The origin and developmemt of generative semantics

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 399-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Allen Harris
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Predicate Calculus ◽  
Abstract Syntax ◽  
Active Participant ◽  
Transformational Model ◽  
Lexical Structure ◽  
George Lakoff

Summary Against the background of the controversial and polarized work of Frederick Newmeyer and Robin Tolmach Lakoff, this paper chronicles the early development of generative semantics, an internal movement within the transformational model of Chomsky’s Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. The first suggestions toward the movement, whose cornerstone was the obliteration of the syntax-semantics boundary, were by George Lakoff in 1963. But it was the work conducted under the informal banner of “Abstract Syntax” by Paul Postal that began the serious investigations leading to such an obliteration. Lakoff was an active participant in that research, as were Robin Tolmach Lakoff, John Robert (“Háj”) Ross and James D. McCawley. Through their combined efforts, particularly those of McCawley on semantic primitives and lexical insertion, generative semantics took shape in 1967: positing a universal base, importing notions from predicate calculus, decomposing lexical structure, and, most contentiously, rejecting the central element of the Aspects model, deep structure.

scholarly journals Deep Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Dynamic Developmental Progression during Early Development of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5535
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Ma ◽  
Baofeng Su ◽  
Yuan Tian ◽  
Nathan Backenstose ◽  
Zhi Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Channel Catfish ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Phosphate Transport ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Regulation Of Cell Cycle ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation

The transition from fertilized egg to larva in fish is accompanied with various biological processes. We selected seven early developmental stages in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, for transcriptome analysis, and covered 22,635 genes with 590 million high-quality RNA-sequencing (seq) reads. Differential expression analysis between neighboring developmental timepoints revealed significantly enriched biological categories associated with growth, development and morphogenesis, which was most evident at 2 vs. 5 days post fertilization (dpf) and 5 vs. 6 dpf. A gene co-expression network was constructed using the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) approach and four critical modules were identified. Among candidate hub genes, GDF10, FOXA2, HCEA and SYCE3 were involved in head formation, egg development and the transverse central element of synaptonemal complexes. CK1, OAZ2, DARS1 and UBE2V2 were mainly associated with regulation of cell cycle, growth, brain development, differentiation and proliferation of enterocytes. IFI44L and ZIP10 were critical for the regulation of immune activity and ion transport. Additionally, TCK1 and TGFB1 were related to phosphate transport and regulating cell proliferation. All these genes play vital roles in embryogenesis and regulation of early development. These results serve as a rich dataset for functional genomic studies. Our work reveals new insights of the underlying mechanisms in channel catfish early development.

Generative Semantics 4: The Collapse

2021 ◽  
pp. 223-260
Author(s):  
Randy Allen Harris
Keyword(s):  
Standard Theory ◽  
Formal Modeling ◽  
Linguistic Pragmatics ◽  
Transformational Model ◽  
Clear Winner ◽  
Relational Grammar ◽  
George Lakoff ◽  
Transformational Framework

This chapter traces the collapse of Generative Semantics, which ultimately became a movement away from Noam Chomsky’s view of linguistics, more than a movement toward a unifying vision of language or linguistics. The leaders all went in various directions. Paul Postal and Jim McCawley retained their commitments to formal modeling, but Postal developed a new, non-Transformational framework with David Perlmutter, Relational Grammar, while McCawley continued to ply an increasingly idiosyncratic Transformational model he eventually called Unsyntax. Robin Lakoff led the expansion of linguistic pragmatics and founded feminist linguistics. George Lakoff and Haj Ross took overlapping but distinct forays into non-discrete linguistics. Meanwhile, the Generative Semantics ethos was losing whatever appeal it may have had. Linguists outside the movement, and some within, found the style irritating. Meanwhile, too, Chomsky’s innovations were proving very fruitful and attracting adherents under the label, the Extended Standard Theory. Chomsky’s framework emerged from the brief Generative Semantics eclipse and now seemed the clear winner of the Linguistics Wars.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KALKULUS PREDIKAT PADA TERJEMAHAN SURAH AL-SAFFAT

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Siti Ainim Liusti
Keyword(s):  
Choice Theory ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Predicate Calculus ◽  
Sentence Structure

