Phosphorus retention and leachates from sandy soil amended with bauxite residue (red mud)

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
RN Summers ◽  
DD Smirk ◽  
D Karafilis
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Phosphorus Retention ◽  
Drinking Water Standards ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Alumina Industry

Bauxite residue (red mud) is a finely crushed, alkaline by-product of the alumina industry. The application of red mud to soil has the potential to reduce eutrophication of rivers and waterways by retaining nutrients on infertile sandy soils. The areas which may benefit from amendment with red mud are often groundwater recharge areas for drinking water and those near environmentally sensitive waterways, because of this, the off-site effects of red mud must be assessed before its widespread use. This research aimed to assess the length of time that phosphorus continued to be taken up by red mud and the best application rate of red mud to retain applied phosphorus. The effect of gypsum-amended red mud on phosphorus retention was examined. The composition of leachates from the red mud was compared with drinking water standards for humans and an untreated control. Monthly rainfall was simulated and leachate was collected from lysimeters filled with bleached grey sand amended with 5–80 t/ha of red mud, with and without gypsum. Leachates from over 12 months of simulated rainfall were tested for potential pollutants (Cd, Al, Fe, As, F, SO24-), electrical conductivity, pH, and P. The rainfall simulation was continued for the equivalent of 5 years and P levels were monitored during this time. The ionic concentrations of the leachates from columns treated with red mud were similar to the concentrations in the controls or fell to similar levels after the equivalent of 3 months of rainfall. The concentrations of these leachates were below the maximum recommended limits for drinking water, except in the case of fluoride which only occurred when gypsum was applied. The concentration of fluoride that leached from the gypsum-amended red mud dropped to drinking water standards within the equivalent of 7 months of rainfall. The best application rates of red mud which will reduce phosphorus leaching are 10–20 t/ha, without gypsum. The improved nutrient retention from red mud continues for the equivalent of at least 5 years of fertiliser application.

Remediation of Bauxite Residue Through Integrated Approach of Microbes and Plantation

2021 ◽  
pp. 475-489
Author(s):  
Kumud Dubey ◽  
K. P. Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Acacia Auriculiformis ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Cyanobacterial Species ◽  
Alumina Industry

Bauxite residue (red mud) is an industrial waste bye product of Alumina industry. It is toxic and highly alkaline in nature having heavy metals. Its disposal is the paramount environmental issue in Alumina industry. In the present study, bioremediation of red mud was carried out through cyanobacteria amendments and plantation. Two cyanobacterial species (viz. Phormidium and Oscillatoria) were found promising after studying their effect on physico-chemical characteristics of red mud. Seeds of selected tree species (viz. Dalbergia sissoo, Prosopis juliflora, Acacia auriculiformis, Pithecellobium dulce, Cassia siamia) were procured, and a nursery of these tree species was raised. Performances of two cyanobacteria (viz. Phormidium and Oscillatoria sps.) in combinations with PSB and VAM on red mud are very encouraging and hold considerable promise for bioremediation and revegetation of red mud. Inoculated seedlings of P. juliflora, P. dulce, A. auriculiformis, and C. siamia performed well for red mud revegetation.

scholarly journals Removal of Phosphate Using Red Mud: An Environmentally Hazardous Waste By-Product of Alumina Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivkumar S. Prajapati ◽  
P. A. Mohamed Najar ◽  
Vijay M. Tangde
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Selective Adsorption ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Selective Removal ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Alumina Production ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Alumina Industry

The industrial waste, bauxite residue generated in the Bayer chemical process of alumina production, commonly known as red mud (RM) has been used as the adsorbent for selective removal of phosphate in aqueous solutions. RM collected from the storage area of alumina industry was characterized by chemical analysis and physical methods such as BET surface area, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. Among the various red mud samples (0.2–200 μ) studied, the samples treated with 1 M HCl for 2 h were found better for the selective adsorption of phosphate in comparison with untreated and heat treated RM samples. The presence of phosphate in the aqueous samples collected after adsorption studies with red mud was determined by standard spectrophotometric procedure using ammonium molybdate and ascorbic acid in nitrate medium at λmax 880 nm. The studies reported significant adsorption of phosphate on acid treated red mud in comparison with adsorption of phosphate on untreated and heat treated red mud, respectively. The adsorption of phosphate on raw red mud and activated red mud was further investigated with respect to stirring time, pH of the solution, dose of adsorbent, and varying phosphate concentration. Acid treated RM is observed as an efficient and cost-effective adsorbent for selective removal of phosphate in aqueous solutions.

