Measurement of gaseous emissions from denitrification of applied N-15 .I. Effect of cover duration

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
UK Avalakki ◽  
WM Strong ◽  
PG Saffigna
Keyword(s):  
Close Agreement ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
15N Balance ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Soil Saturation ◽  
Peak Emission

Measurement of gas emissions from denitrification of applied N has been restricted because of the lack of a convenient method. Recently a method using an electric are to measure 15N contents of dinitrogen (N2) and nitrous oxide (N2;O) in air has been developed. Gas emissions from denitrification of applied 15N were determined using this method for gas analysis of the 15N2 and 15N2O captured beneath an air-tight soil cover. Loss of 15N was calculated from gas emission measurements by two methods, accumulation of daily emissions and from the peak 15N emission value by assuming linear increase and decrease over the period of emissions. Losses estimated at low emissions with incomplete soil saturation were similar (1.9 - 5.6% 15N applied) for the two methods. Losses estimated at higher emissions with complete soil saturation were higher when calculated using peak emission values (14.8 - 28.5%) rather than accumulated daily emissions (9.5 - 18.7%). Losses estimated by emissions were compared with 15N loss estimated by mass balance at the completion of two successive soil saturations. As daily cover duration was shortened, gas emission estimates of loss more closely approximated total gaseous 15N as estimated from unaccounted for 15N in the15N balance. With shortest cover duration (15 min day-1) there was close agreement (94% estimated from peak emissions) with 15N loss estimated by 15N balance. A strategy for quantitatively estimating 15N loss by emission measurements is suggested.

Design and Calibration of Chambers for the Measurement of Housed Dairy Cow Gaseous Emissions

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1291-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Drewry ◽  
J. Mark Powell ◽  
Christopher Y. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Air Mixing

Abstract. The increased global demand for milk and other dairy products over the past decade has heightened concerns about the potential for increased environmental impacts. Accurate measurement of gas emissions from dairy cows is essential to assess the effects of cow diets and other management practices on both the composition and rate of gas emissions. In this article, methodologies are described to instrument, calibrate, and assess the uncertainty of gas emissions by cows housed in chambers that simulate production settings. The supply and exhaust ducts of each chamber were equipped with pitot tubes, temperature and relative humidity probes, and gas samplers to monitor airflow rates, gas composition, and gas emission rates. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) instrument was used to quantify gaseous concentrations in the gas samples on a semi-continuous basis. The measurement uncertainty of the rate of gaseous emission from the chambers was quantified, and gas concentration and differential pressure, as measured by the pitot tubes, were identified as the primary parameters contributing to gas emission uncertainties. Mass recovery tests determined that the recovery of methane from each chamber was within 10% of the released mass. Fan operating curves were experimentally determined to identify optimum differential chamber pressures to minimize gas leakage from the chambers. A computational fluid dynamics model was developed to assess air mixing patterns and define steady-state conditions. The model was validated with experimental data of air velocity within each chamber. These procedures will facilitate accurate measurement of gas emissions from housed dairy cows and provide a laboratory to test various gas mitigation treatments. Keywords: Computational fluid dynamics, Dairy, Emission chamber.

Measurement of gaseous emissions from denitrification of applied N-15 .3. Field-measurements

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
UK Avalakki ◽  
WM Strong ◽  
PG Saffigna
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Balance Loss ◽  
Peak Emission

