness in organic C-rich pasture soils. Although most of the added Zn did not complex and remained bioavailable, the observed levels of bioavailable Zn had limited effect on soil UA.

scholarly journals Environmental impacts of intensive deer farming in New Zealand - a review

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
C.A.M. De Klein ◽  
J.J. Drewry Nagels ◽  
M. Scarsbrook ◽  
R. Collins ◽  
R.W. Mcdowell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
The Impact

The New Zealand deer industry is growing rapidly and the development of sustainable management practices for deer farming is becoming increasingly important. The main environmental issues facing the deer industry are the eff ects on soil and water quality, exacerba ted by the behaviour responses of deer to confinement (in particular fence pacing and wallowing). In addition, the projected increase in greenhouse gas emissions from deer farming from about 1.5% of the total emissions in 1990 to an estimated 7% in 2010 is of particular concern if the Kyoto Protocol is ratified. Although the potential effects of deer farming on the environment are well recognised, very little experimental work has qualified the extent of these impacts. The future of intensive deer farming in New Zealand will not only depend on the successful development of sustainable management practices, but also on the implementation and adoption of these practices, which will be influenced by the balance between the costs and the benefits to the New Zealand deer farmer. The development and adoption of sustainable management practices for deer farming requires quantification of rates of sediment, nutrient and faecal contaminant movement to waterways, the impact of soil compaction and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as an assessment of the economic implications. Keywords: deer farming, greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient losses, sediment losses, soil compaction, soil erosion, water quality

scholarly journals Mapping soil slaking index and assessing the impact of management in a mixed agricultural landscape

SOIL ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
Edward J. Jones ◽  
Patrick Filippi ◽  
Rémi Wittig ◽  
Mario Fajardo ◽  
Vanessa Pino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Soil aggregate stability is a useful indicator of soil physical health and can be used to monitor condition through time. A novel method of quantifying soil aggregate stability, based on the relative increase in the footprint area of aggregates as they disintegrate when immersed in water, has been developed and can be performed using a smartphone application – SLAKES. In this study the SLAKES application was used to obtain slaking index (SI) values of topsoil samples (0 to 10 cm) at 158 sites to assess aggregate stability in a mixed agricultural landscape. A large range in SI values of 0 to 7.3 was observed. Soil properties and land use were found to be correlated with observed SI values. Soils with clay content >25 % and cation exchange capacity (CEC) : clay ratio >0.5 had the highest observed SI values. Variation in SI for these soils was driven by organic carbon (OC) content which fit a segmented exponential decay function. An OC threshold of 1.1 % was observed, below which the most extreme SI values were observed. Soils under dryland and irrigated cropping had lower OC content and higher observed SI values compared to soils under perennial cover. These results suggest that farm managers can mitigate the effects of extreme slaking by implementing management practices to increase OC content, such as minimum tillage or cover cropping. A regression-kriging method utilising a Cubist model with a suite of spatial covariates was used to map SI across the study area. Accurate predictions were produced with leave-one-out cross-validation, giving a Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) of 0.85 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1.1. Similar validation metrics were observed in an independent test set of samples consisting of 50 observations (LCCC = 0.82; RMSE = 1.1). The potential impact of implementing management practices that promote soil OC sequestration on SI values in the study area was explored by simulating how a 0.5 and 1.0 % increase in OC would impact SI values at observation points and then mapping this across the study area. Overall, the maps produced in this study have the potential to guide management decisions by identifying areas that currently experience extreme slaking and highlighting areas that are expected to have a significant reduction in slaking by increasing OC content.

The Impact of Shariah Governance and Corporate Governance on the Risk Management Practices: Evidence from Local and Foreign Islamic Banks in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Sabri Embi ◽  
Zurina Shafii
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Shariah Governance ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Shariah governance and corporate governance (CG) on the risk management practices (RMPs) of local Islamic banks and foreign Islamic banks operating in Malaysia. The Shariah governance comprises the Shariah review (SR) and Shariah audit (SA) variables. The study also evaluates the level of RMPs, CG, SR, and SA between these two type of banks. With the aid of SPSS version 20, the items for RMPs, CG, SR, and SA were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). From the PCA, one component or factor was extracted each for the CG, SR, and RMPs while another two factors were extracted for the SA. Primary data was collected using a self-administered survey questionnaire. The questionnaire covers four aspects ; CG, SR, SA, and RMPs. The data received from the 300 usable questionnaires were subjected to correlation and regression analyses as well as an independent t-test. The result of correlation analysis shows that all the four variables have large positive correlations with each other indicating a strong and significant relationship between them. From the regression analysis undertaken, CG, SR, and SA together explained 52.3 percent of the RMPs and CG emerged as the most influential variable that impacts the RMPs. The independent t-test carried out shows that there were significant differences in the CG and SA between the local and foreign Islamic banks. However, there were no significant differences between the two types of the bank in relation to SR and RMPs. The study has contributed to the body of knowledge and is beneficial to academicians, industry players, regulators, and other stakeholders.

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