The centrecephalon and thalamocortical integration

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas F. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Current Level ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Global State ◽  
Consciousness Studies ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Emotional Systems ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

I have argued in other work that emotion, attentional functions, and executive functions are three interpenetrant global state variables, essentially differential slices of the consciousness pie. This paper will outline the columnar architecture and connectivities of the PAG (periaqueductal gray), its role in organizing prototype states of emotion, and the re-entry of PAG with the extended reticular thalamic activating system (“ERTAS”). At the end we will outline some potential implications of these connectivities for possible functional correlates of PAG networks that are just starting to be mapped. Overall, we will look at many lines of evidence that PAG should be conceptualized as a peri-reticular structure that has a foundational role in emotion, in generating the meaningful organization of behavior by the brain through prototype emotional states, and in allowing the various emotional systems to globally influence and tune both the forebrain and brainstem. Finally, we address implications of these concepts for what is currently understood about consciousness, underlining the need for somewhat more humility within consciousness studies about our current level of understanding of consciousness in the brain, combined with a deeper appreciation of the intrinsic connections between emotion and consciousness. One hopes that more concerted empirical interest in structures underneath the thalamus, combined with a deeper appreciation for the fundamental role that organismic and social value must have in bootstrapping awareness in the developing brain, would begin more widely to influence the fundamental lines of neuroscientific research in both emotion studies and consciousness studies.

KONSEP DAN KEBIJAKAN PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI DI KABUPATEN BANDUNG

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Asep Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
The Government ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
The Brain

AbstractEducation obtained at an early age greatly affects the development of children both psychomotordevelopment of the brain, and child behavior and achievement when entering adulthood, especially thereach the future of the nation as the next generation must be equipped with education and cultivation ofhumanity values and personality and karaktek. Equity of early childhood education in various regions isnot evenly distributed there are only a few places for rural areas this is caused by the level of knowledgeand insight parents who do not understand and the environment that affect. While for urban areas,especially people, the importance of early education because the level of understanding and intellectual isso high, it is a motivation for the government to commit to early childhood education so important tomeet the needs of the community for education, policies that support this education has been issued basiclaw for the organizer, among others, the Decree of the Minister of Education, the Law on Education andthe regional level by the Decree of the Head of Region. Government dalah this course can facilitate bothbuilding facilities and play facilities for children's games in the room and outdoor games.AbstrakPendidikan yang diperoleh pada usia dini sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan anak baik psikomotorikperkembangan otak, dan perilaku anak serta prestasi anak ketika memasuki usia dewasa terutamajangkauan ke depan bangsa sebagai generasi penerus. Hal ini tentunya harus dibekali dengan pendidikandan penanaman nilai-nilai kemanusian serta kepribadian dan karaktek. Pemerataan pendidikan anak usiadini di berbagai daerah memang belum merata hanya ada beberapa tempat saja untuk daerah pedesaan halini diakibatkan oleh tingkat pengetahuan dan wawasan orangtua yang kurang paham dan lingkungan yangmempengaruhi. Sementara untuk daerah perkotaan khususnya masyarakat merasakan pentingnyapendidikan usia dini karena tingkat pemahaman dan intelektual sudah begitu tinggi. Hal ini merupakanmotivasi bagi pemerintah untuk berkomitmen terhadap pendidikan usia dini begitu penting untukmemenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat akan pendidikan, kebijakan yang mendukung terhadap pendidikan initelah dikeluarkan dasar hukum bagi penyelenggaraanya antara lain keputusan Menteri pendidikan,Undang-undang tentang pendidikan dan tingkat daerah dengan Surat Keputusan Kepala Daerah.Pemerintah dalam hal ini tentunya dapat memfasilitasi baik sarana bangunan maupun sarana bermain bagiana, alat permainan dalam ruangan maupun alat permainan diluar ruangan.Kata kunci: Kebijakan, pendidikan, anak usia dini

Characterization of Fiber Organization in Rat Corneo-Scleral Shells Using Small Angle Light Scattering

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ross Ethier ◽  
Annegret Dahlmann ◽  
Sauparnika Vijay ◽  
Peng T. Khaw ◽  
Michaël J. A. Girard
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
Elevated Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Small Angle Light Scattering ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fiber Organization ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness worldwide. It is associated with structural damage and a progressive loss of nerve cells — which transmit visual information from the retina to the brain — within the optic nerve head (ONH) at the posterior eye. Glaucoma was once thought to occur only in eyes with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and, to date, lowering IOP is the only clinical treatment proven to be beneficial for slowing its progression. However, the success rate of such therapy is only about 50% and multiple lines of evidence now indicate that IOP is not the only important risk factor in the disease since glaucoma can develop at either normal or elevated IOP without distinct etiology.

A Trial of Transcranial Polarization in Chronic Schizophrenics

1968 ◽  
Vol 114 (510) ◽  
pp. 635-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Lifshitz ◽  
Patrick Harper
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Positive Polarization ◽  
The Brain ◽  
A Current

Considerable evidence has accumulated that alterations in the direct current fields of the brain can produce alterations in function (O'Leary and Goldring, 1964). In view of this a group of investigators instituted a clinical trial of the possible usefulness of transcranial polarization (Lippold and Redfearn, 1964; Redfearn et al., 1964; Costain et al., 1964). In the approach used a current was passed between electrodes attached just superior to the eyebrows and an electrode on the leg. The principal changes reported consisted of an elevation of mood and an increase in involvement with the environment when the head was positive relatively to the leg and a withdrawal and quietness when the head was negative relatively to the leg. The current level reported as effective was generally of the order of 250 microamperes. Among Lippold and Redfearn's subjects were seven schizophrenics, in six of whom brief D.C. polarization produced the expected effects. Among the subjects of Redfearn et al. were four schizophrenics, in all of whom some favourable effect from D.C. head positive polarization was reported. This study was uncontrolled. In a blind controlled trial, Costain et al. found head-positive polarization to be of therapeutic efficacy in a group of 24 depressed patients. Their interpretation of results was challenged by Dawson and Montagu (1965). In view of these reports, we decided that a pilot study of the possible efficacy of transcranial polarization in altering the non-responsive state of chronic schizophrenic patients was warranted. It was decided that a more longitudinal study would be of greater value in determining possible therapeutic usefulness than a shorter trial on a larger number of patients. The experiment was conducted on one of the research wards of Rockland State Hospital.

