The Role of Gesture in the Establishment of Symbolic Abilities

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Lock
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Major Significance ◽  
The World ◽  
On Line

Language develops in infancy as emerging cognitive abilities come on-line to handle the infant's experience of the world, and thereby enrich it. The attentional and motivational structuring of that experience is elaborated in the course of social interaction, but from a base in the a priori values that 'being an infant' create as to what infants find 'interesting' in their experiential worlds. There is a continuity of experience, but a reworking of it that yields apparently discontinuous stages. These stages do not map onto traditional notions such as preverbal stage, one-word stage, and combinatorial stage, but are more appropriately captured as presymbolic, symbolic, and propositional. Thus, some early word uses are pre-symbolic, and some later non-verbal gestures are propositional: that the production media might differ for words versus gestures does not appear to be a fact of major significance.

scholarly journals Structural problems for reductionism

2019 ◽  
Vol 177 (11) ◽  
pp. 3571-3593
Author(s):  
Stephan Leuenberger
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Humean Supervenience ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
The World

AbstractUniversal reductionism—the sort of project pursued by Carnap in the Aufbau, Lewis in his campaign on behalf of Humean supervenience, Jackson in From Metaphysics to Ethics, and Chalmers in Constructing the World—aims to reduce everything to some specified base, more or less austere as it may be. In this paper, I identify two constraints that a promising strategy to argue for universal reductionism needs to satisfy: the exhaustion constraint and the chaining constraint. As a case study, I then consider Chalmers’ Constructing the World, in which a priori implication, or “scrutability”, plays the role of reduction. Chalmers first divides up the total vocabulary of our language into different families, and then argues, for each family separately, that truths involving expressions in that family are scrutable from the putative base. He does not systematically address the question whether “cross-family sentences”—sentences involving expressions from more than one family—are scrutable. I shall argue that this lacuna cannot be filled, since scrutability does not allow for the exhaustion constraint and the chaining constraint to be jointly satisfied. I further suggest that Carnap’s account, in which definability plays the role of reduction, has better prospects of meeting these constraints.

Aesthetic A Priori and Embodied Imagination

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-160
Author(s):  
Dalius Jonkus ◽  
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Artistic Creation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Free Activity ◽  
Embodied Imagination ◽  
Aesthetic Expression

This paper discusses the modern idea of imagination and its various transformations in the phenomenological conceptual frameworks of Edward Casey, Mikel Dufrenne (1910-1995), Max Scheler (1874-1928) and Vasily Sesemann (1884-1963). I would like to raise and critically assess questions regarding the role of imagination in our consciousness: whether imagination is a productive or reproductive activity; and how, if at all, aesthetic expression limits the imagination. Casey criticizes Dufrenne for his attempt to unite imagination with aesthetic expression. He argues for the autonomy of the imagination but leaves the question of the relationship between the imagination and perception unanswered. Dufrenne partially shares his theory of imagination with Sesemann. Both philosophers claim that imagination is a reproductive activity rather than a productive one in the sense that it is limited by the forms of the material a priori. In other words, aesthetic expression has to obey the principle of correlation between percipiens and perceptum. Creativity becomes possible when the creator is able to reproduce in his expression another subject’s possible perceptivity. Max Scheler emphasized the correlative connection of spiritual activity with the world. He linked the concept of imagination to the practical being in the world. In Sesemann’s aesthetics the role of embodied imagination in artistic creation and the perception of aesthetic objects were also considered. Both authors argued that the connection between imagination and the essential modes of the world’s givenness is guaranteed by the mode of embodied imagination. Both acknowledged that imagination is related to unconscious desires and drive. Both authors stated that the schematisms of imagination express the style of the perception of the world. The fact that imagination is an embodied phenomenon is illustrated by the way it exists in the world, since imagination is essentially a free activity restricted only by “the style of the world’s horizon.”

