An overview of the Japanese copula da as an utterance-final expression in conversation

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-456
Author(s):  
Hironori Nishi
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
New Information ◽  
Final Expression

Abstract The present study examines cases of the Japanese copula da used in the utterance-final position in naturally occurring conversations. The morpheme da in Japanese is typically categorized as a type of copula in linguistic studies, but da also functions as an utterance-final expression, especially in the spoken form of Japanese. The examined recordings of naturally occurring conversations for the present study contained 120 cases of utterance-final da, and 89 (74.2%) of them were uttered immediately following statements of subjective evaluation. In addition, of these 89 cases of utterance-final da that followed statements of evaluation, 87 were determined to follow statements in which the speaker expressed his or her negative attitude toward the evaluated matter. The data analysis also showed that 26 cases (21.7%) of utterance-final da in the examined recordings were uttered immediately after the speaker discovered a new piece of information. Based on the findings from the data analysis, the present study argues that utterance-final da is considered to be one of the expressions in Japanese that can signal both discovery of new information and the speaker’s negative attitude toward a stated matter. In addition, the present study also argues that da marks the speaker’s emotional exclamatory reaction when it is used in the utterance-final position.

Processing subject focus across two Spanish varieties

Probus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-127
Author(s):  
Bradley Hoot ◽  
Tania Leal
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Reading Task ◽  
New Information ◽  
Basic Facts

AbstractLinguists have keenly studied the realization of focus – the part of the sentence introducing new information – because it involves the interaction of different linguistic modules. Syntacticians have argued that Spanish uses word order for information-structural purposes, marking focused constituents via rightmost movement. However, recent studies have challenged this claim. To contribute sentence-processing evidence, we conducted a self-paced reading task and a judgment task with Mexican and Catalonian Spanish speakers. We found that movement to final position can signal focus in Spanish, in contrast to the aforementioned work. We contextualize our results within the literature, identifying three basic facts that theories of Spanish focus and theories of language processing should explain, and advance a fourth: that mismatches in information-structural expectations can induce processing delays. Finally, we propose that some differences in the existing experimental results may stem from methodological differences.

scholarly journals Conceptual and Practical Issues in the Pharmacological Treatment of Brain Injury

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Stein ◽  
Marylou M. Glasier ◽  
Stuart W. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Behavioral Testing ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
New Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
The Brain

It is only within the last ten years that research on treatment for central nervous system (CNS) recovery after injury has become more focused on the complexities involved in promoting recovery from brain injury when the CNS is viewed as an integrated and dynamic system. There have been major advances in research in recovery over the last decade, including new information on the mechanics and genetics of metabolism and chemical activity, the definition of excitotoxic effects and the discovery that the brain itself secretes complex proteins, peptides and hormones which are capable of directly stimulating the repair of damaged neurons or blocking some of the degenerative processes caused by the injury cascade. Many of these agents, plus other nontoxic naturally occurring substances, are being tested as treatment for brain injury. Further work is needed to determine appropriate combinations of treatments and optimum times of administration with respect to the time course of the CNS disorder. In order to understand the mechanisms that mediate traumatic brain injury and repair, there must be a merging of findings from neurochemical studies with data from intensive behavioral testing.

scholarly journals Impact of Motivation on Employee Performance: A Study of Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Eduaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nnaeto Japhet Olusadum ◽  
Ndoh Juliet Anulika
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
College Of Education ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Reinforcement Theory ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Staff Motivation ◽  
Staff Performance

The study focused on the effect of motivation on employees’ performance using Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education (AIFCE) as study area. It is an empirical study whose major source of data was primary source through questionnaire. The main objective is to ascertain the work behavior of employees amidst their motivation. The study adopted reinforcement theory as framework of analysis. It is a survey research whose data analysis was done quantitatively and hypothesis tested via Chi-square (X2). It was our finding that there is significant relationship between staff motivation and staff performance. The study therefore recommends that organizations should consider staff motivation as a cardinal responsibility. The study concludes that unless staff motivation is properly executed, organizations and their managers will always suffer employees’ negative attitude to work.