Field experiments were conducted during autumn and winter (April-July) at four locations on Vertisol or Alfisol soils on the Darling Downs of Queensland in 1988 and 1989 to determine 15N losses when soil was saturated after applications of 15N labelled nitrate-N prior to sowing winter cereal crops. Losses of applied 15N were quantified by either gas emission or mass balance measurements on microplots (0.043 m2) confined laterally to a depth of 110 or 260 mm. At each field location, two experiments were established, one on a soil containing little visible crop residue where winter cereal had been harvested the previous November and another site containing residues of a recently harvested sorghum crop. Because shallow (110 mm) confinement was found to be unsatisfactory for both gas emission and mass balance measurement of 15N losses, comparison of the two methods was not applicable at one of the four field locations. Loss estimates for the six field sites by accumulating daily gas emissions averaged 80.7 � 33.4% (range 43-132%) of that estimated by mass balance. Loss estimates from peak emission measurements were generally closer to that estimated by mass balance 100.8� 39.9% (range 56-169%). Loss of applied 15N (40 kg N ha-1) when soils were saturated in April was several-fold more (19-29 kg N ha-1)) than that lost when soils were saturated in July (3.9-6.4 kg N ha-1)). Loss of 15N following saturation during July 1988 was similar in magnitude to the quantity of 15N apparently immobilized into soil organic forms (5.8-6.0 kg N ha-1)). Sorghum residues returned in March, or wheat straw added in December prior to a long period of dry weather, promoted loss of 15N applied prior to soil saturation in April or July. Alternatively, where residues of a previous winter cereal had decomposed considerably, loss of applied 15N was much lower than where sorghum residues had been added prior to saturations in April (15.3 cf. 28.6 kg N ha-1)) or July (3.9 cf. 6.4 kg N ha-1)).

Measurement of gaseous emissions from denitrification of applied N-15 .2. Effects of temperature and added straw

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
UK Avalakki ◽  
WM Strong ◽  
PG Saffigna
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
15N Balance ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Original Field ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Denitrification Loss ◽  
Balance Loss

Gas emissions of applied 15N were measured beneath a soil cover daily following saturation of Vertisol and Alfisol soils repacked in pots to the original field bulk density and held at three temperatures (5, 15 or 30�C) with or without addition of wheat straw. Collective gas emissions over 57, 43 and 15 days at 5, 15 and 30 degrees C respectively were compared with the 15N loss determined by mass balance. Loss measured by gas emissions (15N2 and 15N2O) ranged from 36% to 152% of the denitrification loss as determined by 15N mass balance. In the absence of added straw, measurement by gas emissions was consistently less than loss by 15N balance. Where straw was added, 15N loss by gas emissions was overestimated, probably because of a smaller headspace (0.3 L) than considered desirable (1-1.5 L) for emission measurements. Potential denitrification rates, in the presence of added straw, were similar for the Vertisol and Alfisol. Decreasing temperature slowed potential rates of denitrification from similar to 2.5 kg ha-1 day-1 at 30 �C to 0.8 kg ha-1 day-1 at 15 �C and 0.4-0.5 kg ha-1 day-1 at 5 �C. Decreasing temperature prolonged the period of waterlogging following a saturating event. Thus, collective loss of 15N was considerable even at the lower rates of denitrification at 5 �C (52-76% over 57 days) or 15 �C (87-92% over 43 days). Straw addition (10.5 t ha-1) to the Vertisol, which contained no visible plant residues from previous crops, more than doubled the losses of applied 15N. In the absence of straw, rates of denitrification and immobilization were similar in magnitude, 0.97, 0.26 and 0.16 kg ha-1 day-1 for 30, 15 and 5 �C respectively. Very rapid loss of appliedha-1 day-1N in the presence of added straw led to decreases in immobilization of applied ha-1 day-1N, highlighting the potential effects of the much higher maximum rates for denitrification than for immobilization. The N2O emissions generally represented the smaller fraction (<25%) of denitrification emissions, becoming smaller as temperature was increased. As a proportion of emissions due to denitrification, N2O emissions were very low (<0.5% Vertisol, <3% Alfisol) in the presence of added straw.

