scholarly journals The feeding system of Tiktaalik roseae: an intermediate between suction feeding and biting

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. e2016421118
Author(s):  
Justin B. Lemberg ◽  
Edward B. Daeschler ◽  
Neil H. Shubin
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Independent Mobility ◽  
Kinematic Studies ◽  
Important Intermediate ◽  
Cranial Kinesis ◽  
Tetrapod Evolution ◽  
Sliding Joints ◽  
Feeding Systems

Changes to feeding structures are a fundamental component of the vertebrate transition from water to land. Classically, this event has been characterized as a shift from an aquatic, suction-based mode of prey capture involving cranial kinesis to a biting-based feeding system utilizing a rigid skull capable of capturing prey on land. Here we show that a key intermediate, Tiktaalik roseae, was capable of cranial kinesis despite significant restructuring of the skull to facilitate biting and snapping. Lateral sliding joints between the cheek and dermal skull roof, as well as independent mobility between the hyomandibula and palatoquadrate, enable the suspensorium of T. roseae to expand laterally in a manner similar to modern alligator gars and polypterids. This movement can expand the spiracular and opercular cavities during feeding and respiration, which would direct fluid through the feeding apparatus. Detailed analysis of the sutural morphology of T. roseae suggests that the ability to laterally expand the cheek and palate was maintained during the fish-to-tetrapod transition, implying that limited cranial kinesis was plesiomorphic to the earliest limbed vertebrates. Furthermore, recent kinematic studies of feeding in gars demonstrate that prey capture with lateral snapping can synergistically combine both biting and suction, rather than trading off one for the other. A “gar-like” stage in early tetrapod evolution might have been an important intermediate step in the evolution of terrestrial feeding systems by maintaining suction-generation capabilities while simultaneously elaborating a mechanism for biting-based prey capture.

scholarly journals Does Feeding System Influence Parasitism in Black Bengal Goats in Bangladesh?

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
AKMA Rabbi ◽  
A Islam ◽  
M Anisuzzaman ◽  
S Majumder ◽  
MH Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Sample ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Extensive System ◽  
Parasitic Burden ◽  
Demodex Sp ◽  
Feeding Systems ◽  
Intensive System

To study the parasitism in goats in relation to different feeding systems, 1110 goats from different areas of Jaypurhat, Tangail, Netrakona and Mymensingh districts were examined. By fecal sample examination, 76.5% goats were found to be infected with one or more species of endoparasites. In this study, 9 types of helminths’ ova were identified such as Fasciola gigantica (14.8%), Paramphistomum sp. (28.5%), Schistosoma indicum (3.2%), strongyles (35%), Strongyloides sp. (17.4%), Toxocara spp. (1.5%), Trichuris sp. (4.6%), Capillaria sp. (1.2%) and Moniezia sp. (3.7%). Two types of protozoa were also detected, namely, Eimeria sp. (7.1%) and Balantidium coli (5.5%). Along with these, five species of ectoparasites were found: two species were lice such as Damilinia caprae (13.9 %) and Linognathus vitulli (4.2%), and two species were ticks namely, Haemophysalis bispinosa (21.2%), Rhipicaphalus (Boophilus) microplus (3.6%) and one species was mite, namely, Demodex sp. (2.9%). Mean parasitic burden of Paramphistomum sp. (259.81 ± 3.35) was the highest followed by Eimeria sp. (224.1 ± 16.9) and Moniezia sp. (204.9 ± 19.7). Prevalence of helminths and protozoa was significantly (P<0.01) highest in extensive system (86.1%) followed by semi-intensive (76.3%) and intensive system (57.5%). Ova of Schistosoma indicum was absent in the fecal sample of goats of intensive system. Goats of extensive and semi-intensive systems were 4.6 and 2.4 times more susceptible to helminth infection than those of intensive system. Ectoparasitic infestation was the highest in semi-intensive system (59.7%) followed by extensive system (33.5%) and intensive system (8.2%). In conclusion, the present study suggests that feeding system has a great impact on the prevalence of parasites in Black Bengal goats. Further study can be carried out to determine the effect of parasitism in the production performance of Black Bengal goats.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v22i1-2.16470 Progress. Agric. 22(1 & 2): 85-95, 2011

The effect of cow genetic index and grass-based feeding system on the performance of spring-calving Holstein-Friesian cows in second lactation

1999 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
P. Dillon ◽  
F. Buckley ◽  
S. Snijders ◽  
S. Crosse
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Genetic Index ◽  
Feeding Systems

