scholarly journals Conceptual and Practical Issues in the Pharmacological Treatment of Brain Injury

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Stein ◽  
Marylou M. Glasier ◽  
Stuart W. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Behavioral Testing ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
New Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
The Brain

It is only within the last ten years that research on treatment for central nervous system (CNS) recovery after injury has become more focused on the complexities involved in promoting recovery from brain injury when the CNS is viewed as an integrated and dynamic system. There have been major advances in research in recovery over the last decade, including new information on the mechanics and genetics of metabolism and chemical activity, the definition of excitotoxic effects and the discovery that the brain itself secretes complex proteins, peptides and hormones which are capable of directly stimulating the repair of damaged neurons or blocking some of the degenerative processes caused by the injury cascade. Many of these agents, plus other nontoxic naturally occurring substances, are being tested as treatment for brain injury. Further work is needed to determine appropriate combinations of treatments and optimum times of administration with respect to the time course of the CNS disorder. In order to understand the mechanisms that mediate traumatic brain injury and repair, there must be a merging of findings from neurochemical studies with data from intensive behavioral testing.

A historical perspective on neurological and neuropsychiatric definitions

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
German E Berrios ◽  
Ivana S Marková
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Biological Psychiatry ◽  
Mental Symptom ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Agreed Definition

Taking a historical epistemological perspective, this chapter explores how neurology and neuropsychiatry were constructed. As a medical specialism developing in the 19th century, neurology resulted from the convergence of: (1) the term ‘neurology’; (2) a set of concepts; and (3) a list of disorders. Such a convergence was facilitated by changes in the manner in which the concepts of neuroses, central nervous system, and lesion were to be defined after 1860. Neuropsychiatry carries a less stable epistemology. Underpinned by the foundational claim that mental diseases are diseases of the brain, its meaning has changed pari passu with redefinitions of the concepts such as mind, mental symptom, cause, and meaning. In the UK, there is no agreed definition of neuropsychiatry either and hence what is currently known as ‘organic/biological psychiatry’ and the claim that psychiatry is just a subregion of neurology cannot be considered as coterminous.

scholarly journals Screening of Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms of Secondary Injury and Repair in the Brain after Experimental Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 920-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Kochanek ◽  
C. Edward Dixon ◽  
David K. Shellington ◽  
Samuel S. Shin ◽  
Hülya Bayır ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals NEUROSONOGRAPHIC STUDY OF CHILDREN WITH HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC BRAIN IJURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Volotko L. O.
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Ischemic Injury ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Destructive Processes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Hypoxic Ischemic Injury

The study is aimed at neurosonographic characteristics of brain injury in newborn patients with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury of central nervous system, complicated with inflectional process (meningitis, ventriculitis). It is settled that brain immaturity, hydrocephalic syndrome, ischemia of the brain tissue and intraventricular hemorrhages are found 2 times more often in infants with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury of central nervous system, complicated with inflectional process. This fact generally characterizes disorders of the hemato-encephalic barrier and the development of destructive processes in the tissue of the brain.

scholarly journals CX3CL1 Recruits NK Cells Into the Central Nervous System and Aggravates Brain Injury of Mice Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Zhang ◽  
Tingting Miao ◽  
Min Qin ◽  
Chengsi Zhao ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Adoptive Transfer ◽  
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis ◽  
The Brain

BackgroundAngiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis), is a food-borne zoonotic parasite that can cause central nervous system (CNS) injury characterized by eosinophilic meningitis. However, the pathogenesis of angiostrongylosis remains elusive. Natural killer cells (NK cells) are unique innate lymphocytes important in early defense against pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of NK cells in A. cantonensis infection and to elucidate the key factors that recruit NK cells into the CNS.MethodsMouse model of A. cantonensis infection was established by intragastric administration of third-stage larvae. The expression of cytokines and chemokines at gene and protein levels was analyzed by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Distribution of NK cells was observed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against YAC-1 cells was detected by LDH release assay. The ability of NK cells to secrete cytokines was determined by intracellular flow cytometry and ELISA. Depletion and adoptive transfer of NK cells in vivo was induced by tail vein injection of anti-asialo GM1 rabbit serum and purified splenic NK cells, respectively. CX3CL1 neutralization experiment was performed by intraperitoneal injection of anti-CX3CL1 rat IgG.ResultsThe infiltration of NK cells in the CNS of A. cantonensis-infected mice was observed from 14 dpi and reached the peak on 18 and 22 dpi. Compared with uninfected splenic NK cells, the CNS-infiltrated NK cells of infected mice showed enhanced cytotoxicity and increased IFN-γ and TNF-α production ability. Depletion of NK cells alleviated brain injury, whereas adoptive transfer of NK cells exacerbated brain damage in A. cantonensis-infected mice. The expression of CX3CL1 in the brain tissue and its receptor CX3CR1 on the CNS-infiltrated NK cells were both elevated after A. cantonensis infection. CX3CL1 neutralization reduced the percentage and absolute number of the CNS-infiltrated NK cells and relieved brain damage caused by A. cantonensis infection.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that the up-regulated CX3CL1 in the brain tissue recruits NK cells into the CNS and aggravates brain damage caused by A. cantonensis infection. The findings improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of angiostrongyliasis and expand the therapeutic intervention in CNS disease.