PSV-20 The Effect of Black Pepper (Piperine) Extract Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Fecal Microbial, Fecal Gas Emission, and Meat Quality of Finishing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 195-196
Author(s):  
Vetriselvi Sampath ◽  
Hyun Ju Park ◽  
Inho Kim ◽  
Huan Wang ◽  
Raihanul Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The study was conducted to assess the effect of black pepper (BP) supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, fecal gas emission, and meat quality of finishing pigs. A total of 180 crossbred [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] finishing pigs with average initial body weight (BW) of 53.72 ± 1.42 kg were used in 10-week trial and allotted to 6 dietary treatments (6 replications pens/treatment with 5 pigs per pen). The dietary treatments were: CON (basal diet), TRT1- CON + 0.025% BP, TRT2- CON + 0.05% BP, TRT3- CON + 0.1% BP, TRT4- CON + 0.2% BP, TRT5- CON + 0.4% BP. A linear increase (P = 0.0380, 0.0061) in body weight gain (BWG) and average daily gain (ADG) were observed respectively, during the overall trial in pigs fed BP supplemented diet compared to control. The dietary supplementation of BP showed a linear increase (P=0.0065) in gain and feed ratio (G: F) at week 10. However, there were no significant results observed on average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the overall experiment. The total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM) was linearly improved (P=0.0531) in BP treatment groups compared to control. In addition, BP diet supplementation had linearly increased fecal Lactobacillus counts (P=0.0482) and decreased E. coli counts (P=0.0306) in pigs at week 10. Furthermore, NH3, methyl mercaptans, and acetic acid was linearly decreased (P=0.0227, 0.0555,0.0541) in pigs fed BP supplementation compare to control. The inclusion of BP supplementation in pigs diet had linearly increased (P=0.0146) the backfat thickness at week 10. Thus, we concluded that BP supplementation had positively enhanced the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, fecal gas emission, and meat quality of finishing pigs.

scholarly journals Analysis of Li-Ion Battery Gases Vented in an Inert Atmosphere Thermal Test Chamber

Batteries ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sturk ◽  
Lars Rosell ◽  
Per Blomqvist ◽  
Annika Ahlberg Tidblad
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Test Chamber ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Gaseous Species ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Battery Cells

One way to support the development of new safety practices in testing and field failure situations of electric vehicles and their lithium-ion (Li-ion) traction batteries is to conduct studies simulating plausible incident scenarios. This paper focuses on risks and hazards associated with venting of gaseous species formed by thermal decomposition reactions of the electrolyte and electrode materials during thermal runaway of the cell. A test set-up for qualitative and quantitative measurements of both major and minor gas species in the vented emissions from Li-ion batteries is described. The objective of the study is to measure gas emissions in the absence of flames, since gassing can occur without subsequent fire. Test results regarding gas emission rates, total gas emission volumes, and amounts of hydrogen fluoride (HF) and CO2 formed in inert atmosphere when heating lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) dioxide/lithium manganese oxide (LMO) spinel cell stacks are presented and discussed. Important test findings include the large difference in total gas emissions from NMC/LMO cells compared to LFP, 780 L kg−1 battery cells, and 42 L kg−1 battery cells, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the total amount of HF formed for both cell types, suggesting that LFP releases higher concentrations of HF than NMC/LMO cells.

Estimation of effect of sugarcane bagasse biochar amendment in landfill soil cover on geotechnical properties and landfill gas emission

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayshwarya Sudhakar ◽  
Neelancherry Remya ◽  
George K Varghese
Keyword(s):  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Geotechnical Properties ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Bagasse Biochar ◽  
Biochar Amendment

scholarly journals Effects of pH, Total Solids, Temperature and Storage Duration on Gas Emissions from Slurry Storage: A Systematic Review

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1156
Author(s):  
Qingbo Qu ◽  
Keqiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Slurry Storage ◽  
And Storage

