A review of sodicity and sodic soil behavior in Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Shaw ◽  
L Brebber ◽  
C Ahern ◽  
M Weinand
Keyword(s):  
Salt Content ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Particle Packing ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Soil Behavior ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sodium Percentage

The occurrence of sodic soils in Queensland is more related to soil genetic factors of the past than to the current rainfall pattern, with lower sodium accessions and smaller occurrence of saline lands than other areas of Australia. A soil sodicity map of Queensland is presented. On an area basis, 55% of soils in Queensland are non-sodic, 25% are strongly sodic and 20% are of variable sodicity. The map was prepared using exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values at 0.6 m depth from 2 009 soil profiles, as well as the soil boundaries of the 1:2000000 Atlas of Australian Soils maps (Northcote et al. 1960-68). There is general agreement with the earlier sodicity map of Northcote and Skene (1972). The relationships between exchangeable sodium and field-measured soil hydraulic properties and plant-available water capacity are discussed. Behaviour of sodic soils depends on the exchangeable sodium percentage, clay content, clay mineralogy and salt levels. The binary component particle packing theory has been used to explain soil behaviour and identify those soils most susceptible to sodium. Cracking clay soils with dominantly smectite mineralogy and high clay contents are less susceptible to a given ESP level, as determined by their hydrological behaviour, than soils of moderate clay content and mixed mineralogies. The sodicity and the salt content of an irrigation water are important in maintaining permeability of soils. The naturally occurring equilibrium salinity-sodicity relationships of a wide range of subsoils in Queensland is compared to the published relationships between stable permeability and decreasing permeability based on sodicity and salt content. Aspects of management of sodicity under dryland and irrigation are discussed.

Aggregate stability of salt-affected kaolinitic soils on the North-east Plateau, Thailand

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kaewmano ◽  
I. Kheoruenromne ◽  
A. Suddhiprakarn ◽  
R. J. Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Sodium Percentage

The aggregate stability of 56 salt-affected soil samples from the North-east Plateau, Thailand, was related to soil properties. The soils were Typic Natraqualfs and a Typic Endoaqualf, which are commonly used for paddy rice cultivation. The soil textures are mostly clays and clay loams with clay contents ranging from 313 to 849 g/kg. The dominant mineral in the clay fraction is kaolinite with minor smectite and traces of illite and a little quartz. Aggregate stability of these soils, measured by the wet sieving method, ranges from 3 to91%. Electrical conductivity measured by the saturation extract method ranges from 0.6 to 16.2 dS/m and exchangeable sodium percentage ranges from 5 to 31%, so that the soil samples can be variously classed as saline, sodic, saline–sodic, and normal. The soil property that is most strongly correlated with aggregate stability is pH (r = –0.84) followed by exchangeable potassium (r = +0.75), cation exchange capacity (r = +0.73), clay content (r = +0.72), extractable acidity (r = +0.66), and organic matter (r = +0.66). However contrary to much published literature, no significant relationships exist between aggregate stability and exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, or electrical conductivity. Multivariate stepwise regression analyses indicated that aggregate stability of these mostly saline–sodic soils was well predicted by a combination of soil pH and clay content, which is convenient as they are properties determined in routine soil surveys. The presence of small amounts of smectite and illite may have reduced the stability of the dominantly kaolinitic soil aggregates.

scholarly journals CORREÇÃO DA SODICIDADE DE DOIS SOLOS IRRIGADOS EM RESPOSTA À APLICAÇÃO DE GESSO AGRÍCOLA

Irriga ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egeiza Moreira Leite ◽  
Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante ◽  
Adriana Araújo Diniz ◽  
Rivaldo Vital dos Santos ◽  
Gibran Da Silva Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Soil Reclamation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Irrigated Perimeter ◽  
Physical Degradation