scholarly journals A mutation in the glycosyltransferase gene lafB causes daptomycin hypersusceptibility in Enterococcus faecium

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suelen S Mello ◽  
Daria Van Tyne ◽  
Francois Lebreton ◽  
Simone Q Silva ◽  
Mara C L Nogueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
New Information ◽  
Susceptible Isolate ◽  
Mutant Derivative ◽  
Genome Comparisons

Abstract Objectives To verify dissemination of daptomycin-non-susceptible Enterococcus faecium in a hospital where daptomycin was not in use and to understand the evolutionary pathways connecting daptomycin hypersusceptibility to non-susceptibility. Methods Clonality of 26 E. faecium was assessed by PFGE and the STs of these isolates were determined. The most daptomycin-susceptible isolate was evolved in vitro by stepwise daptomycin selection, generating isolates for genome comparisons. Results The spread of a high-risk daptomycin-non-susceptible VRE clone was detected, as was the occurrence of an unusual daptomycin-hypersusceptible strain (HBSJRP18). To determine the basis for daptomycin hypersusceptibility, we evolved HBSJRP18 in vitro and identified candidate genetic alterations potentially related to daptomycin susceptibility. Both lafB, encoding glycosyltransferase, which is putatively involved in lipoteichoic acid (LTA) biosynthesis, and dak, encoding a dihydroxyacetone kinase likely involved in fatty acid metabolism, were mutated in multiple independent experiments. Trans-complementation showed that the lafB polymorphism naturally occurring in HBSJRP18 caused its daptomycin hypersusceptibility. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy identified differences between the extracted LTA spectra from the hypersusceptible isolate and its revertant, as well as other non-susceptible variants, supporting a role for LafB in E. faecium LTA biosynthesis. Zeta potential difference was detected in one evolved dak mutant derivative. While much more susceptible to daptomycin, HBSJRP18 showed enhanced growth in the presence of piperacillin, suggesting that this, or another cell wall-targeting antibiotic, may have selected for the daptomycin-hypersusceptible phenotype. Conclusions Our findings provide new information on the basis for daptomycin susceptibility in E. faecium, with implications for limiting the development and spread of daptomycin resistance.

Naturally Occurring Isohexenylnaphthazarins and Wound Healing: Experimental Study in Dogs

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Karayannopoulou ◽  
Panagiotis Loukopoulos ◽  
Lysimachos G. Papazoglou ◽  
Vassiliki Tsioli ◽  
Tilemahos L. Anagnostou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Petroleum Jelly ◽  
Dorsal Midline ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Thickness Skin ◽  
Histologic Evaluation ◽  
The Right

Background: The healing efficacy of isohexenylnaphthazarins (IHN) has been well proved on chronic or contaminated wounds. Objective: To evaluate the wound healing activity of an experimental ointment containing IHN on acute and noncontaminated wounds in dogs. Methods: In each of six beagle dogs, four full-thickness skin defects were created bilaterally: one 2 × 2 cm defect on the lateral aspect of each arm for subjective evaluation, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and planimetry and three 1.5 × 1.5 cm defects on opposite sides of the dorsal midline for histologic evaluation. Wounds on the left were treated with an ointment based on IHN and on the right with another based on petroleum jelly (Vaseline) and beeswax. Results: Wound size decreased significantly in both sides. The significantly increased percentage of epithelialization was higher ( p = .0274) in the petroleum jelly–treated wounds on day 20. Tissue perfusion (LDF) increased significantly bilaterally in the center of the wound but only in the IHN-treated side cranial to the wound. Histologically, angiogenesis was significantly higher ( p = .0431) on day 5 in the IHN-treated wounds compared with the petroleum jelly–treated wounds. Collagen production increased significantly bilaterally. Conclusion: The IHN-based ointment promoted some of the proliferative processes, but it did not enhance the overall wound healing of acute, surgically created wounds in dogs.