This study based on Chomsky’s generative grammar that about surface and deep structure. It is supported by Bierwish theory about projection rules, and limits choice theory by Katz and Bierwish. Predicate calculus is a study of sentence structure by relation to the componential meaning of the lexicon. Predicate calculus rests on the deep structure to form a sentence. Deep structure is able to describe such as subject, predicate, object, and others. Verb as a predicate is a core of sentence. The purposes of this research is to formulate the types of verbs and describing it  based on predicate calculus. The object of this research is some sentences of the letter translation al-S{a>ffa>t from the Holy Qur’an. There are four types of verbs are : (1) V + NP, it is commonly like V kopula + NP as variation of verb. (2) V + NP + PP, the variation of verb can be V kopula+ NP + PP. (3) V + PP, or verbs can be V kopula + PP. (4) V, without other arguments followed. It can be VP just as a verb. In addition, it is common that the PP may consist of (a) Adj + Prep, and (b) Prep + NP.

scholarly journals Metafoorid, millega me töötame: kogumismetoodika kajastused Eesti Rahva Muuseumi soome-ugri ekspeditsioonipäevikutes aastatel 1975–1989

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-43
Author(s):  
Art Leete ◽  
Piret Koosa
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Museum Collection ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
George Lakoff ◽  
Trade War ◽  
Collection Practices ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Descriptive Models

Our aim is to examine how the principles of museum collecting are reflected in ethnographic fieldwork diaries. In recent decades, scholars and representatives of indigenous peoples have sharply criticized earlier modes of ethnographic collection and representation. The earlier acquisition policy was based on the understanding that ethnographers had a kind of prerogative to collect objects and that people had to relinquish their possessions in the name of science. By now such collecting practices have changed, but the analysis of the ethnographers’ earlier techniques enables us to gain a clearer sense of the historical context of museum collection. In this article, we study various metaphors related to museum collecting that we found in Soviet-era Finno-Ugric expedition diaries kept in the manuscript archive of the Estonian National Museum (ENM). We examine how the museum’s ethnographers used specific metaphorical expressions and descriptive models. An exploration of diaries through metaphors offers a way to discuss the formation of ethnographic knowledge. Such an approach can be more subjective, but the metaphorical models that reappear in the field diaries do show that certain beliefs and the fundamental nature of their expression were more prevalent among the museum’s staff. We analyze the diaries of Finno-Ugric fieldwork kept from 1975 to 1989, the most intensive period of the museum’s collecting work among the Finno-Ugric peoples. The objects collected during these years make up almost two thirds of the current Finno-Ugric collection of the ENM. The Finno-Ugric expedition diaries of the mature Soviet era reveal some metaphorical expressions and descriptions pertaining to museum collecting that are used repeatedly. We found that the metaphors of trade, war and loot characterized the era’s collection practices in the most expressive way. These metaphors reflect, in the humorous and grotesque key, the ENM’s staff’s perceptions of time-specific museological principles. In their 1980 monograph “Metaphors We Live By”, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson substantiated the universal potential of metaphor in human thought. While for Lakoff and Johnson, metaphor is a tool that enables us to talk about reality, what is more important is that metaphors serve as a meeting place of fundamental questions concerning people’s everyday experience and life. The analysis of the ENM fieldwork diaries partially confirms Lakoff and Johnson’s view. Although ethnographers use metaphors of trade, war and loot in their fieldwork diaries, they need not always be related to existential reflections, but are often just an entertaining play on words. At the same time, the playful use of metaphors does not in itself preclude the fact that they also reflect the discourses of the deep structure of ethnographic consciousness.

scholarly journals Detection of Obfuscated Javascript Code Based on Abstract Syntax Trees Coloring

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
G. S. Ponomarenko ◽  
P. G. Klyucharev
Keyword(s):  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Abstract Syntax ◽  
The Public ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Lower Case ◽  
Lexical Structure ◽  
Public Repositories ◽  
Abstract Syntax Trees ◽  
Syntax Trees

The paper deals with a problem of the obfuscated JavaScript code detection and classification based on Abstract Syntax Trees (AST) coloring. Colors of the AST vertexes and edges are assigned with regard to the types of the AST vertexes specified by the program lexical and syntax structure and the programming language standard. Research involved a few stages. First of the all, a non-obfuscated JavaScript programs dataset was collected by the public repositories evaluation. Secondly, obfuscated samples were created using eight open-source obfuscators. Classifier models were built using an algorithm of gradient boosting on the decision trees (GBDT). We built two types of the classifiers. The first one is the model that classifies the program according to the type of the obfuscator used, i.e. based on what obfuscator created the sample. The second one tries to detect samples obfuscated by the obfuscator whose samples are not observed during training. The quality of the obtained models is on par with the known published results. The feature engineering method proposed in the paper does not require a preliminary analysis of the obfuscators and obfuscating transformations. In the final part of the paper we analyze a quality of models estimated, discussing the certain statistical properties of the obfuscated and non-obfuscated samples obtained and corresponding colored ASTs. Analysis of generated samples of obfuscated programs has shown that the method proposed in the paper has some limitations. In particular, it is difficult to recognize minifiers or other obfuscating programs, which change the lexical structure to a greater extent and the syntax to a lesser extent. To improve the quality of detection of this kind of obscuring transformations, one can built combined classifiers using both the method based on the AST coloring and the additional information about lexemes and punctuation, for example, entropy of identifiers and strings, proportion of characters in upper and lower case, usage frequency of certain characters etc.

Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

Classical social reward signatures in infants with later ASD

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodora Gliga ◽  
Mayada Elsabbagh
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Socially Motivated

Abstract Autistic individuals can be socially motivated. We disagree with the idea that self-report is sufficient to understand their social drive. Instead, we underscore evidence for typical non-verbal signatures of social reward during the early development of autistic individuals. Instead of focusing on whether or not social motivation is typical, research should investigate the factors that modulate social drives.

Early Development of Drug-Induced Hepatic Necrosis

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
E. Detzi ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Dense Matrix ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Hepatocellular Damage ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Microscopic Studies

This study represents the first in a series of investigations carried out to elucidate the mechanism(s) of early hepatocellular damage induced by drugs and other related compounds. During screening tests of CNS-active compounds in rats, it has been found that daily oral administration of one of these compounds at a dose level of 40 mg. per kg. of body weight induced diffuse massive hepatic necrosis within 7 weeks in Charles River Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes. Partial hepatectomy enhanced the development of this peculiar type of necrosis (3 weeks instead of 7) while treatment with phenobarbital prior to the administration of the drug delayed the appearance of necrosis but did not reduce its severity.Electron microscopic studies revealed that early development of this liver injury (2 days after the administration of the drug) appeared in the form of small dark osmiophilic vesicles located around the bile canaliculi of all hepatocytes (Fig. 1). These structures differed from the regular microbodies or the pericanalicular multivesicular bodies. They first appeared regularly rounded with electron dense matrix bound with a single membrane. After one week on the drug, these vesicles appeared vacuolated and resembled autophagosomes which soon developed whorls of concentric lamellae or cisterns characteristic of lysosomes (Fig. 2). These lysosomes were found, later on, scattered all over the hepatocytes.

The early development of antenna and antennal sensilla in the noctuid moth, Agrotis segetum (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-503
Author(s):  
Eric Hallberg ◽  
Lina Hansén
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Agrotis Segetum ◽  
Antennal Sensilla ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
Standard Procedures

The antennal rudiments in lepidopterous insects are present as disks during the larval stage. The tubular double-walled antennal disk is present beneath the larval antenna, and its inner layer gives rise to the adult antenna during the pupal stage. The sensilla develop from a cluster of cells that are derived from one stem cell, which gives rise to both sensory and enveloping cells. During the morphogenesis of the sensillum these cells undergo major transformations, including cell death. In the moth Agrotis segetum the pupal stage lasts about 14 days (temperature, 25°C). The antennae, clearly seen from the exterior, were dissected and fixed according to standard procedures (3 % glutaraldehyde in 0.15 M cacaodylate buffer, followed by 1 % osmiumtetroxide in the same buffer). Pupae from day 1 to day 8, of both sexes were studied.

Live Confocal Analysis of Fertilization and Early Development

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1012-1013
Author(s):  
Uyen Tram ◽  
William Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Primary Defect ◽  
Fluorescent Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Event ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Fluorescent Studies

Embryonic development is a dynamic event and is best studied in live animals in real time. Much of our knowledge of the early events of embryogenesis, however, comes from immunofluourescent analysis of fixed embryos. While these studies provide an enormous amount of information about the organization of different structures during development, they can give only a static glimpse of a very dynamic event. More recently real-time fluorescent studies of living embryos have become much more routine and have given new insights to how different structures and organelles (chromosomes, centrosomes, cytoskeleton, etc.) are coordinately regulated. This is in large part due to the development of commercially available fluorescent probes, GFP technology, and newly developed sensitive fluorescent microscopes. For example, live confocal fluorescent analysis proved essential in determining the primary defect in mutations that disrupt early nuclear divisions in Drosophila melanogaster. For organisms in which GPF transgenics is not available, fluorescent probes that label DNA, microtubules, and actin are available for microinjection.

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