scholarly journals Selective Scandium (Sc) Extraction from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Obtained by Alkali Fusion-Leaching Method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Shoppert ◽  
Irina Loginova ◽  
Julia Napol’skikh ◽  
Aleksey Kyrchikov ◽  
Leonid Chaikin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Mud ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Product Layer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Leaching Process ◽  
Alkali Fusion ◽  
Shrinking Core ◽  
Alumina Industry

One of the potential sources of rare-earth elements (REEs) is the solid waste from alumina industry - bauxite residue, known as “red mud” (RM). The main REEs from the raw bauxite are concentrated in RM after the Bayer leaching process. The earlier worldwide studies were focused on the scandium (Sc) extraction from RM by concentrated acids to enhance the extraction degree. This leads to the dissolution of major oxides (Fe2O3 and Al2O3) from RM. This article studies the possibility of selective Sc extraction from alkali fusion red mud (RMF) by diluted nitric acid (HNO3) leaching at pH ≥ 2 to prevent co-dissolution of Fe2O3. RMF samples have been analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Sc extraction has been found to be 71.2 % at RMF leaching by HNO3 at pH=2 and at 80 °C during 90 min. The kinetic analysis of experimental data by the shrinking core model has shown that Sc leaching process is limited by the interfacial diffusion and the diffusion through the product layer. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was 19.5 kJ/mol. We have established that according to EPMA of RMF, Sc is associated with iron minerals; it could act as the product layer. The linear dependence of Sc extraction of magnesium (Mg) extraction has been revealed. This fact indicates that Mg can act as a leaching agent of Sc presented in RMF by ion-exchangeable phase.

scholarly journals Effect of different soil and weather conditions on efficacy, selectivity and dissipation of herbicides in sunflower

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 468-476
Author(s):  
Miroslav Jursík ◽  
Martin Kočárek ◽  
Michaela Kolářová ◽  
Lukáš Tichý
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Vertical Transport ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
High Precipitation

Six sunflower herbicides were tested at two application rates (1N and 2N) on three locations (with different soil types) within three years (2015–2017). Efficacy of the tested herbicides on Chenopodium album increased with an increasing cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. Efficacy of pendimethalin was 95%, flurochloridone and aclonifen 94%, dimethenamid-P 72%, pethoxamid 49% and S-metolachlor 47%. All tested herbicides injured sunflower on sandy soil (Regosol) which had the lowest CEC, especially in wet conditions (phytotoxicity 27% after 1N application rate). The highest phytotoxicity was recorded after the application of dimethenamid-P (19% at 1N and 45% at 2N application rate). Main symptoms of phytotoxicity were leaf deformations and necroses and the damage of growing tips, which led to destruction of some plants. Aclonifen, pethoxamid and S-metolachlor at 1N did not injure sunflower on the soil with the highest CEC (Chernozem) in any of the experimental years. Persistence of tested herbicides was significantly longer in Fluvisol (medium CEC) compared to Regosol and Chernozem. Dimethenamid-P showed the shortest persistence in Regosol and Chernozem. The majority of herbicides was detected in the soil layer 0–5 cm in all tested soils. Vertical transport of herbicides in soil was affected by the herbicide used, soil type and weather conditions. The highest vertical transport was recorded for dimethenamid-P and pethoxamid (4, resp. 6% of applied rate) in Regosol in the growing season with high precipitation.  

scholarly journals Coal Fly Ash and Polyacrylamide Influence Transport and Redistribution of Soil Nitrogen in a Sandy Sloping Land

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Kai Yang ◽  
Zejun Tang ◽  
Jianzhang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Application Rates

Sandy soils are prone to nutrient losses, and consequently do not have as much as agricultural productivity as other soils. In this study, coal fly ash (CFA) and anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) granules were used as a sandy soil amendment. The two additives were incorporated to the sandy soil layer (depth of 0.2 m, slope gradient of 10°) at three CFA dosages and two PAM dosages. Urea was applied uniformly onto the low-nitrogen (N) soil surface prior to the simulated rainfall experiment (rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm/min). The results showed that compared with no addition of CFA and PAM, the addition of CFA and/or PAM caused some increases in the cumulative NO3−-N and NH4+-N losses with surface runoff; when the rainfall event ended, 15% CFA alone treatment and 0.01–0.02% PAM alone treatment resulted in small but significant increases in the cumulative runoff-associated NO3−-N concentration (p < 0.05), meanwhile 10% CFA + 0.01% PAM treatment and 15% CFA alone treatment resulted in nonsignificant small increases in the cumulative runoff-associated NH4+-N concentration (p > 0.05). After the rainfall event, both CFA and PAM alone treatments increased the concentrations of NO3−-N and NH4+-N retained in the sandy soil layer compared with the unamended soil. As the CFA and PAM co-application rates increased, the additive effect of CFA and PAM on improving the nutrient retention of sandy soil increased.

