scholarly journals Energetics of life on the deep seafloor

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (38) ◽  
pp. 15366-15371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig R. McClain ◽  
Andrew P. Allen ◽  
Derek P. Tittensor ◽  
Michael A. Rex
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Flux ◽  
Regulatory Policy ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Metabolic Theory ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Biochemical Kinetics ◽  
Energy Limitation ◽  
And Function

With frigid temperatures and virtually no in situ productivity, the deep oceans, Earth’s largest ecosystem, are especially energy-deprived systems. Our knowledge of the effects of this energy limitation on all levels of biological organization is very incomplete. Here, we use the Metabolic Theory of Ecology to examine the relative roles of carbon flux and temperature in influencing metabolic rate, growth rate, lifespan, body size, abundance, biomass, and biodiversity for life on the deep seafloor. We show that the relative impacts of thermal and chemical energy change across organizational scales. Results suggest that individual metabolic rates, growth, and turnover proceed as quickly as temperature-influenced biochemical kinetics allow but that chemical energy limits higher-order community structure and function. Understanding deep-sea energetics is a pressing problem because of accelerating climate change and the general lack of environmental regulatory policy for the deep oceans.

scholarly journals Direct observation of the setular web that fuses thoracopodal setae of a calanoid copepod into a collapsible fan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
George von Dassow ◽  
Richard B. Emlet
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Carbon Flux ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Calanoid Copepod ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
High Speed Video ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
And Function ◽  
Oceanic Carbon

SummaryCopepods are numerically dominant planktonic grazers throughout the waters of Earth, preyed upon in turn by a wide diversity of pelagic animals (1,2). Their feeding and swimming performance thus has global importance to aquatic food webs and oceanic carbon flux. These crustaceans swim and feed using cuticle-covered, segmented, muscular appendages whose reach is extended greatly by setae, extracellular chitinous extensions with diverse structure and function (3). Plumose setae, with subsidiary setules arranged like barbs on a feather, have well-documented roles in generating feeding and swimming currents (4,5). Recent work showed that plumose setae of barnacle cyprid thoracopods are permanently linked by setules into a single fan that opens and closes as one sheet during high-speed swimming (6). Intersetular linkage across cyprid thoracopods may greatly decrease leakage between extended setae, ensure even spread of setae within the fan, and promote ordered collapse of the fan to avoid entanglement of adjacent appendages. Here we demonstrate similar setular webbing amongst thoracopod setae in the calanoid copepod Acartia sp. High-speed video directly documents the existence of such links, and reveals that individuals experience apparently-irreparable degradation of the setal array due to de-linkage, with likely consequences for swimming performance.

scholarly journals Structure prediction of crystals, surfaces and nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2186) ◽  
pp. 20190600
Author(s):  
Scott M. Woodley ◽  
Graeme M. Day ◽  
R. Catlow
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Energy Function ◽  
Structure Prediction ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
And Function

We review the current techniques used in the prediction of crystal structures and their surfaces and of the structures of nanoparticles. The main classes of search algorithm and energy function are summarized, and we discuss the growing role of methods based on machine learning. We illustrate the current status of the field with examples taken from metallic, inorganic and organic systems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Dynamic in situ microscopy relating structure and function’.

scholarly journals Structure and function of a nitrifying biofilm as determined by in situ hybridization and the use of microelectrodes.

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4641-4647 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Schramm ◽  
L H Larsen ◽  
N P Revsbech ◽  
N B Ramsing ◽  
R Amann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

Progress in ultrastructural and molecular analysis of the nuclear matrix

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 508-509
Author(s):  
Edward G. Fey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Nuclear Matrix ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Rna Transcription ◽  
Nuclear Matrix Proteins ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Function

In the past few years, considerable advances have been made regarding the structure and function of the nuclear matrix. In the first half of this presentation, the field of nuclear matrix research will be summarized. Emphasis will be placed on those studies where molecular interactions are demonstrated in situ utilizing high resolution light and/or electron microscopy. Studies demonstrating the role of the nuclear matrix in DNA synthesis and replication, RNA transcription and processing, and the binding of matrix attachment regions to specific nuclear matrix proteins will be summarized.