scholarly journals A New Method of Subjective Evaluation Using Visual Analog Scale for Small Sample Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (0) ◽  
pp. 424-433
Author(s):  
Naruki Shirahama ◽  
Satoshi Watanabe ◽  
Kenji Moriya ◽  
Kazuhiro Koshi ◽  
Keiji Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Visual Analog Scale ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
New Method ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Sample Data

Deontic authority in intervention discourse: Insights from bystander intervention

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 540-560
Author(s):  
Yongping Ran ◽  
Xu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Bystander Intervention ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Deontic Authority ◽  
Recurrent Patterns ◽  
The Continuum

Our study offers a linguistic–pragmatic examination of instances of bystander intervention, a social action that takes place when a bystander or a group of bystanders intervenes when a wrongdoer abuses a victim or behaves outside socially acceptable norms. We approach this social phenomenon by analyzing data drawn from a database of 11 video-recordings that all involve naturally occurring interactions in public settings in China. The notion of intervention discourse is tentatively introduced in this study to distinguish it from those used to achieve other communicative purposes and to disclose some recurrent patterns of language use in bystander intervention. The data analysis summarizes six categories of intervention discourse along the continuum of strong to weak intervention: terminating, consequence-stating, advising, judging, appealing and stance-taking. Our study demonstrates that the skillful exercise of deontic authority embodied in intervention discourse might have a tangible influence on the outcome of the intervention.

Japanese te iu ka as a sentence-final expression in writing

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironori Nishi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Discussion Boards ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Final Expression

The present study explores cases of the use of the Japanese expression te iu ka in the sentence-final position in internet blogs and discussion boards. The analysis shows that there are two types of sentence-final te iu ka: one used for adding supplementary information and the other for mitigating the preceding statement. The present study also discusses processes through which te iu ka is placed in the sentence-final position. When sentence-final te iu ka is used to add supplementary information, the placement of te iu ka in the sentence-final position is caused by right dislocation. When sentence-final te iu ka is used for mitigation, it is caused by the omission of the B component in A te iu ka B. The present study contributes to the existing literature by offering the notion of two different formation processes of sentence-final te iu ka, which also affect its pragmatic functions.

scholarly journals Brachystemma calycinumD. Don Effectively Reduces the Locomotor Disability in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Moreau ◽  
Bertrand Lussier ◽  
Jean-Pierre Pelletier ◽  
Johanne Martel-Pelletier ◽  
Christian Bédard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Locomotor Disability ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
New Information ◽  
Limb Loading ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Specific Outcome ◽  
To Receive

Objective. The aim of this randomized placebo-controlled trial was to evaluate the beneficial effect of a whole plant extract ofBrachystemma calycinumD. Don (BCD) in naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs.Methods. Dogs had stifle/hip OA and poor limb loading based on the peak of the vertically oriented ground reaction force (PVF) measured using a force platform. At baseline, PVF and case-specific outcome measure of disability (CSOM) were recorded. Dogs (16 per group) were then assigned to receive BCD (200 mg/kg/day) or a placebo. The PVF was measured at week (W) 3 and W6. Locomotor activity was recorded throughout the study duration using collar-mounted accelerometer, and CSOM was assessed biweekly by the owner.Results. BCD-treated dogs had higher PVF at W3 and W6 when compared to Baseline (P<0.001) and at W6 when compared to placebo-treated dogs (P=0.040). Higher daily duration (P=0.024) and intensity (P=0.012) of locomotor activity were observed in BCD-treated dogs compared to baseline. No significant change was observed in either group for CSOM.Conclusions. Treatment with BCD improved the limb impairment and enhanced the locomotor activity in dogs afflicted by naturally-occurring OA. Those preclinical findings provide interesting and new information about the potential of BCD as an OA therapeutic.

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