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of both cow genetic index (CGI) and feeding system on the performance of second lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows on grass-based feeding systems. There was no interaction between CGI and feeding system for any of the parameters measured. Cows of high genetic index (HGI) produced significantly higher yields of milk (P < 0.001), fat (P < 0.001) protein (P < 0.0001) and lactose (P < 0.001) than medium genetic index cows (MGI). CGI had no effect on the concentration of milk constituents. Averaged across four intake measurements the HGI cows had significantly (P < 0.001) higher grass dry-matter intake (GDMI) and total dry-matter intake (TDMI). Live weight was similar for both genotypes during lactation. The HGI cows had significantly (P < 0.05) higher live-weight loss in the first 10 weeks of lactation, significantly lower live-weight gain from week 10 to the end of lactation and higher (P < 0.05) live-weight gain during the dry period. Condition score was significantly lower with the HGI (P < 0.001) at all stages of lactation. There was a higher proportion (P < 0.05) of the HGI cows non-pregnant at the end of the 13-week breeding season. Feeding system had a significant effect on the yield of milk (P < 0.001), fat (P < 0.001), protein (P < 0.001) and lactose (P < 0.001). Feeding system B produced significantly higher (P < 0.05) milk yield and yield of constituents (when compared with feeding systems A and C). Over the period when feeding systems were being applied, feeding system C had significantly higher (P < 0.05) milk protein concentration. Feeding system had a significant effect (P < 0.001) on both GDMI and TDMI. Feeding system had no effect on live weight, condition score or fertility performance.

scholarly journals Relative Impact and Analysis of Composition of Goat Milk by Stall-Feeding System and Rearing with Grazing System of Goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
PB Surner ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Goat Milk ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Grazing System ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Free Grazing ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins ◽  
Milk Minerals ◽  
Feeding Systems

In many regions of the world, goat milk and its milk products have played a major role in economic viability, particularly in developing countries like India. In terms of getting milk products high in minerals and other protein, the importance of free grazing still prevails and is preferred over stall feeding, but both ways are good in general. With the importance of the above in mind, an approach has been taken in the current study to compare the yield of milk from goats using a stall-feeding system and a free grazing system. Our findings show that milk minerals such as Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, and Sodium are higher in stall-feeding goat systems than in free grazing systems because stall-feeding provides a computed ration – Minerals, Common salt, mineral mixture, concentrate feeding, feed additives, and feed supplement. As a result, milk minerals are higher in stall-feeding goat systems than in free grazing goat systems. Lactose levels are higher in stall-feeding systems than in open grazing systems because leguminous feeds like as lucerne and bersim grasses, as well as green forages, are used. Because they graze freely in the environment and consume various types of feeds, fat percentage is higher in the free grazing system of goats than in the stall-feeding system. Since stall-feeding systems provide feed supplement and concentrate feeding, fat soluble vitamins are higher in stall-feeding systems than in free grazing systems, which is why fat-soluble vitamins are higher in stall-feeding systems of goats.

scholarly journals Basic chemical composition and mineral content of the milk of cows of various breeds raised on organic farms and on traditional farms using intensive (PMR) and traditional feeding systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 6022-2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZYGMUNT LITWIŃCZUK ◽  
NATALIA KOPERSKA ◽  
WITOLD CHABUZ ◽  
MONIKA KĘDZIERSKA-MATYSEK
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Conventional Farms ◽  
Feeding Systems

The aim of study was to evaluate the chemical composition, including mineral content, in milk of different breeds maintained in organic and traditional farms using intensive (PMR) and traditional feeding systems. The study was carried out on 47 farms in south-eastern Poland. A total of 735 milk samples were analysed, including 263 from cows raised on organic farms, 218 from cows raised on conventional farms using a traditional feeding system, and 254 from cows raised on conventional farms using an intensive feeding system (PMR). All types of farms raised Polish Holstein-Friesian and Simmental cows, and the conventional farms using a traditional feeding system also kept Polish Red and White-Backed cows. The highest (p≤0.01) daily milk yield and content of protein, lactose, dry matter and urea in the milk were obtained from the cows fed in the PMR system. The highest fat content was noted for the milk from the conventional farms using a traditional feeding system. The animals raised in the organic system produced the least milk, with the lowest concentrations of its basic nutrients. The highest mineral content was noted for the milk from the traditional system. The milk from the organic system contained the least Ca, Na, Mg, Zn and Fe, while the milk from the intensive system contained the least Mn. The content of Cu was similar in the milk from the organic and intensive systems and lower (p≤0.01) than in the milk from the traditional system. The results of two-way analysis of variance indicate that the breed of cow significantly influenced milk yield, protein content, protein-to-fat ratio, Ca and Zn concentration (p≤0.01), and the content of dry matter, Fe and Mn in the milk (p≤0.05). .