A systems approach to the brain basis of emotion also needs developmental and locationist views – the case of Tourette's Syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aribert Rothenberger
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Tourette's Syndrome ◽  
Tourette’S Syndrome ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Clinical Perspective ◽  
Realistic Picture ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deep Brain

AbstractThe closeness of somatosensory phenomena and emotional states can be critically extended into a clinical perspective by referring to Tourette's Syndrome (TS). Two examples are discussed in this commentary: (1) the neurodevelopmental approach to the pre- and post-tic sensorimotor urges, and (2) the TS treatment with deep brain stimulation. It is shown that in TS, both views (locationist and constructionist) need to be combined along the lifespan in order to get a more realistic picture of the brain basis of emotion.

scholarly journals Differential MR/GR Activation in Mice Results in Emotional States Beneficial or Impairing for Cognition

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Brinks ◽  
Maaike H. van der Mark ◽  
E. Ron de Kloet ◽  
Melly S. Oitzl
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Additional Constant ◽  
Hole Board ◽  
The Brain

Corticosteroids regulate stress response and influence emotion, learning, and memory via two receptors in the brain, the high‐affinity mineralocorticoid (MR) and low‐affinity glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We test the hypothesis that MR- and GR-mediated effects interact in emotion and cognition when a novel situation is encountered that is relevant for a learning process. By adrenalectomy and additional constant corticosterone supplement we obtained four groups of male C57BL/6J mice with differential chronic MR and GR activations. Using a hole board task, we found that mice with continuous predominant MR and moderate GR activations were fast learners that displayed low anxiety and arousal together with high directed explorative behavior. Progressive corticosterone concentrations with predominant action via GR induced strong emotional arousal at the expense of cognitive performance. These findings underline the importance of a balanced MR/GR system for emotional and cognitive functioning that is critical for mental health.

scholarly journals Exploring the business of urology: Change management

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
J. Stuart Oake ◽  
Timothy O. Davies ◽  
Anne-Marie Houle ◽  
Darren Beiko
Keyword(s):  
Change Management ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Management Process ◽  
Management Options ◽  
The Core ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Successful Change

Change is inevitable. All organizations need to change to maintain relevance and to successfully adapt to varying external forces. Change is a challenge for those involved in it. It is the antithesis of consistency and at its core requires a shift in behaviour that is reflexic and instinctual. The authors of this paper would suggest that given the nature of healthcare, its evolving research, its social value/importance, and its cost, that no other profession is more subject to change than medicine. Change is necessary, inevitable, and difficult. A solid understanding of change and its management process is a prerequisite for professional survival. Preparation, conviction, purpose, and clarity are the core values of change. Physicians, more than any other profession, have been driven to and exposed to change. Physicians are in a position to distill its process to a level of understanding that would serve as a model for others to follow. The goals of this paper are to outline the rationale of change, as well as to review change management options and strategies to increase successful change.

scholarly journals Neuroclinical Framework for the Role of Stress in Addiction

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 247054701769814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Kwako ◽  
George F. Koob
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Stress Component ◽  
Negative Emotionality ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Research Domain

Addiction has been conceptualized as a three-stage cycle— binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation—that worsens over time and involves allostatic changes in hedonic function via changes in the brain reward and stress systems. Using the withdrawal/negative affect stage and negative reinforcement as an important source of motivation for compulsive drug seeking, we outline the neurobiology of the stress component of the withdrawal/negative affect stage and relate it to a derivative of the Research Domain Criteria research construct for the study of psychiatric disease, known as the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment. Using the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment, we outline five subdomains of negative emotional states that can be operationally measured in human laboratory settings and paralleled by animal models. We hypothesize that a focus on negative emotionality and stress is closely related to the acute neurobiological alterations that are experienced in addiction and may serve as a bridge to a reformulation of the addiction nosology to better capture individual differences in patients for whom the withdrawal/negative affect stage drives compulsive drug taking.

scholarly journals Smart switching in feedforward control of grip force during manipulation of elastic objects

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier White ◽  
Amir Karniel ◽  
Raz Leib ◽  
Charalambos Papaxanthis ◽  
Marie Barbiero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
Feedforward Control ◽  
Load Force ◽  
Switching Systems ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Discrete State ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSwitching systems are common in artificial control systems. Here, we suggest that the brain adopts a switched feedforward control of grip forces during manipulation of objects. We measured how participants modulated grip force when interacting with soft and rigid virtual springs when stiffness varied nearly continuously between trials. We identified a sudden phase transition between two forms of feedforward control that differed in the timing of the synchronization between the anticipated load force and the applied grip force. The switch occurred several trials after a threshold stiffness level. These results suggest that in the control of grip force, the brain acts as a switching control system. This opens new research questions as to the nature of the discrete state variables that drive the switching.

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