«Quanta» Language Consciousness and Problems in the Functioning of the Communicative Norms

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Татьяна Черкашина ◽  
Tatiana Cherkashina ◽  
Н. Новикова ◽  
N. Novikova ◽  
О. Трубина ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The article considers the conceptualization of the world from the point of view of its methodological paradigm assessment in the context of the globalizing world. A retrospective analysis of the relationship between language and human speech activity is given. The authors explain the role of language as a socio-cultural phenomenon in the formation of worldview systems that develop in the consciousness with the help of minimal units of human experience in their ideal meaningful representation in special concepts, which allows the individual to think within the boundaries of a certain linguistic picture of the world. Analyzes the problems of the functioning of communicative norms with regard to the hierarchy of the spiritual representations of the world. The article attempts to consider the impact of the “blurring” of the information boundaries of the globalizing world on the cognitive abilities of the individual in the nomination, qualification of the subject, phenomenon, process.

scholarly journals A Review of Machine Translation Tools: The Translation’s Ability

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-176
Author(s):  
Tira Nur Fitria
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Translation Tools ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Skills ◽  
Translation Machine ◽  
One Machine ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The objective of the research is to review the ability of online machine translator tools includes Google Translate (GT), Collin Translator (CT), Bing Translator (BT), Yandex Translator (YT), Systran Translate (ST), and IBM Translator (IT). This research applies descriptive qualitative. The documentation was used in this study. The result of the analysis shows that the translation results are different, both from the style of language and the choice of words used by each machine translation tool. Thus, directly or indirectly, whether consciously or not, each translation machine carries its characteristics. Machine translation technology cannot be separated from the active role of humans. In other words, it will always be the best choice for users to rely on expert translation rather than machine translation. But no machine translator can be as accurate as human skills in producing translation products. In particular, the field of translation is also concerned with machine translation to support the performance of translators in analyzing the diction used as an element of language. In this regard, it needs to be underlined that the existence of machine translation is an additional facility in the world of translation, not as the main means of translation because the sophistication of the machine will not be able to match the flexibility of the human brain's cognitive abilities in adjusting the translation results according to the existing context. Accurate translation is sometimes subjective, relatively often temporal. Therefore, it is permissible for translating by more than one machine translator 

scholarly journals The Way into Transcendental Philosophy from the Argument in Suhrawardī’s Philosophy of Illumination

Open Theology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 278-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Louchakova-Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
Phenomenological Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
Unity Of The Self ◽  
Visual Light ◽  
Transcendental Unity ◽  
Metaphysical Principle

Abstract This paper presents a phenomenological analysis of the argument in The First Discourse of Part 2 of Suhrawardī’s Philosophy of Illumination. Specifically, this argument is considered with regard to temporal extension of its logos, i.e., the succession of logical steps. Contrary to traditional views of Suhrawardī as a Neoplatonizing proponent of the primacy of essence over existence, the steps of his argument convey a much more nuanced picture in which ligh t emerges as the main metaphysical principle. First, Suhra wardī explicates full evidentiality in visible light (which is the most patent, ’aẓhar, from the Arabic root ẓ-h-r = ‘to appear, be [made] manifest’): this light gives us the world as “this-there”; and second, as self-evidentiality (ẓuhūru-hu, ‘being obvious to itself by itself’) in the first-person consciousness of the knower. Suhrawardī accesses these modes by reduction(s) which liberate the transcendental character of light. The correlation in the evidential mode of light between the knower and the objects serves as a ground for the claims of transcendental unity of the self and the world, and as a condition of possibility for knowledge. A juxtaposition of this approach with phenomenological philosophy suggests that in Suhrawardī’s analysis, the evidentiality of visual light plays a role of a new universal a priori. I show that under the phenomenological reduction, this a priori participates in constitution of ontological validities; and within the transcendental empiricism of the physics of light, this a priori underlies the construction of causality. Thereby, the Philosophy of Illumination suggests a new horizon of entry into transcendental phenomenological philosophy. The paper also contains a justification of a phenomenological reading of Suhrawardī’s work, including explanation of the historical reduction.

The effect of demonstrator reward on social learning of operant key pecking by domestic hens

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. OC2-OC2
Author(s):  
C.M. Sherwin ◽  
C.M. Heyes ◽  
C. Leeb ◽  
C.J. Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Naive Animal ◽  
Key Pecking ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviours ◽  
Novel Behaviour

Social learning is said to occur when social interaction facilitates the acquisition of a novel pattern of behaviour. It usually takes the form of an experienced animal (the demonstrator) performing a behaviour such that a naive animal (the observer) subsequently expresses the same novel behaviour, earlier or more completely than it would have done using individual learning. Social learning is involved in the transmission of a great variety of behaviours, e.g. tool-use, food preferences, and has also been implicated in maladaptive behaviours such as stereotypies in voles. In studies of social learning, the observers usually see the demonstrators receive a reward for performing the required behaviour. But, the role of the reward has rarely been investigated and results have been equivocal. Understanding the role of demonstrator reward on social learning is necessary to assess the cognitive abilities of individuals of different species, and aids understanding of the transmission of maladaptive behaviours.