scholarly journals Identification of feeding pattern and their impact on milk fatty acid profiles from traditional dairy cows in Pangalengan Sub-district

2022 ◽  
Vol 951 (1) ◽  
pp. 012023
Author(s):  
D Anzhany ◽  
Despal ◽  
T Toharmat ◽  
N Rofiah ◽  
N Nuraina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Feeding Systems

Abstract Fatty acids (FA) profiles especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are commonly used to distinguish milk quality. However, its content is very sensitive and tends to change with a different type of feed. The study aims to identify the relationship between the feeding system and milk FA profile in the Pangalengan sub-district. The feeding system and milk FA profiles were studied using two-step post observatory research. Step one, milk was collected from 27 traditional-dairy farms using purposive random sampling and compare with a large-scale farm. The result shows that FA profiles vary greatly among traditional-farms especially for long-chain FA (LCFA) which was found in small concentrations. CLA content was also found higher in traditional-farms. Step two, five traditional-farms with the highest CLA milk content were observed for their feeding systems. Parameter observed including cow’s specification, feed type used, and feed intake. The best ration produced high milk CLA and production was the ration consisted of 38 % high-quality forages and 62 % commercial concentrate. Thus, it can be concluded that milk from traditional farms was better than milk from large-scale farms. The best milk CLA was produced with a combination of 38 % high-quality forages and 62 % commercial concentrate.

Reproduction, mastitis, and body condition scores among spring and fall calving dairy cows in pasture or confinement feeding systems

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-510
Author(s):  
S. P. Washburn ◽  
S. L. White ◽  
J. T. Green ◽  
G. A. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Fall Calving ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Feeding Systems ◽  
Body Condition Scores

AbstractDairy cows in confinement and pasture-based feeding systems were compared across 4 spring-calving and 3 fall-calving replicates for differences in reproduction, mastitis, and body condition scores. Each feeding system and replicate included both Jersey and Holstein cows. Cows in confinement were fed a total mixed ration with maize silage as the base forage along with a variety of concentrates. Cows on pasture were routinely supplemented with concentrates and were provided baled grass and/or legume silage when pastures were limiting. Breeding periods were for 75 days in spring or fall. Reproductive performance did not differ significantly due to feeding system but Jerseys had higher conception rates (59.6 vs. 49.5%) and overall pregnancy rates (78.0 vs. 57.9%) than Holsteins. Cows in confinement had significantly higher rates of clinical mastitis and culling for mastitis than cows on pasture. Within both feeding systems, Jerseys had less mastitis than Holsteins. Average body condition scores were higher for confinement cows than pasture cows except for one replicate. Jerseys maintained higher average body condition scores than Holsteins in all but one replicate. In summary, pastured cows produced less milk and had less mastitis but lower body condition scores than confinement cows. Holsteins produced more milk but were less likely to rebreed, had more mastitis, higher culling rates, and maintained lower body condition scores than Jerseys.

The influence of housing and feeding systems on selected fattening and slaughter parameters of finishing pigs with different genotypes

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1915
Author(s):  
Damian Knecht ◽  
Anna Jankowska-Mąkosa ◽  
Sebastian Środoń ◽  
Kamil Duziński
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Meat Content ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Feeding Systems

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the influence of housing and feeding systems on selected fattening and slaughter parameters of finishers with different genotypes. The experimental population consisted of 1200 finishers in three genetic variants from the Landrace (L), Large White (LW), Duroc (D) and Pietrain (P) breeds: 400 finishers L × [D × P] genotype, 400 finishers LW × [D × P] genotype and 400 finishers [L × LW] × [D × P] genotype. Subgroups were isolated for each genetic variant with the experimental factors: housing system (slatted floor or deep litter) and feeding system (dry or liquid). Selected fattening parameters were analysed: final liveweight (kg), mortality (%), average daily gain (g/day) and feed conversion ratio (kg/kg gain). Additionally, slaughter parameters were analysed: carcass weight (kg), height of longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle (mm), backfat thickness (mm) and lean meat content (%). The housing system strongly affected the final liveweight, average daily gain and carcass weight. To a lesser degree, this factor determined the mortality, feed conversion ratio, height of LD muscle, backfat thickness and lean meat content. The feeding system substantially affected almost all fattening parameters, except for the mortality. Statistical analysis of slaughter parameters showed that the impact of the feeding system was confirmed statistically only in terms of carcass weight. Genotype largely determined the final liveweight, average daily gain, carcass weight and lean meat content. Taking into account interactions of all factors, the most favourable effect in terms of production was to fattening four-way crossbreeds [L × LW] × [D × P] on slatted floors and fed by liquid feeding.

