scholarly journals Analysis of xylem formation in pine by cDNA sequencing

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (16) ◽  
pp. 9693-9698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Allona ◽  
Michelle Quinn ◽  
Elizabeth Shoop ◽  
Kristi Swope ◽  
Sheila St. Cyr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Xylem Differentiation ◽  
Cell Wall Proteins ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Enzymes Of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Secondary xylem (wood) formation is likely to involve some genes expressed rarely or not at all in herbaceous plants. Moreover, environmental and developmental stimuli influence secondary xylem differentiation, producing morphological and chemical changes in wood. To increase our understanding of xylem formation, and to provide material for comparative analysis of gymnosperm and angiosperm sequences, ESTs were obtained from immature xylem of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). A total of 1,097 single-pass sequences were obtained from 5′ ends of cDNAs made from gravistimulated tissue from bent trees. Cluster analysis detected 107 groups of similar sequences, ranging in size from 2 to 20 sequences. A total of 361 sequences fell into these groups, whereas 736 sequences were unique. About 55% of the pine EST sequences show similarity to previously described sequences in public databases. About 10% of the recognized genes encode factors involved in cell wall formation. Sequences similar to cell wall proteins, most known lignin biosynthetic enzymes, and several enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism were found. A number of putative regulatory proteins also are represented. Expression patterns of several of these genes were studied in various tissues and organs of pine. Sequencing novel genes expressed during xylem formation will provide a powerful means of identifying mechanisms controlling this important differentiation pathway.

scholarly journals Analysis of NAC Domain Transcription Factor Genes of Tectona grandis L.f. Involved in Secondary Cell Wall Deposition

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Fernando Manuel Matias Hurtado ◽  
Maísa de Siqueira Pinto ◽  
Perla Novais de Oliveira ◽  
Diego Mauricio Riaño-Pachón ◽  
Laura Beatriz Inocente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Xylem Differentiation ◽  
Transcription Factor Genes ◽  
Tectona Grandis L.F

NAC proteins are one of the largest families of plant-specific transcription factors (TFs). They regulate diverse complex biological processes, including secondary xylem differentiation and wood formation. Recent genomic and transcriptomic studies of Tectona grandis L.f. (teak), one of the most valuable hardwood trees in the world, have allowed identification and analysis of developmental genes. In the present work, T. grandis NAC genes were identified and analyzed regarding to their evolution and expression profile during wood formation. We analyzed the recently published T. grandis genome, and identified 130 NAC proteins that are coded by 107 gene loci. These proteins were classified into 23 clades of the NAC family, together with Populus, Eucalyptus, and Arabidopsis. Data on transcript expression revealed specific temporal and spatial expression patterns for the majority of teak NAC genes. RT-PCR indicated expression of VND genes (Tg11g04450-VND2 and Tg15g08390-VND4) related to secondary cell wall formation in xylem vessels of 16-year-old juvenile trees. Our findings open a way to further understanding of NAC transcription factor genes in T. grandis wood biosynthesis, while they are potentially useful for future studies aiming to improve biomass and wood quality using biotechnological approaches.

scholarly journals Functional Characterisation of the Poplar Atypical Aspartic Protease Gene PtAP66 in Wood Secondary Cell Wall Deposition

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1002
Author(s):  
Shenquan Cao ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
Huanhuan Ji ◽  
Mengjie Guo ◽  
Jiyao Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Protease Gene ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Transcription Analysis ◽  
Functional Characterisation

Secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition is an important process during wood formation. Although aspartic proteases (APs) have been reported to have regulatory roles in herbaceous plants, the involvement of atypical APs in SCW deposition in trees has not been reported. In this study, we characterised the Populus trichocarpa atypical AP gene PtAP66, which is involved in wood SCW deposition. Transcriptome data from the AspWood resource showed that in the secondary xylem of P. trichocarpa, PtAP66 transcripts increased from the vascular cambium to the xylem cell expansion region and maintained high levels in the SCW formation region. Fluorescent signals from transgenic Arabidopsis plant roots and transiently transformed P. trichocarpa leaf protoplasts strongly suggested that the PtAP66-fused fluorescent protein (PtAP66-GFP or PtAP66-YFP) localised in the plasma membrane. Compared with the wild-type plants, the Cas9/gRNA-induced PtAP66 mutants exhibited reduced SCW thickness of secondary xylem fibres, as suggested by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data. In addition, wood composition assays revealed that the cellulose content in the mutants decreased by 4.90–5.57%. Transcription analysis further showed that a loss of PtAP66 downregulated the expression of several SCW synthesis-related genes, including cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis enzyme-encoding genes. Altogether, these findings indicate that atypical PtAP66 plays an important role in SCW deposition during wood formation.

