Cross-linguistic variation in metonymies for PERSON

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Zhang ◽  
Dirk Speelman ◽  
Dirk Geeraerts
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Source Selection ◽  
Chinese And English ◽  
Relevant Factors

This paper investigates metonymies for person in Chinese and English in the framework of Cognitive Linguistics with an emphasis on cross-linguistic variation. Our central goal is to highlight the important role of cultural elements on the use of metonymy. Three main types of cross-linguistic variation were found at different degrees of granularities of metonymies: variation in metonymic patterns for the general target category person, variation in metonymic patterns for a specific kind of person, and variation in metonymic sources in a specific pattern. The variation was examined against its cultural background, and we conclude that some cross-linguistic differences are to a large extent rooted in culturally relevant factors. The findings suggest that although bodily experience as the general cognitive basis for metonymic pattern/source selection implies the universality of metonymies across different languages, cultural elements contribute to the language-specific preferences for metonymies of a given target.

Typology and the future of Cognitive Linguistics

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Croft
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Speaker

AbstractThe relationship between typology and Cognitive Linguistics was first posed in the 1980s, in terms of the relationship between Greenbergian universals and the knowledge of the individual speaker. An answer to this question emerges from understanding the role of linguistic variation in language, from occasions of language use to typological diversity. This in turn requires the contribution of discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, and evolutionary historical linguistics as well as typology and Cognitive Linguistics. While Cognitive Linguistics is part of this enterprise, a theory of language that integrates all of these approaches is necessary.

scholarly journals Language Use and International Business: What Can We Learn from Anthropology?

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (38) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Jakob Lauring ◽  
Toke Bjerregaard
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
International Firms ◽  
International Firm ◽  
The Social ◽  
Linguistic Challenges ◽  
The Impact

This article addresses the role of language use in international business. It argues that the impact of linguistic differences on the daily workings of international business activities and communication is shaped by the way in which these differences intersect with the social and professional structures of international firms. Thus, the analysis of management across linguistic variation requires an understanding of the character of the social and professional ties in which international business is embedded. The intensity of cross-linguistic challenges in international management is not given by the formal character and structure of linguistic differences only. While the daily practices of language use in an international firm are shaped by its social and professional structure, linguistic practices may also strengthen the social and professional ties shaping the dissemination of information. The role of linguistic differences in everyday business communication both shapes and is shaped by the character of social and professional groupings and networks in an international firm. For management, this means that handling linguistic variation and challenges also requires a consideration of the specific social as well as professional structure of a given international firm. The dynamics between language use and the social structures in which information and resources are embedded and communicated are multidirectional. This is especially clear in an international context. The article is informed by material obtained through an ethnographic fieldwork in a Saudi-Arabian subsidiary of a multinational corporation.

Cross-Linguistic Variation in the Layered Structure of PP

2020 ◽  
pp. 191-217
Author(s):  
Hisako Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Layered Structure ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Case Morphology ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Parallel Pattern ◽  
Principled Account ◽  
Nominal Morphology

This chapter provides a novel observation concerning cross-linguistic variation regarding NP-ellipsis (henceforth NPE) inside articulated PPs and considers its theoretical implications. It first shows that although NPE is equally available in nominals in English, Chinese, and Japanese, the parallel pattern breaks down when NPE takes place within PPs. This study proposes a principled account of the cross-linguistic variation in question on the basis of (i) the layered internal structure of PPs, (ii) the syntactic reflection of fusional/non-fusional case morphology, and (iii) a phase-based analysis of ellipsis. The proposed analysis correctly predicts not only the availability of NPE within PPs but also one without PPs in English, Chinese, and Japanese. This chapter also provides theoretical implications for the role of phases in ellipsis and the cross-linguistic differences in nominal morphology.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuhui Hu
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Diachronic Change ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Motion Event ◽  
Applicative Constructions ◽  
The One ◽  
Chinese And English

This chapter summarizes the major points developed throughout the book. The theoretical points of the syntax of events proposed in Chapter 2 are listed. The conclusions on the syntax of English and Chinese resultatives, applicative constructions in various languages, and Chinese non-canonical object and motion event constructions are presented, together with the implications for the verb/satellite-framed typology. The explanation of diachronic change and cross-linguistic variation is summarized, including both the historical development of Chinese resultatives, the variation of resultatives between Chinese and English on the one hand, and English and Romance on the other hand. The Synchronic Grammaticalisation Hypothesis is also summarized.