Gaseous emissions are the main loss pathways of nutrients during dairy slurry storage. In this study, we compiled published data on cumulative ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions from dairy slurry storage and evaluated the integrated effects of slurry pH, total solids (TS), ambient temperature (T) and length of storage (LOS) on emissions using linear mixed effects models. Results showed that the average nitrogen (N) loss by NH3 volatilization from slurry storage was 12.5% of total nitrogen (TN), while the loss by N2O emissions only accounted for 0.05–0.39% of slurry TN. The NH3–N losses were highly related to slurry pH, lowering slurry pH leading to significant decrease of emissions. Temperature also affected NH3–N losses, with higher losses from slurry storage under warm conditions than cold conditions. No significant relationship was observed between NH3–N losses and slurry TS contents within a range from 21–169 g kg−1. The losses of N2O–N from dairy slurry storage were less affected by slurry pH, TS contents and temperature. The carbon (C) loss as CH4 emissions varied from 0.01–17.2% of total carbon (TC). Emissions of CH4–C presented a significant positive relationship with temperature, a negative relationship with slurry TS contents and no significant relationship with slurry pH ranging from 6.6–8.6. Length of storage (more than 30 days) had no significant influence on cumulative gas emissions from slurry storage. This study provides new emission factors of NH3, N2O and CH4 in the percentage of TN or TC from dairy slurry storage. Our results indicate the potential interactive effects of slurry characteristics and storage conditions on gaseous emissions from slurry storage. Farm-scale measurements are needed to accurately estimate nutrient losses from liquid manure storage.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENGATURAN MODE CO DAN RPM MESIN TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG SEPEDA MOTOR INJEKSI

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
SUGENG PRAMUDIBYO PRAMUDIBYO
Keyword(s):  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Gas Emissions ◽  
Co Gas

The high population in Indonesia has an impact on increasing the mobility of the population in work and activities, which is followed by the increased transportation facilities needed by the community. One of the negative effects of the increasing number of vehicles is the danger of exhaust emissions. One way to minimize the danger of exhaust gases is to regulate the mixture of air and fuel on the gasoline engine. In Yamaha injection motors there is a CO setting technology, this technology will have an impact on fuel use. The standard CO on a Yamaha motorbike is 0 and can be added or reduced (±) until it reaches 30. Increasing CO one strip will cause the fuel sprayed by the injector to be reduced by 0.05 cc. Examination of exhaust gas emissions is carried out using the Qrotect 401 Engine Gas Analyzer which is capable of measuring CO2, O2, CO, HC and Lamda. Based on the test results show that the lowest exhaust emissions are produced by the vehicle at 2500 rpm and in CO-30 mode settings, namely CO gas emissions of 0.49%. So we can conclude that the lowest exhaust gas emissions are produced by the vehicle at rpm 2500 with CO-30 settings. In addition to co mode settings, variations in engine rpm also affect exhaust emissions. In different modes but with different rpm the results will also be different. In the CO 10 mode setting with rpm 1400 CO gas emission is produced at 2.102 while at 2500 rpm is produced 0.821. So at rpm 2500 produced exhaust emissions lower than rpm 1400. There is a significant effect between CO mode settings and engine rpm on motorcycle exhaust emissions.

scholarly journals Influence of a maintenance station on atmosphere state

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (92) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Victoria Seredenko
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Sulfur Oxides ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Service Station ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Service Goal

Problem. Automobile transport has a huge negative influence on the environment, not only during using, but also during its service. Goal: to analyze the influence on the atmosphere of the work of car service stations. Methodology: The calculation of atmospheric emissions during the operation of the main production units was carried out according to the standard method. Gas analysis was carried out using an OKCI-5M-5H gas analyzer. Originality: Calculated amounts of emissions of major pollutants, which are formed during the operation of internal combustion engines and during the operation of the main units of the station, determined the amount of pollution from decentralized space heating. Recommendations for reducing the amount of pollutants and the negative influence of stations on the environment within the city are proposed. Practical value. When liquefied gas is used as a combustible gas, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are noticeably reduced both in quantitative terms and in qualitative composition. At the same time, the emissions of methane and sulfur oxides decrease by half. There is a significant decrease in carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide (II) emissions. Analysis of the data obtained shows that when wood is used as a fuel, there are no emissions of sulfur oxides, but the amount of nitrogen and carbon oxides is higher. Particulate matter emissions are not significantly dependent on the type of fuel. During the operation of the service station, the largest amount of gaseous emissions into the atmosphere occurs in the service box of the internal combustion engine. In general, during the operation of a car service station, a significant amount of harmful substances is not added to the atmosphere.

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