scholarly journals The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Cell Wall-Associated Glycoproteins During Wood Formation in Populus

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayebeh Abedi ◽  
Romain Castilleux ◽  
Pieter Nibbering ◽  
Totte Niittylä
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Cell Type Specificity ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Ray Cell

Plant cell wall associated hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) are involved in several aspects of plant growth and development, including wood formation in trees. HRGPs such as arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), extensins (EXTs), and proline rich proteins (PRPs) are important for the development and architecture of plant cell walls. Analysis of publicly available gene expression data revealed that many HRGP encoding genes show tight spatio-temporal expression patterns in the developing wood of Populus that are indicative of specific functions during wood formation. Similar results were obtained for the expression of glycosyl transferases putatively involved in HRGP glycosylation. In situ immunolabelling of transverse wood sections using AGP and EXT antibodies revealed the cell type specificity of different epitopes. In mature wood AGP epitopes were located in xylem ray cell walls, whereas EXT epitopes were specifically observed between neighboring xylem vessels, and on the ray cell side of the vessel walls, likely in association with pits. Molecular mass and glycan analysis of AGPs and EXTs in phloem/cambium, developing xylem, and mature xylem revealed clear differences in glycan structures and size between the tissues. Separation of AGPs by agarose gel electrophoresis and staining with β-D-glucosyl Yariv confirmed the presence of different AGP populations in phloem/cambium and xylem. These results reveal the diverse changes in HRGP-related processes that occur during wood formation at the gene expression and HRGP glycan biosynthesis levels, and relate HRGPs and glycosylation processes to the developmental processes of wood formation.

Response of Differentiating Tracheids to Stem Inclination in Young Trees of Taxus Cuspidata

IAWA Journal ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Yoshizawa ◽  
Ikuhiro Satoh ◽  
Sinso Yokota ◽  
Toshinaga Idei
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Xylem Differentiation ◽  
Taxus Cuspidata ◽  
Helical Thickenings

Differences in response among differentiating tracheids to the stimulus of stem inclination were examined at three heights in stems of young trees of Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. A change in the orientation of the helical cell wall thickenings from an S- to a Z-helix with a simultaneous absence of an S3 layer were the first anatomical responses to appear. These changes first occurred in differentiating xylem on the underside of the upper segment of the stem after 4 days inclination. The gravistimulus for compression wood formation was transmitted basipetally within the stem as the tilting period was increased. After 10 days, the xylem on the underside of the upper segment of the stem contained five mature cells with a Z-helix, indicating that deposition of the thickenings required 2 days. The present results suggest that the rate of cambial division and xylem differentiation differs longitudinally in an inclined stem. For Taxus cuspidata, a change in the orientation of the helical thickenings should be a useful marker for deciding whether or not the differentiating cells have perceived the stimulus for compression wood formation.

scholarly journals Targeting of proteins to the cell wall of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neri Fattorini ◽  
Uwe G. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Thalassiosira Pseudonana ◽  
Cell Wall Proteins ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Intracellular Targeting ◽  
Synchronized Cultures

AbstractDiatoms are unicellular phototrophic organisms with huge ecological impact. Characteristic for these organisms is their peculiar cell wall, which is composed of inorganic and organic components. Cell wall formation is a highly complex and orchestrated process, and in the last years has been studied intensively, also on the molecular level. Here, we review on the cell wall proteins of diatoms, with a focus on the species Thalassiosira pseudonana. We report on the expression patterns of these proteins in synchronized cultures, as well as their modifications and intracellular targeting.