In situ MRI of the structure and function of multiphase catalytic reactors

2005 ◽  
Vol 105 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 464-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor V. Koptyug ◽  
Anna A. Lysova ◽  
Renad Z. Sagdeev ◽  
Valery A. Kirillov ◽  
Alexander V. Kulikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Catalytic Reactors ◽  
And Function

Summary of Application of Intelligent Materials in Building

2013 ◽  
Vol 357-360 ◽  
pp. 1093-1096
Author(s):  
En Yu Sun ◽  
Wan Li Bi
Keyword(s):  
External Environment ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
System Failure ◽  
Local Damage ◽  
Bionic Design ◽  
In Situ Composite ◽  
Intelligent Material ◽  
Regeneration Mechanism ◽  
And Function

Intelligent material is a kind of multifunctional composite bionic design, can sense environmental conditions, through the sensor network, interest will be provided to the control system, to respond to take action. Self-diagnosis and through self-growth, in situ composite regeneration mechanism of system failure, repair some local damage or destroy; to the changing external environment and conditions, timely adjust its structure and function. Because of its relative to the performance of traditional materials with special excellent, with broad prospects for development.

scholarly journals Street lighting changes the composition of invertebrate communities

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 764-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Davies ◽  
Jonathan Bennie ◽  
Kevin J. Gaston
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Invertebrate Community ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time

Artificial lighting has been used to illuminate the nocturnal environment for centuries and continues to expand with urbanization and economic development. Yet, the potential ecological impact of the resultant light pollution has only recently emerged as a major cause for concern. While investigations have demonstrated that artificial lighting can influence organism behaviour, reproductive success and survivorship, none have addressed whether it is altering the composition of communities. We show, for the first time, that invertebrate community composition is affected by proximity to street lighting independently of the time of day. Five major invertebrate groups contributed to compositional differences, resulting in an increase in the number of predatory and scavenging individuals in brightly lit communities. Our results indicate that street lighting changes the environment at higher levels of biological organization than previously recognized, raising the potential that it can alter the structure and function of ecosystems.

Effects of hydroxylamine on microbial community structure and function of autotrophic nitrifying biofilms determined by in situ hybridization and the use of microelectrodes

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kindaichi ◽  
S. Okabe ◽  
H. Satoh ◽  
Y. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
And Function

Effects of hydroxylamine (NH2OH), an intermediate of NH4+ oxidation, on microbial community structure and function of two autotrophic nitrifying biofilms fed with and without NH2OH were analyzed by a 16S rRNA approach and the use of microelectrodes. In the NH2OH-added biofilm, partial oxidation of NH4+ to NO2- was observed, whereas complete oxidation of NH4+ to NO3- was achieved in the control biofilm. In situ hybridization results revealed that no nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) hybridized with any specific probes were detected in the NH2OH-added biofilm. Thus, the addition of low concentrations of NH2OH (250 mM) completely inhibited the growth of NOB. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA indicated that the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) detected in both biofilms were closely related to Nitrosomonas europaea, and that the clone sequences from both biofilm libraries have more than 99% similarity to each other. However, in situ hybridization results revealed that the addition of NH2OH changed the form of growth pattern of the dominant Nitrosomonas spp. from dense clusters mode to single scattered cells mode. Microelectrode measurements revealed that the average NH4+ consumption rate calculated in the NH2OH-added biofilm was two times higher than that in the control biofilm. This clearly demonstrated that the oxidation of NH4+ was stimulated by NH2OH addition.

scholarly journals Structure, Assembly and Function of Cuticle from Mechanical Perspective with Special Focus on Perianth

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4160
Author(s):  
Joanna Skrzydeł ◽  
Dorota Borowska-Wykręt ◽  
Dorota Kwiatkowska
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Continuous Layer ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Structure Assembly

This review is devoted to the structure, assembly and function of cuticle. The topics are discussed from the mechanical perspective and whenever the data are available a special attention is paid to the cuticle of perianth organs, i.e., sepals, petals or tepals. The cuticle covering these organs is special in both its structure and function and some of these peculiarities are related to the cuticle mechanics. In particular, strengthening of the perianth surface is often provided by a folded cuticle that functionally resembles profiled plates, while on the surface of the petal epidermis of some plants, the cuticle is the only integral continuous layer. The perianth cuticle is distinguished also by those aspects of its mechanics and development that need further studies. In particular, more investigations are needed to explain the formation and maintenance of cuticle folding, which is typical for the perianth epidermis, and also to elucidate the mechanical properties and behavior of the perianth cuticle in situ. Gaps in our knowledge are partly due to technical problems caused by very small thicknesses of the perianth cuticle but modern tools may help to overcome these obstacles.

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