scholarly journals Exploring the Role of Cultural Schemata in Bridging the Gap between People

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229
Author(s):  
Hassan Mahill Abdallah Hassan ◽  
Muayad Muhammed Ali Awadalbari ◽  
Mohammad Kamal Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Great Role ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Schemata ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods

This study aims to investigate the hypothesis proposing "Cultural schemata to bridge the gap between the people of different origins".  The researchers have adopted the quantitative and qualitative methods as well as the questionnaire (50) and interview (10) as the tools for collecting data relevant to the study. It is an attempt to bring to the light the importance of cultural schemata in bridging the gap between the people. The sample of this study is comprised of (50) + (10) people who did not share the same cultural background and they were descended from different cultural background. The marks obtained from the questionnaire and interviews were compared. The results have revealed that the cultural schemata play a great role in bridging the gap between the people positively. Accordingly, the results have shown that there are strong equivalences among the people who descended from different cultural background. As a result, more space should be given to those people to bridge the gap between themselves and others in terms of social interaction, transferring the meaning of lexicons of concerned people’s language, strengthening the relationship and knowledge of the world.

scholarly journals The shift from life in water to life on land advantaged planning in visually-guided behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugurcan Mugan ◽  
Malcolm A. MacIver
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Spatial Complexity ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Cognitive Faculty ◽  
The World ◽  
Visual Range

AbstractOther than formerly land-based mammals such as whales and dolphins that have returned to an aquatic existence, it is uncontroversial that land animals have developed more elaborated cognitive abilities than aquatic animals. Yet there is no apparent a-priori reason for this to be the case. A key cognitive faculty is the ability to plan. Here we provide evidence that in a dynamic visually-guided behavior of crucial evolutionary importance, prey evading a predator, planning provides a significant advantage over habit-based action selection, but only on land. This advantage is dependent on the massive increase in visual range and spatial complexity that greeted the first vertebrates to view the world above the waterline 380 million years ago. Our results have implications for understanding the evolutionary basis of the limited ability of animals, including humans, to think ahead to meet slowly looming and distant threats, toward a neuroscience of sustainability.

2.The International Translations Centre

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. van Bergeijk ◽  
M. Risseeuw
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Language Barrier ◽  
Line Searches ◽  
The World ◽  
On Line

The language barrier in the dissemination of scientific information is felt more and more nowadays. Owing to increasing international contacts and co-operatin, and the on line use of databases, the influence of the language barrier makes itself felt twice. Firstly, it may impede the search for literature, and secondly, it may hinder the user from getting acquainted with the literature concerned. Three general solu tions to the problem of the language barrier are briefly discussed. Some solutions in relation to on-line searches are mentioned. Translating is the only way to get acquainted with a document written in a language of which one has no command. The increasing role of the computer in the process of translating is discussed. The need for clearinghouses for existing translations is advocated. Objectives and organisa tion of the International Translations Centre are described. Attention is paid to the World Transindex database and publication, and the publication Journals in Translation. The need for international cooperation providing access to litera ture, inaccessible because of the language in which it was published, is stressed.

scholarly journals The significance and managerial challenges of virtual teamworking

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Nora-Labiba Al Zain ◽  
Simona Vasilache ◽  
Cynthia Bianka Incze
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Virtual Teams ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Team Member ◽  
Virtual Team ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Barriers ◽  
Study Case

Abstract Living in a world where technology has evolved in an alarming pace, the working structures have become more diverse adapting to this trend, and giving birth to virtual teams, thanks to the ITC tools that have broken the physical boundaries, allowing coworkers to connect from all corners of the world and construct together. The aim of the article is to enrich the effectiveness of virtual teams but also acknowledge the difficulties they may run into throughout their project completions. Mixed methodology was chosen for the study case, having the Romanian Tourism Heritage Federation members as the sample of the survey. The quantitative method was used to quantify the data offered by the surveyed candidates and offer a deeper insight, by collecting data regarding certain aspects of the candidate such as: age, education and experience level, online “literacy”, size and role of the team member etc. and presented in a well-structured figure table. Whereas, the qualitative method concentrated on obtaining beneficial data regarding aspects as: cultural and technological barriers, trust and team commitment barriers along with social interaction ones, as well as leadership and team dynamics perspective. The findings of the research were gathered, interpreted and presented briefly, giving a comprehensive image of the “virtual team” nowadays, facing both fruitful and challenging traces in their working style.

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