CORREÇÃO DA SODICIDADE DE DOIS SOLOS IRRIGADOS EM RESPOSTA À APLICAÇÃO DE GESSO AGRÍCOLA  Egeiza Moreira Leite1; Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante1; Adriana Araujo Diniz1; Rivaldo Vital dos Santos2; Gibran da Silva Alves3; Italo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante41Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, [email protected] de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, PB3Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB4Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP  1 RESUMO             Uma das limitações das áreas irrigadas, nas regiões áridas e semi-áridas, ao sistema produtivo é a degradação química e física dos solos pela salinidade e sodicidade. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do gesso sobre a condutividade elétrica, pH, percentagem de sódio trocável, teores de cálcio, magnésio, sódio do extrato de saturação e de sódio trocável de dois solos salino-sódicos: um do Perímetro Irrigado Engenheiro Arco Verde no município de Condado-PB e o outro do Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo em Sousa-PB, conduziu-se um experimento em abrigo protegido do Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural do CCA/UFPB, Areia, PB. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x5 referente a dois solos e cinco doses de gesso equivalentes a 0; 3,2; 6,3; 9,4 e 12,5 g kg-1 de cada solo. Pelos resultados a incorporação do gesso exerceu efeito positivo sobre a redução da salinidade e da sodicidade dos solos. Os valores da condutividade elétrica, percentagem de sódio trocável, pH e os teores de sódio solúvel e trocável em relação aos que os solos possuíam antes da aplicação dos tratamentos, foram sensivelmente reduzidos e os de cálcio e magnésio incrementados com a incorporação do gesso em ambos os solos. UNITERMOS: salinidade, sódio trocável, recuperação de solo.  LEITE, E. M.; CAVALCANTE, L. F.; DINIZ, A. A.; SANTOS, R. V.; ALVES, G. S.; CAVALCANTE, I. H. L. SODICITY CORRECTION OF TWO IRRIGATED SOILS IN RESPONSE TO APPLICATION OF AGRICULTURAL GYPSUM  2 ABSTRACT             The chemical and physical degradation of the soils by salinity and sodicity problems constitutes a serious obstacle in productive irrigated areas in arid and semi-arid regions. An experiment was carried out in green house at the Soil and Rural Engeneering Department in the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil, in order to evaluate the effect of gypsum on electrical conductivity, pH, exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium, calcium and magnesium content in saturation extract and exchangeable sodium of two saline-sodic soils: one from irrigated Perimeter Engenheiro Arco Verde in the municipality of Condado and another from irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, in the municipality of Sousa,  both in Paraiba State,  Brazil.  The experiment factorial design 2 x 5 referred to two soils and five gypsum levels equivalent to 0; 3.2; 6.3; 9.4 and 12.5 gkg-1 for each soil. The gypsum application had positive effects on salinity and sodicity reduction. The valued for electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage, pH and contents of soluble and exchangeable sodium in relation to soil data before the application of gypsum treatments in both soils  decreased. KEYWORDS: salinity, exchangeable sodium, soil reclamation

scholarly journals Degree of Reclamation of a Saline-Sodic Soil in Lajas Valley, Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-171
Author(s):  
G. Acevedo Ramos ◽  
J. A. Bonnet ◽  
J. Ortiz Vélez
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Different Depths

In Lajas Valley, in southwestern Puerto Rico, there is a rather large portion of saline-sodic soils. These require reclamation if normal plant growth is to be sustained by them. A field experiment was initiated including six treatments: Two identical checks, and treatments with bagasse, bagasse-calcium chloride, sulfur, and bagasse-sulfur. The experimental plots were flooded periodically with fresh water. Soil samples were collected at different depths and analyzed to study the removal of soluble salts and exchangeable sodium. Data reported include values for electrical conductivity (EC) of soil extracts and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the soil. Results so far obtained in the reclamation experiment may be summarized as follows: 1, Application of 94 inches of water up to the maximum used to date tends to lower the soluble salts and the soil exchangeable sodium, regardless of treatment differentials. 2, The removal of the soluble salts and the reduction in exchangeable sodium were less effective in the lower layers of the soil. 3, Sulfur and calcium chloride tend to be more effective in lowering the exchangeable sodium percentage in the colloids of the surface layer of the soil. 4, There is need of a chemical amendment in addition to water and drainage if the exchangeable sodium percentage in the soil is to be lowered effectively.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Salt Affected Soils for Rice (Oryza Sativa) Production in Ndungu Irrigation Scheme Same District, Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel L. Meliyo ◽  
Sophia Kashenge-Killenga ◽  
Kongo M. Victor ◽  
Benjamin Mfupe ◽  
Samwel Hiza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Laboratory Analysis ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Project Area ◽  
Salt Affected Soil ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Salt Affected Soils

A study was carried out to examine distribution of salt affected soils by types and extent in the Ndungu Agricultural Development Project (NADP) area of Tanzania. The objective was to generate information to guide salt-affected soil management for sustainable rice production. Conventional methods including use of mini-pits and profile pits, coupled with farmers’ experiences were used to characterise soil. A total of seven randomly selected soil profile pits located in major soils were dug and described. Soil was sampled from natural horizons for laboratory analysis. In addition a total of 158 topsoil (0 – 20 cm depth) composites soil samples were randomly collected from 90 sites of NADP project area for laboratory analysis. Results showed that a few blocks (block is a piece of farm of 6 to 12 acres) had high exchangeable sodium percentage and high levels of bicarbonates, indicating salt-affected soils. Soil pH, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and electrical conductivity of soil paste extract (ECe) values as high as 9.06, 28.7 cmol(+)Nakg-1, and 14dSm-1 were measured. Out of 90 blocks, 10 blocks (11%) showed slight to strong salt effects. Two blocks (2%) has been abandoned, and in some cultivated blocks zero yields were recorded due to salt content. The different levels of salinity development in the project area suggest site-specific remediation and appropriate management options be developed to improve crop production. These include rehabilitation of the irrigation infrastructure, use of farmyard manure as a soil amendment and growing salt-tolerant rice varieties. Furthermore, it is important to create awareness among farmers of the problem of salt-affected soil on rice productivity.