Psychopathology and Education of the Brain-Injured Child

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 732-733
Author(s):  
SEYMOUR SARASON
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Injured Child ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Neuromotor System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain

As the title indicates this book is divided into two parts: the psychopathologic and educational aspects of brain-injury in children. The following is the definition of the brain-injured or exogenous child given by the authors: "A brain-injured child is a child who before, during, or after birth has received an injury to or suffered an infection of the brain. As a result of such organic impairment defects of the neuromotor system may be present or absent; however, such a child may show disturbances in perception, thinking, and emotional behavior, either separately or in combination.

scholarly journals A systemic immune challenge to model hospital-acquired infections independently regulates immune responses after pediatric traumatic brain injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishabh Sharma ◽  
Akram Zamani ◽  
Larissa K. Dill ◽  
Mujun Sun ◽  
Erskine Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Challenge ◽  
Social Investigation ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability in young children, yet the factors contributing to poor outcomes in this population are not well understood. TBI patients are highly susceptible to nosocomial infections, which are mostly acquired within the first week of hospitalization, and such infections may modify TBI pathobiology and recovery. In this study, we hypothesized that a peripheral immune challenge such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—mimicking a hospital-acquired infection—would worsen outcomes after experimental pediatric TBI, by perpetuating the inflammatory immune response. Methods Three-week-old male mice received either a moderate controlled cortical impact or sham surgery, followed by a single LPS dose (1 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle (0.9% saline) at 4 days post-surgery, then analysis at 5 or 8 days post-injury (i.e., 1 or 4 days post-LPS). Results LPS-treated mice exhibited a time-dependent reduction in general activity and social investigation, and increased anxiety, alongside substantial body weight loss, indicating transient sickness behaviors. Spleen-to-body weight ratios were also increased in LPS-treated mice, indicative of persistent activation of adaptive immunity at 4 days post-LPS. TBI + LPS mice showed an impaired trajectory of weight gain post-LPS, reflecting a synergistic effect of TBI and the LPS-induced immune challenge. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated innate immune cell activation in blood, brain, and spleen post-LPS; however, this was not potentiated by TBI. Cytokine protein levels in serum, and gene expression levels in the brain, were altered in response to LPS but not TBI across the time course. Immunofluorescence analysis of brain sections revealed increased glia reactivity due to injury, but no additive effect of LPS was observed. Conclusions Together, we found that a transient, infection-like systemic challenge had widespread effects on the brain and immune system, but these were not synergistic with prior TBI in pediatric mice. These findings provide novel insight into the potential influence of a secondary immune challenge to the injured pediatric brain, with future studies needed to elucidate the chronic effects of this two-hit insult.

scholarly journals Panhipopituitarismo y diabetes insípida central como primera manifestación de linfoma primario del sistema nervioso central en una paciente inmunocompetente

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Edwin A. Wandurraga Sánchez ◽  
William J. Morales Camacho ◽  
Jessica E. Plata Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Central Nervous System Lymphoma ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Paraventricular Nuclei ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain

El panhipopituitarismo (PH) hace referencia a la pérdida total de la función de la hipófisis anterior (adenohipófisis) que incluye los ejes somatótropo, tirótropo, corticótropo, gonadótropo, entre otros. La diabetes insípida central (DIC) no está contemplada en la definición de PH y su asociación simultánea implica la destrucción o degeneración de las neuronas localizadas en los núcleos supraóptico y paraventricular a nivel hipotalámico, es decir, un compromiso más extenso, dicha asociación se ha reportado hasta en 27% de los casos de linfoma primario del sistema nervioso central (LPSNC), la presencia de esta alteración obliga siempre a descartar enfermedades de carácter hematológico, infiltrativo, infeccioso y autoinmune. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 19 años quien debutó con PH y DIC en la que no se pudo esclarecer un diagnóstico definitivo en su abordaje inicial, luego de casi tres años de evolución, una segunda biopsia realizada a nivel cerebral permitió confirmar el diagnóstico de linfoma primario del SNC. El curso lento y progresivo observado en nuestra paciente es propio de dicha neoplasia; sin embargo, el efecto citorreductor de los corticoides utilizados para el manejo de su déficit hormonal, favoreció el retraso en la identificación de esta enfermedad hematológica.Abstract The panhypopituitarism (PH) refers to total loss of function of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), which ultimately can lead to commitment at differents endocrine axes involved at this level. Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is not covered by the definition of PH and its simultaneous association involves the destruction or degeneration of neurons located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, it means a greater and more extent commitment. We present the case of a 19 years old female who debuted with PH and CDI in which failed to elucidate a definitive diagnosis in its initial approach. Finally, after nearly three years of evolution and a second biopsy performed in the brain the diagnosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma was confirmed.

Consequences of Anoxia and Ischemia to the Brain

2019 ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Fugate
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
Neurologic Manifestations ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Electrolyte Disturbances ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Systemic illness can have an abrupt and sometimes profound effect on the central nervous system. Organ failure and acute electrolyte disturbances may cause neurologic manifestations that are often accompanied by a decline in consciousness. Secondary injury is characterized by demyelination, cerebral edema, and anoxic-ischemic brain injury.

Diagnosing Death

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-160
Author(s):  
Dale Gardiner ◽  
Andrew McGee
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Circulatory Arrest ◽  
Definition Of Death ◽  
Permanent Loss ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain

It was not always doctors who diagnosed death. Advances in resuscitation and fears of premature burial led to doctors having a duty to diagnose death in a safe and timely way. The birth of intensive care in the twentieth century demonstrated that it was possible for the heart to keep beating even after the brain had permanently ceased functioning. A worldwide, unifying, brain-based definition of death could be termed ‘permanent brain arrest’. The clinical characteristics of permanent brain arrest would be the permanent loss of capacity for consciousness and loss of all brainstem functions (including the capacity to breathe), which might arise from primary brain injury or secondary to circulatory arrest. Three sets of criteria are used by doctors to diagnose death, depending on the clinical circumstances: forensic, circulatory, and neurological. All three sets of criteria point to the same brain-based definition of death. While there is widespread consensus for these standards—in practice and in law—they are not without criticism.

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