SEASONAL VARIATION IN WOOD FORMATION OF CEDRELA FISSILIS (MELIACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Regina Marcati ◽  
Veronica Angyalossy ◽  
Ray Franklin Evert
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
General Term ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Dormant Period ◽  
Xylem Formation

Cambial activity and periodicity of secondary xylem formation in Cedrela fissilis, a semi-ring-porous species, were studied. Wood samples were collected periodically from 1996 to 2000. The phenology was related to climate data of the region. The cambium has one active and one dormant period per year. The active period coincides with the wet season when trees leaf-out. The dormant period coincides with the dry season when trees lose their leaves. Growth rings are marked by parenchyma bands that begin to be formed, together with the small latewood vessels, just before the cambium becomes dormant at the beginning of the dry season. These bands are added to when the cambium reactivates in the wet season. At this time, the large earlywood vessels of the growth rings are also formed. As these bands consist of both terminal and initial parenchyma, we suggest the general term marginal bands be used to describe them. The growth layers vary in width among and within the trees.

scholarly journals Co-expression network of secondary cell wall biogenesis genes in Eucalyptus tereticornis

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Veeramuthu Dharanishanthi ◽  
Modhumita Ghosh Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Secondary Development ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wall Formation

Abstract The composition of secondary cell wall determines the indust­rially relevant wood properties in tree species. Hence, its bioge­nesis is one of the most extensively studied developmental processes during wood formation. Presently, systems genetics approach is being applied to understand the biological net­works and their interactions operational during secondary development. Genome-scale analyses of secondary cell wall formation were documented and gene regulatory networks were reported in Arabidopsis, poplar, pine, spruce, rice and sug­arcane. In the present study, the expression patterns of 2651 transcripts representing different pathways governing secon­dary development was documented across four genotypes of E. tereticornis. A co-expression network was constructed with 330 nodes and 4512 edges and the degree ranged from 11 to 53. The network documented 75 (22 %) transcription factors with high degree of interaction. Secondary wall associated NAC domain transcription factor (SND2) was identified as the top hub transcript with 53 interactions. The present study revealed that functional homologs regulating secondary cell wall formation are conserved among angiosperms and gym­nosperms.

scholarly journals A novel pathway controlling cambium initiation and - activity via cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezoo Rahimi ◽  
Omid Karami ◽  
Angga Dwituti Lestari ◽  
Dongbo Shi ◽  
Thomas Greb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis ◽  
Inflorescence Stems ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Cambium Activity

AbstractPlant secondary growth, also referred to as wood formation, includes the production of secondary xylem, which is derived from meristematic cambium cells embedded in vascular tissues. Despite the importance of secondary xylem in plant growth and wood formation, the molecular mechanism of secondary growth is not yet well understood. Here we identified an important role for the Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) AT-HOOK MOTIF CONTAINING NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15 (AHL15) gene, encoding for a putative transcriptional regulator, in controlling vascular cambium activity and secondary xylem formation. Secondary xylem development was significantly reduced in inflorescence stems of the Arabidopsis ahl15 loss-of-function mutant, whereas AHL15 overexpression led to extensive secondary xylem formation. AHL15 expression under a vascular meristem-specific promoter also enhanced the amount of interfascicular secondary xylem. Moreover, AHL15 appeared to be required for the enhanced secondary xylem formation in the Arabidopsis double loss-of-function mutant of the SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1) and FRUITFULL (FUL) genes. A well-known central regulator of cambial activity is the plant hormone cytokinin. We showed that the expression of two cytokinin biosynthesis genes (ISOPENTENYL TRANSERASE (IPT) 3 and 7) is decreased in ahl15 loss-of-function mutant stems, whereas the secondary xylem deficiency in these mutant stems can be resorted by cambium-specific expression of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens IPT gene, indicating that AHL15 acts through the cytokinin pathway. These findings support a model whereby AHL15 acts as a central factor inducing vascular cambium activity downstream of SOC1 and FUL and upstream of IPT3, IPT7 and LOG4, LOG5 governing the rate of secondary xylem formation in Arabidopsis inflorescence stems.

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