scholarly journals The universal force of free choice any

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 5-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veneeta Dayal
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Existential Statement

This paper adds to the ongoing debate about the quantificational status of English FC any. It argues that any is a universal, though its universality is such that it can be conjoined with an existential statement. This is established by showing, first of all, that various properties that are amenable to a universal account of FC any remain elusive in recent accounts that treat it as an indefinite. Secondly, it presents a detailed description of supplementary/numeral any, cases in which any occurs with an indefinite. Such cases have been assumed to provide evidence for the indefinite-any view but an explicit semantics for the constructions is given, showing that any invariably contributes universal quantificational force. Existential force always comes from other elements. The paper also discusses alternative formulations that preserve the key insights of the universalist position and the role of cross-linguistic variation in the study of FC items.

Affect and iconicity in phonological variation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Annette D'Onofrio ◽  
Penelope Eckert
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
Sociolinguistic Variation ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
Basic Level

Abstract The study of iconic properties of language has been marginalized in linguistics, with the assumption that iconicity, linked with expressivity, is external to the grammar. Yet iconicity plays an essential role in sociolinguistic variation. At a basic level, repetition and phonetic intensification can intensify the indexicality of variables. Iconicity plays a further role in variation in the form of sound symbolism, linking properties of sounds with attributes or objects. Production studies have shown some phonological variables exhibiting sound symbolism, particularly in the expression of affect. In some cases, the observation of sound symbolism has been largely interpretive. But in others, stylistic variability as a function of speaker affect has provided empirical evidence of iconicity. This article examines the role of iconicity and performativity in transcending the limits of reference, reviews iconicity in production studies, and provides experimental evidence that sound symbolism influences how listeners attribute affect to linguistic variation. (Variation, iconicity, affect)

Using metaphors to get rid of a speech defect by Roman Jacobsen: توظيف الاستعارة في التخلص من العيب النطقي عند رومان جاكوبسن

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huda Salah Rashid, Hatem Kareem Huseen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Defect ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Medical Office ◽  
Roman Jakobson ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

Praise be to Allah the Lord of the Worlds, prayer and peace be upon Ashraf senders and his family and his family companions either after: Vtad studies linguistics and one of the science of language that has developed a fast in a period of short, entered most of the fields of science and life different, and addressed various phenomena of language and non - language, has had to Ross's role significantly in the development and continuation of this field of scientific their researches and symposia and institutions of different, and these scientists Roman Jakobson, who has the role of a great in the development and discovery of theories and issues of linguistic differences, as well as for diseases of language, and the issues of technical and other, and the issues that dealt with Roman Jakobson with regard to diseases of words is aphasia verbal and treatment employing metaphor to get rid of these defects articulatory, and based also on the development of scientific The medical office in America used it to serve and treat verbal aphasia, as well as its classification of verbal confinement. The stated research entitled (employment of metaphor in the disposal of the defect Alntqa when Roman Jakobson), was a plan research dealt with the definition of abbreviated Proman Jacobson, then the definition of imprisonment verbal and types, definition Borrowing and types when Roman Jakobson, followed by methods of treatment for by metaphor, and a the conclusion that summarizes the most important what reached the search of results

The Role of Cognitive Patterns in Modelling Reality by Means of Natural Language (The Case Study of the English Cognitive Pattern “Cleanness / Dirtiness”)

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Savitskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Cognitive Patterns ◽  
Cognitive Pattern ◽  
The World ◽  
Internal Comparison