scholarly journals Effects of two wood-based biochars on the fate of added fertilizer nitrogen—a 15N tracing study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subin Kalu ◽  
Gboyega Nathaniel Oyekoya ◽  
Per Ambus ◽  
Priit Tammeorg ◽  
Asko Simojoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Application Rates

AbstractA 15N tracing pot experiment was conducted using two types of wood-based biochars: a regular biochar and a Kon-Tiki-produced nutrient-enriched biochar, at two application rates (1% and 5% (w/w)), in addition to a fertilizer only and a control treatment. Ryegrass was sown in pots, all of which except controls received 15N-labelled fertilizer as either 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3. We quantified the effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, as well as the fate of fertilizer-derived ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) in terms of their leaching from the soil, uptake into plant biomass, and recovery in the soil. We found that application of biochars reduced soil mineral N leaching and N2O emissions. Similarly, the higher biochar application rate of 5% significantly increased aboveground ryegrass biomass yield. However, no differences in N2O emissions and ryegrass biomass yields were observed between regular and nutrient-enriched biochar treatments, although mineral N leaching tended to be lower in the nutrient-enriched biochar treatment than in the regular biochar treatment. The 15N analysis revealed that biochar application increased the plant uptake of added nitrate, but reduced the plant uptake of added ammonium compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Thus, the uptake of total N derived from added NH4NO3 fertilizer was not affected by the biochar addition, and cannot explain the increase in plant biomass in biochar treatments. Instead, the increased plant biomass at the higher biochar application rate was attributed to the enhanced uptake of N derived from soil. This suggests that the interactions between biochar and native soil organic N may be important determinants of the availability of soil N to plant growth.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Regional-Scale Optimal K Rate Based on Sustainable Apple Yield and High-Efficiency K Use in Loess Plateau and Bohai Bay of China: A Meta-Analysis

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1368
Author(s):  
Wenzheng Tang ◽  
Wene Wang ◽  
Dianyu Chen ◽  
Ningbo Cui ◽  
Haosheng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Bohai Bay ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Relationship Model

In order to meet the growing food demand of the global population and maintain sustainable soil fertility, there is an urgent need to optimize fertilizer application amount in agricultural production practices. Most of the existing studies on the optimal K rates for apple orchards were based on case studies and lack information on optimizing K-fertilizer management on a regional scale. Here, we used the method of combining meta-analysis with the K application rate-yield relationship model to quantify and summarize the optimal K rates of the Loess Plateau and Bohai Bay regions in China. We built a dataset based on 159 observations obtained from 18 peer-reviewed literature studies distributed in 15 different research sites and evaluated the regional-scale optimal K rates for apple production. The results showed that the linear plus platform model was more suitable for estimating the regional-scale optimal K rates, which were 208.33 and 176.61 kg K ha−1 for the Loess Plateau and Bohai Bay regions of China, respectively. Compared with high K application rates, the optimal K rates increased K use efficiency by 45.88–68.57%, with almost no yield losses. The optimal K rates also enhanced the yield by 6.30% compared with the low K application rates.

scholarly journals Yield, germination and herbicide residue in seeds of preharvest desiccated wheat

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lais Tessari Perboni ◽  
Dirceu Agostinetto ◽  
Leandro Vargas ◽  
Joanei Cechin ◽  
Renan Ricardo Zandoná ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Herbicide Residue ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Dough Stage ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Abstract: The goals of this study were to evaluate herbicide application rates at different timings for preharvest desiccation of wheat (Trial 1), as well as to evaluate the effect of the timing of herbicide desiccation at preharvest and harvest timing (Trial 2) on yield, germination, and herbicide residue in wheat seed. In Trial 1, treatments consisted of two application rates of glufosinate, glyphosate, paraquat, or paraquat+diuron and a control without application; application time periods were in the milk grain to early dough stage, soft dough to hard dough stage, and hard dough stage. In Trial 2, treatments consisted of different application time periods (milk grain to early dough stage, and soft dough to hard dough stage), different herbicides (glufosinate, 2,4-D+glyphosate, and untreated control), and different harvest times (5, 10 and 15 days after herbicide application). One thousand seeds weight, yield, first and final germination count, and herbicide residue on seeds were evaluated. Preharvest desiccation with paraquat, glufosinate, and 2,4-D+glyphosate at the milk grain to early dough stage reduces wheat yield. Regardless of the herbicide and application rate, application in the milk grain to early dough stage and soft dough to hard dough stage provides greater germination of wheat seeds, except at the lower dose of paraquat. Systemic herbicides accumulate more in wheat seeds.

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