scholarly journals Prevalence of surgical diseases of cattle in stall-fed and free-range cattle in Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
NU Sarker ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
MS Rana ◽  
MT Islam ◽  
UK Rima
Keyword(s):  
Hip Joint ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Surgical Disease ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Female Cattle ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Feeding Systems

The prevalence of surgical diseases of 2081 cattle was studied from different free-ranging (Bathan) and stall-feeding systems. The overall prevalence of surgical disease of cattle was higher (53.2%) in Bathan than in the stall-feeding (37.5%) system. In Bathan, the most prevalent surgical diseases were myiasis (13.4%) followed by navel ill (12.5%), trauma (10.8%), claw diseases (7.6%), arthritis (6.1%), horn diseases (3.4%) and teat obstruction (2.6%). In stall-feeding system, the highest prevalence (10.6%) was claw diseases and navel ill (6.6%). Navel ill, hernia, arthritis, horn diseases, urolithiasis and tail gangrene were more prevalent in male; and claw diseases, trauma, myiasis, upward patellar fixation and dislocation of hip joint were more prevalent in female cattle. Most diseases were more prevalent in summer but claw diseases, urolithiasis and teat crack were more prevalent in winter. Clean environment is needed to reduce the prevalence of such problems. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v30i2.18256 Bangl. vet. 2013. Vol. 30, No. 2, 62-69

scholarly journals Cassava-Based Diets Increase Live Weight Gain of Cross Bred Bulls in Small Fattening Systems in Malang, East Java

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Deni Setiadi ◽  
Kasmiati Kasmiati ◽  
Abu Z. Zakariya ◽  
Karen Harper ◽  
Dennis Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feeding Systems

Traditional farmers usually use local feed ingredient based on cheapest ingredients without considering the importance of feed conversion ratio to maximise cattle growth. The experiment was conducted to determine the growth of crossbred bulls fed on a cassava by-product based diet and a local concentrate. Fifty cross bred bulls aged 1.5–2 years were used in this study. The bulls were divided into five groups and offered 1% and 2% local concentrate (T1 and T2), 1% and 2% cassava-based diet (T3 and T4) and the current feeding system (CFS) by farmers (T0) as the control. Local concentrate was bought from Blitar while cassava-based diets contained 50% cassava, 25% copra meal and 25% palm kernel cake. No interventions were made to the CFS, however, some farmers in T0 used local forages and agricultural by-products such as rice bran and pollard bran as a feed, and adopted the supplementation of local concentrates as used by T1 and T2 farmers. The average daily gain were 1.13 kg/head/day (T0), 1.09 kg/head/day (T1), 1.38 kg/head/day (T2), 0.8 kg/head/day (T3) and 1.23 kg/head/day (T4). The study found that local concentrates promoted high average daily gain and that traditional feeding systems (CFS) performed well when farmers saw other farmers feeding better diets.

Fat distribution in steer carcasses of different breeds and crosses. 1. Distribution between depots

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Kempster ◽  
A. Cuthbertson ◽  
G. Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Beef Breed ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Substantial Bias ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYDissection data from 643 carcasses of castrated male cattle (steers) of 15 breed-type × feeding system groups were used to examine the distribution of total fat (TF) between subcutaneous (SF), intermuscular (IF), kidney knob and channel (KKCF) and cod fat depots. The breed-type groups, which were from cereal or grass/cereal feeding systems, included Ayrshire, Simmental × Ayrshire, British Friesian and Friesian crosses with Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Limousin, Charolais, South Devon and Simmental. Means for percentage TF in side ranged from 21·4 to 36·2 with a pooled within group SD of 3·87.The growth of each depot relative to TF was examined using the allometric equation. Significant but not large differences existed between groups for the growth coefficients of SF and IF while the coefficients for KKCF differed widely among groups. The coefficient for SF was greater than that for IF in every group (pooled within-group b values±SE were 1·20±·02 and 0·87±0·01 respectively).At constant TF weight, carcasses from Ayrshire and Ayrshire crosses tended to contain less SF and more IF+KKC F than those from Friesian and beef breed × Friesian. Important differences in distribution were recorded between the various beef breed × Friesian groups. The proportion of SF was lower for cattle fed on grass/cereal diets than for cattle of the same breed type fed on cereal diets.The differences in fat distribution led to substantial bias for some groups when the percentages of IF and TF in the side were predicted from percentage SF. The bias was less when both KKCF and SF were used as predictors.

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