In the field of cognitive linguistics it is accepted that, before developing its capacity for abstract and theoretical thought, the human mind went through the stage of reflecting reality through concrete images and thus has inherited old cognitive patterns. Even abstract notions of the modern civilization are based on traditional concrete images, and it is all fixed in natural language units. By way of illustration, the author analyzes the cognitive pattern “сleanness / dirtiness” as a constituent part of the English linguoculture, looking at the whole range of its verbal realization and demonstrating its influence on language-based thinking and modeling of reality. Comparing meanings of language units with their inner forms enabled the author to establish the connection between abstract notions and concrete images within cognitive patterns. Using the method of internal comparison and applying the results of etymological reconstruction of language units’ inner form made it possible to see how the world is viewed by representatives of the English linguoculture. Apparently, in the English linguoculture images of cleanness / dirtiness symbolize mainly two thematic areas: that of morality and that of renewal. Since every ethnic group has its own axiological dominants (key values) that determine the expressiveness of verbal invectives, one can draw the conclusion that people perceive and comprehend world fragments through the prism of mental stereo-types fixed in the inner form of language units. Sometimes, in relation to specific language units, a conflict arises between the inner form which retains traditional thinking and a meaning that reflects modern reality. Still, linguoculture is a constantly evolving entity, and its de-velopment entails breaking established stereotypes and creating new ones. Linguistically, the victory of the new over the old is manifested in the “dying out” of the verbal support for pre-vious cognitive patterns, which leads to “reprogramming” (“recoding”) of linguoculture rep-resentatives’ mentality.

TWO SYLLOGISMS IN THE MOZI: CHINESE LOGIC AND LANGUAGE

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
BYEONG-UK YI
Keyword(s):  
Standard Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Valid Argument ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Argument Form ◽  
Chinese Counterpart ◽  
The One ◽  
Chinese And English ◽  
Chinese Logic

AbstractThis article examines two syllogistic arguments contrasted in an ancient Chinese book, the Mozi, which expounds doctrines of the Mohist school of philosophers. While the arguments seem to have the same form, one of them (the one-horse argument) is valid but the other (the two-horse argument) is not. To explain this difference, the article uses English plural constructions to formulate the arguments. Then it shows that the one-horse argument is valid because it has a valid argument form, the plural cousin of a standard form of valid categorical syllogisms (Plural Barbara), and argues that the two-horse argument involves equivocal uses of a key predicate (the Chinese counterpart of ‘have four feet’) that has the distributive/nondistributive ambiguity. In doing so, the article discusses linguistic differences between Chinese and English and explains why the logic of plural constructions is applicable to Chinese arguments that involve no plural constructions.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Role of Lifestyle in Urban Tourism Sustainable Development (Case Study: Esfahan City)

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Arghavan Momtazpour ◽  
Masoud Taghvaei ◽  
Neda Rahmani
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Urban Tourism ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
The City

Since urban space is one of the important places that tourism takes place, in order to create stability in tourism, the interaction between tourism planning and urban sustainable development should be investigated with regard to cultural elements. Lifestyle is derived from culture as a social phenomenon and affects it and is a reflection of human thoughts in relation with behavior, ethics and culture. Therefore, this aim of this research is to investigate the role of lifestyle in urban tourism sustainable development in Esfahan city, the third most populous city in Iran. This research’s goal is Practical and developmental and about the origin and method, it is descriptive, analytical and casual that has been done in a field research method. The statistical populations of this research are: tourism custodians, tourism experts, national tourists who have travelled to Esfahan city and local residents of all 15 municipal districts of the city. Simple random sampling method was utilized and 838 questionnaires were gathered from 4 statistical populations. In order to analyze the data, factor analysis test was utilized by smart PLS software. The results show that there are meaningful connections among the variables “lifestyle”, “sustainable development” and “urban tourism”. The most frequent factor that was selected by respondents for the concept of lifestyle in the statistical population was sociocultural factor (such as: visiting relatives and friends and attending soirees, traditional foods and drinks festivals, the desirability of Esfahan city in order to spend leisure time, the willingness toward group entertainment). For the concept “urban tourism”, all the populations chose urban texture significantly (such as: revival of workshops for producing traditional clothes, hand-made attractions, systematizing historical areas, developing sidewalk routes, constructing modern entertaining centers and systematizing landscapes and providing equipment for parks). About the sustainable development and its multi-dimensional nature, however, different factors were selected by respondents which in order of importance and frequency are economic, environmental, urban management, sociocultural, urban texture and political factors. Among the recommendations, a few can be stated: arranging cultural plans with a focus on soiree and elders’ reunions, holding traditional and religious festivals in different parts of the city, improving the condition of the existing theme parks and diversifying leisure and entertainment facilities of Esfahan city and pitching in municipal management and being parallel with plans of different organization in city. Especially by mayoralty as a trustee for city and cultural heritage could be mentioned as a tourism trustee.

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