Estimation of Exchangeable Sodium Percentage with the Aid of Sodium Adsorption Ratio in Sedimentary Soils

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorush Niknamian
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
The Relationship

Soil salinity and sodicity are two main factors limiting plant growth in irrigated agricultural land. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) are two different criteria as an index of soil sodicity and salinity. Various approximate relationships between ESP and SAR have been reported for soils in different regions of the world. Since there is possibility that these relationships change substantially with clay content, mineralogy, salinity of equilibrium solution, and saturation percentage of soils, it seems essential doing specific studies for different regions.  The purpose of this research was to i) find the relationship between ESP and SAR, and ii) estimate the ESP from SAR in alluvial soils of Sistan, the dry plain in east of Iran. Thus, 301 soil samples were collected from study area and  analyzed. The best linear and logarithmic equations found between ESP and SAR using Datafit software were ESP = 8.89 × ln(SAR1:1) + 14.04 and ESP = 8.73 × ln(SAR1:5) + 14.59, that ESP variation was justified 78% and 76%, respectively. Then, the multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP) and ANFIS system performance were investigated in order to estimate ESP. Results showed superior performance of MLP and ANFIS compared with the regression models. ESP estimation from SAR1:1 using ANFIS was more accurate than other models (coefficient of determination and root mean square error values were 0.99 and 0.014, respectively). These results indicate the superiority of the intelligent models in order to explain the relationship between ESP and SAR over  linear and non-linear regression equations.

Effects of Soil Properties on Sugarcane Yield in Sudan

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Suliman Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Soil Clay ◽  
Soil Clay Content

SUMMARYSoil samples from Guneid Sugarcane Scheme, representing high- and poor-yielding sites, were collected and analysed. Yields of sugarcane were significantly and positively correlated with exchangeable potassium and clay content (P = 0·01), whereas there was a negative correlation between yield and exchangeable sodium percentage (P = 0·05). Multiple regression on soil clay content, exchangeable potassium and ESP accounted for 48·1% of the observed variability of yield of sugarcane, indicating that the clay content was the most important soil factor determining yield of sugarcane in this area.

SOIL AND SOLUTION pH AND SODIUM:CALCIUM RATIO: EFFECTS ON CATION EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF A SODIUM-SATURATED CHERNOZEMIC SOIL

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
THERON G. SOMMERFELDT
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Chernozemic Soil ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchange Properties

The effects of soil and solution pH and Na:Ca ratio in solution on the exchangeable Na, Ca, and (Na + Ca) of a Na-saturated Dark Brown Chernozemic soil were studied. At soil pH 9.0, the exchangeable Na, Ca, and (Na + Ca) were 14.5, 25.4, and 21.8% greater than at soil pH 6.0. Solution pH (6.0–9.0) had small but statistically significant effects on the amount of Na and Ca adsorbed by the soil. The logarithm of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was related to the Na fraction in the solution by a polynomial equation, log ESP = 0.93 [Na/(Na + Ca)]2 + 0.16 [Na/(Na + Ca)] + 0.82. Not only is replacement of exchangeable Na with Ca important in the reclamation of this soil, should it become sodic and have a high pH, but also lowering of its surface charge, through lowering of its pH, would be an important factor in its reclamation. It appears impractical to reduce soil pH by applying acidified irrigation water. Acidic amendments such as gypsum and sulfur may be more suitable. Key words: Cation exchange, solution pH, soil pH

scholarly journals Salinity Status of Lajas Valley Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Juan A. Bonnet ◽  
Eduardo J. Brenes
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Alkali Soils ◽  
The World ◽  
Sodium Percentage

1. The area of soils surveyed in Lajas Valley was 24,656 acres. 2. The soils were classified into normal, saline, saline-alkali, and non- saline-alkali at depths of 0 to 8, 8 to 24, 24 to 48, and 48 to 72 inches, respectively. 3. A large percentage of normal soils was found in the upper soil layer and of saline-alkali soils in the lower layers. 4. Normal soils occupied about 86 percent of the surface area to a depth of 8 inches and about 63 percent at a depth of 8 to 24 inches. 5. Soils with a salinity problem increased from 9 percent at a depth of 8 inches to 28.3, 58.8 and 68.5 percent, respectively, at depths of 8 to 24, 24 to 48, and 48 to 72 inches. 6. The soils with a salinity problem were largely of the saline-alkali class. 7. In four soil-profile samples taken from Lajas Valley, the saturation percentage varied from 58 to 191, the electrical conductivity from 0.8 to 28.4 millimhos per centimeter, the exchangeable-sodium percentage from 2.2 to 46.0, the soil pH from 8.1 to 8.9, the content of gypsum from 0 to 21.9 tons per acre-foot, the gypsum requirement from 0 to 23.8 tons per acre-foot, and the hydraulic conductivity from less than 0.005 to 6.24 inches of water per hour. Higher gypsum contents were found in the deep subsoil layers of two soils (profiles 1 and 4). Amounts of gypsum varying from 9.9 to 20.3 tons per acre-foot of depth, are required for the reclamation of the surface layers of these two profiles. In general, the hydraulic- conductivity values show that the soil-surface layers are more permeable than the subsoil layers. 8. The procedure and methods used in this paper were found to be accurate, simple, rapid, and practical. They are recommended for the coordination of data related to the classification and reclamation of soils affected by salinity problems in the different countries of the world.

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